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THE GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
A NEW EDITION.
VOL. IX.
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THE GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY :
CONTAINING
AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL ACCOUNT
or TBI
LIVES AND WRITINGS
or THS
MOST EMINENT PERSONS
IN EVERY NATION;
PARTICULARLY THE BRITISH AND IRISH;
FROM THE EARLIEST ACCOUNTS TO THE PRESENT TIME..
A NEW EDITION,
REVISED AND ENLARGED BY
ALEXANDER CHALMERS, F. S. A.
VOL. IX.
LONDON:
pmHTSO FOR J. 1IIGHOL8 AMD tOM ; F. C. AND J. RIVINGTON j T. PAYNi: |
OTRIDGB AND SON ; O. AND W. NICOL ; WILKIE AND ROBINSON } J. WALKER ;
S. I.BA \ W. L0WNDB8 ; WHITE, COCHRANBy AND CO. | J. DEIOHTON ;
T. BOEBTON ; LACKINOTON, ALLEN, AND CO. ; J. CARPENTER; LOMOMAN»
■UR8T, BBB8, ORME, AND BROWN | CADBLL AND DA VIES j C. LAW | J. BOOKER }
J. COTBELL; CLARKB AND SONS; J. AND A. ARCH; J. BABRI8} BLACK»
FARBYy AND CO.; \*J;SS!!ISjJ\3^^J^A.^'^^^^* CURTIS^ AND FBNNBB;
B. H. BVAN8i^^^|^x4^^; J|. HA^DlNQ^f.^^^^^ J. JOHN-
BON A»l> CO.\^Mfr^^lifm ^ ,«^««»ff-:.>r h^i
1813.
A NEW AND GENERAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
V^EBES» the author of a well-known and beautiful alle^^
gory in Greek, entitled " A Picture of Human Life," is
supposed to have flourished about 400 B. C. The piec^
is aientioned by some of the ancient writers, by Lucian,
Diogenes Laertius, Tertullian, and Suidas ; but of Cebes
himself we have no account, unless that he. is once men^*
tioned by Plato, and once by Jtenjjphon. The former
says of him, in his " Ph^ddy^'i'ihsktyi^: was a sagacious
investigator of truth, and n^er ^ss^epted without the most
convincing reasons; the laVtftjr,.Jo rbis " Memorabilia,"
jranks bim among the few ini^^ted' of .^derates, who ex-
celled the rest in the innoceiifGir of .their lives ; but the
abbe Sevio and professor Meiners have endeavoured to
prove that the ^^ Picture" is the work of a more modern
author. Brucker seems to be of a different opinion. . It is
evidently Socratic in its moral spirit and character, although
not without some sentiments which appear to have been
borrowed from the Pythagorean school. It was translated
by the rev. Joseph Spence for Dodsley's " Museum," and
was after wards- inserted in his " Preceptor," and in other
moral collections. There are many separate editions of
the original, but for above a century, it has usually been
printed with Epictetus's " Enchiridium," for the use of
schools.^
CECCO b'ASCOLI, is the adopted name of Francis,
or Francesco Stabili, a native of Ascoli, in the nOarch of
Ancona, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, wha
> Fabricii Btbl, Onec— Morcri.— Brucker^
Voi^IX. B .
2 C E C C O.
acquired considerable reputation, unfortunately for himself,
as a critic and poet. Among the many anachronisms and
contradictions in the accounts given of bis life, which Tira*
boftchi has endeavoured to correct, we find that when
young, he was professor of astrology in the university of
Bologna, that be published a book on that science, which
being denounced to the Inquisition, he escaped by re-
canting what w^ offiensive ; but that the same accusations
being afterwards renewed at Florence, he was condemned
to be burnt, and suffered that horrible death in 1327, in
the seventieth year of his age. We have already seen,
in former lives, that it waa no uncommon thing for enraged
authors to apply to the secular arm for that revenge which
they could not otherwise have inflicted on one another.
The pretence for putting this poor map to death, was hts
** Commentary on the Sphere of John de Sacrabosco,'* in
which, following the superstition of the times, he asserted
that wonderful things might be done by the agency of cer-
tain demons who inhabited the first of the celestial spheres.
This was foolish enough, but it was the prevalent folly of
the times, and Cecco probabVy believed what he wrote.
That he was not an impostor wiser than those whom he
duped, appears from his conduct to Chstrles, duke of Ca*
labria, who appointed him his astrologer, and who, having
consulted him on the future conduct of; his wife and daugh-
ter, Cecco, by bis art, foretold that they would turn out
very abandoned characters* Had he not' persuaded him-
self into the truth of this, he surely would have conciliated
so powerful a patron by^ a prediction of a mpre favourable
kind ; and this, as may be supposed, lost him the favour of
the duke. But even the loss of bis friend would not have
brought him to the stake, if he bad not rendered himself
unpopular by attacking, the literarj' merit of Dante and
Gnido Cavalcanti, in his poem entitled ** A<;erba.*' This
provoked the malice of a famous physician,, named Dlno
•del Garbo, who never desisted until.he procured him to be
capitally condemned; This poem *' Acerba," properly
** Acerbo,*' or "Acervo,** in Latin ^c^rvuj, is in the
sesta rtma divided into five books, and each of these into
a number of chapters, treating of the heavens, the ele-
ments, virtues, vices, love, animals, minerals, religion,
&c« ' The whole is written in a bad 6tyle, destitute of har-
inony> elegance^ or grace,; and, according to a late au-
thor, much of the plan^ as well as the materials, a;re t^^t^
. C E C C 0» 4
\
t
(torn the ** Trcsor'* Tof Brunekto Latini. It i$, bbwever. It
work Id demand with collecton^ and although often
printed, most of the editions are now very scarce. The
first was printed at Venice in 1476^ 4tOf with the canimeH«>
tary of Nicolo Massetti^ and was reprinted in^ 1478,
Haym (in the edition of his Bibliotecai 1771) speaks of-^
first edition as early as 1458, which We apprehend no bib**
liographer has seen.'
CECIL (WiLUAM)) lord Burleighi an illustrious stateii^
man of the sixteenth century, descended from the ancient
and honourable family of Sitsilt, or Cecily of Alterennes^
in Herefordshire, was the son of Richard Cecils, mastei*
of the robes to Henry VIII. by Jane, daughter and heiress
of William Hickingtoa, of Bourne, co. Lincoln, esq< He
wae born in the house of his grandfather, David Cecily at
> • ■
* This Richard, by the interest of for life. In 1544 he purchased the
his fAth^r, David Cecil, or Cyssel, of manor of Esyns^^on, in the county of
bttaif<ird, in LiDCOhiitiire, esq. vm Eutland, then also, in the crown, as
■referred io the eighth year of Henry a parcel of the earl of VVarwick't
VllL to be one of the pages of the lands, and the following year be sur-
erowd. In 1520 he waited on the rendered his custody of Vt'^ai^ck<*
king at that famous interview with the castle. He remained yeoraan ef tbtf
king of France, between Calais ^nd robes to king £dward VI. to the las(
Gaiennet; and ?n 1530, being groom day of his life, which was the nine-*
of the robes to that king, obtained a teeoth of May, 1552 ; and dying M
gnuit of the office of constable of War- ooart» his body was interred in ^ the
wick-castle, then in the crown. In (larish church of St. Margaret's W^st-
1435, being one of the grooms of the minster. In the month of April) 1553^
: wardrobe, be had n grant of the office a commission Was issued to sir RU
of bayliff of the king's . water called chard Cotton, sir Ralph Sadler, and
Wittlesey-mere,- and the ctstody of sir Walter Miidmay, knights, together
the swans, and of those waters called with Edmund Pidgeon, clerk of the
Great Crick and Merys, in the coun- wardrobes, any three or two of them,
ties of Cambridge, Lincolfli- Hunting- io take an account of Jane Cecil, and
don, a|id Korthamptob, for the term eir WiiUam Cc«il, knt. administratcrft
^ thirty 3^artf, after the expiratioo.of af the testameat of Richard Cecil, for
the term granted to David Cyssell his certain robes, apparel, and jewels of
father. In 1539 he waa sheriff of Rut- the king, in the custody df the said
In 1540, beiiig written Richard. His widow, who surviVfd-
Richard Cecyll of BuHey, in the county b im thirty-five yea rs, was a very* graTe,
of Northampton, esq. he had a grant religious, and vhtuous lady, delighting
ta him, Me heirs, aad. AfMgoi for ever, much in wovkt of |iiety and charity^
of the site of 8t« Michael's priory as well ia her Itfe^time as at her de«
near Stamford, and the church, and cease, March 10, 1581, aged eighty-
S$9 acres of arable fatndi lying Hi the seven. The lord-treasurer Bu^lei|h
parish of St Mafttii%, in Stainfiard, in caused ta he erected at the upper ekid
the county of Northampton. In 1542, of the north chancel in St. Martin's
being then yeoman of the wardrobe, church at Stamford, a nOble monti-
be was made yeoman of (he king's^ «nentto the memory of his paventsj and.
manors of NakfcingtOa^ Yarwel, and by it is his own.
tTpton, la the countv of Northampton,
c
I Tiraboichit-«<Jtfattri«^>-43iDgaeA6 fiSst Lit. 4'Italie; valJUl--^osbeim in
iiscniaaas, ^
S 2*
4 CECIL..
Bourne, in Lincolnshire, Sept. 13, 1520, and wali first edu*
cated at the grammar-school at Grantham, whence he
afterwards removed to Stamford. On May 27, 14^35, he
entered of St. John^s-coliege, Cambridge, and was no less
distingaished by the regularity of his life, than by an un-
commonly diligent application to his studies. Finding
several persons of eminent talents at that time students
there, this inspired him with such a thirst for learning,
that be made an agreement with the bell-ringer to call him
up at four o'clock every morning, and this sedentary life
brought on a humour in his legs,, which, although removed
with some difficulty, his physicians considered as one of
the principal causes of that inveterate gout with which he
was tormented in the latter part of his life. Dr. Nicholas ,
Medcalfe, who was at this time master of the college, was
his principal patron, and frequently gave him money to
encourage him ; but the strong passion he had to excel his
* contemporaries, and to distinguish himself early in the
university, was the chief spur to his endeavours. At six-
teen he read a sophistry lecture, and at nineteen a Greek
lecture, not for any pay or salary, but as a fi;entleman for .
bis pleasure, and this at a time when there were but few
who were masters of Greek, either in that college or in
the university. But though he applied himself with so
much assiduity to Greek literature, he laid up at the same
Vime a considerable stock of general knowledge, having
then no particular predilection to any single branch of
science.
About 1^41, his father placed him in Gray's-inn, with
a view to the profession of the law, whe.re he pursued the
same indefatigable application, until by an accidental dis-
play of his knowledge, he became known at court.' One
O'Neil, an Irish chief, brought to court two of his chap-
Jains, who falling in with Mr. Cecil, engaged in a dispute
with hin^ on the power of the Roman pontiff, in which he •
had so much the superiority, that the matter was men-
^ tioneid to Henry VIIL who expressed a^ desire to see him,
admired his abilities, and gave him the reversion of ti>e
place of custos brevium.
, Such early encouragement diverted Mr. Cecil from the
profession of the law, and bis marriage with the sister of
the celebrated sir John Cheke, who introduced him to the
earl of Hertford, afterwards duke of Somerset, probably
directed bis views to politics. In the beginning' of' the
CECIL. 5
reign of Edward VI. he came into possession of bis office
of Gustos brevium, worth 240/. a year^ and having married^
as his second wife, Mildred, daughter of sir Anthony Cook,
bis interest at court became more considerable. In 1547,
bis patron the protector duke of Somerset, bestowed on hioji
the place of master of requests, and took him with him
in his expedition into Scotland, in September of tbat year,
where he was present. at the battle of Musselburgh, and
y^vy narrowly escaped a cannon-shot. On his retuqi to
court, Edward VI. advanced him to the high post of secre-
tary of state, which he enjoyed twice in that reign, iirst
in 1343, and then, after an interval, in 1551, but histo-
rians are not agreed in these dates, although what we have
given appear to be pretty near the truth. When the
party was formed against the protector, Mr. Cecil shared
in his fail, which followed soon afterwards, and was sent
to prison in November 1549, where he remained three
months.
On his being liberated, he was again introduced to court,
where his acknowledged abilities regained him his office^'
under the duke of Northumberland, the enemy and ac*
complisher of the ruin of his old patron the duke of So-
merset. This re-appointment took place, as we have no*
ticed, in September 1551, and in October following he
was knighted, and sworn of the privy-council. He has
been much blamed for this transfer of his services, as a sa-
crifice of his gratitude to his interest; and many excuses,
palliations, and even justification^^ have been urged for
him. The best seems to be tbat his pretensions to the
promotion were founded, not on his servility and depen-
dence on one or the other of these great men, but on his su-
Eerior fitness for the office. It is universally allowed that
e possessed great abilities, and his credit now increased
with the young king» for whom he is said to have written
many of those papers, &c. which are generally attributed
to Edward. The princess Mary affected on one occasion
to discover this, for when a letter from bis majesty was
presented to her on her obstinate adherence to the popish
religion, she cried, <^ Ah ! Mr. Cecil's pen took great
pains here.**
-Sir William Cecil acted with such caution and prudence
in the various intrigues for the crown on the death of king
£dif arcl, ^at on qu^e^ Mary's accession, altjiQugh known
to be a ^^ous protestant, he remained unmolested in
(8 C E C i L,
parson, property, or reputatioD. Rapiii has givien a very
unfair colouring to air William^s conduct at this critical
period. After stating that he waited upon the queen, was
graciously received, and might have kept his employment,
if he would have complied so far as to have declared him-
self of her majesty's religion, he closes with the following
remark ; *^ He was nevertheless exposed to no persecution
on account of his religion, whether his artful behaviour
gave no advantages against him, or his particular merit
procured him a distinction above all other protestants/^
As ta the artfulness of his behaviour, it will best appear
from the answer he gave to those honourable persons, who
by eommand of the queen communed with him on this
vubject, to whom he declared, ** That he thought himself
bound to serve Ged* first, and next the queen ; but if her
service should put him out of God*s service, he hoped her
siajest}'^ wouM give him leave to chuse an everlasting, ra*.
jther than a momentary service ; and as for the queen, she.-
had been his so gracious lady, that he would ever serve
and pray for her in his heart, and with his body and goods
be as ready to serve in her defence as any of her loyal
subjects, so she would please to grant him leave to use his
conscience to himself, and serve her at large as a private
man, which he chose rather than to be her greatest coun-
sellor.'^ The queen took him at his word, and this was
all the art that sir William used to procure liberty of con*
science for himself; unless we should call it art, that he
behaved himself with much prudence and circumspection
afterwards. Nor is it true, as. insinuated by Rapin, that
|ie was the only protestant unmolested in this reign.
Among others, the names of sir Thomas Smith, and the
celebrated Roger Ascham, may be quoted ; but as Mary's
bigotry increased with her years, it may be doubtful whe-"
ther those would have been long spared. Almost the last
act of her life was an attempt to kindle the flames of per*-
(secution in Ireland.
- Daring the reign of Mary, sir William Cecil representedi
the county of Lincoln | and vfas active in the mollifying of
a bill for confiscating the estates of those who had fled the
kingdofn for their religion, and while thus employed, h^ .
parriec| pn a private correspondence with the princess Eli-
xabeth| the presumptive heir to the crown. In thesQ
transactions he seems to have abated somewhat of thi^t
caution imputed' to him by bistoriapsy and certainly ei^'?
CECIL. r
countered iS6me danger ; bat hia charaoteri boId» spirited^
and open, seems to have afforded him proteotiou, while
he refers his coUra,ge to a higher source. In bis diary, hd
$ayS| *^ I spoke my. mind freely, whereby I incurred sbme
displeasure^ But better it is to obey God than man."
All this was very gratefully acknowledged by Elizabeth,.
oa her accession to the throne, November i6, 1558. The
first service that he rendered her was on that day, when
he presented her with a paper, consisting of twelve parti*
culars, which were necessary for her to dispatch imme«
diately. At the time of her sister*s decease, queen. £liza-»
beth was at her manor of Hatfield, whither most of the
leading men repaired to her ; and on the 20th of the same
month, her council was formed, when sir William Cecil
was firit sworn privy«counsellor and secretary of state ;
and as he entered ^us early into his sovereign's favour, so
lie continued in it as long as he lived { which if in one
tense it does honour to the abilities and services of Cecily
It was in another no less glorious to the queen his mistress,
who, in thu respeet, did not act from any spirit of par^p
tiaiity or of prepossession, but with that wisdom and pru^
dence which directed her judgment in all things. She
saw plainly that sir 'William Cecil's interests were inter**
woven with her own, and that he wns fittest td be her
GounseUor whose private safety mmt depend upon the
success of the counsel he gave ; and though there were
other persons, who were sometimes as great or greater fa-
vourites than Cecil, yet he was the only minister whom
she always conduhed, atid whose advice she very rarely
r^ected. The first thing he advised was to call a parlia-*
ment, for the settlement of religion ; and caused a plan of
refbrnnation to be drawn with equal circumspection and
moderation; for, though no man was a Inore sincere pro*
testant, yet he had no vindictive prejiidides against papists^
nor did he on the other hand lay any greater weight upon
indifferent things, than he judged absolutely necessary fot .
preserving decency and order* It was his opinion that
withont aiB established church, the state could not at that
time sdi>sist ; and whoever considers the shdtre he bad in
establishing it, aod has a just veneration for that wise and .
etcelient establishment, c^not but albw that the most
grateful reverenee is due to bis memory*. ^
The reaamder of his adminietratien would in fact be a
history of that memoiabte I1»ig% end in such a sketch ai^
« CECIL.
the present, we can'adtert only to the leading events:
He had not been long seated in his high office, before
foreign affairs required his care. France, Spain, and Scot-^
land, all demanded the full force of his wisdom and skill.
Spain was a secret enemy ; France was a declared one, and
^ad Scotland much in her power, fiy the minister's ad«
vice, therefore, the interest of the reformed religion in
Scotland was taken under Elizabeth's protection. This
produced the convention of Leith ; and Cecil, as a remu-
neration for his services in this affair, obtained the place
of master of the wards, Jan. 10, 1561, an office which he
did not take as a sinecure, but of which he discharged the
load of business with patience and diligence to the satis-
faction of all. In his management of the house of commons,
«ir William exhibited equal caution, address, and capa-
city« The question of the future succession to the crown
was often brought forward, sometimes &om real and welln
founded anxiety ; soinetimes from officiousness ; and oftea
from factious motives. On this subject both the sovereign
and the minister preserved an unbroken reserve', from
which neither irritation nor calumny could induce bim to
depart. Perhaps this reserve, on his part, arose from his
deference to the queen, but ir seems more likely that bis
advice influenced her behaviour on this critical point.
There were no less than three claimants publicly men«
tioned, vis. the queen of Scots, the &mily of Hastings,
and the family of Suffolk ; and the partizans of each of
these were equally vehement and loud, as appears by
** Leicester's Commonwealth," Doleman's ** Treatise of
the Succession,'' and other pieces on the same subject.
The queeu observed a kind of neutrality^ but still in such
a manner as sufficiently intimated she favoured the first
title, or rather looked upon it as the best, notwithstanding
the jealousies she had of her presumptive successor. This
appeared by her confining John Hales, who wrote a book
in defence of the Suffolk line, and by imprisoning one
Thornton, upon the complaint of the queen of Scots, for
writing against her title. The secretary kept hims^f clear
of all this, and never gave the least intimation of bis own
. sentimcrnts, farther than that he wished the question of the
successipn might rest during the queen's life, or till she
thought proper to determine it in a legal way. . .
Sir William early penetrated into the hostile feelings of
Fhilip IL of Spaing but i^e advised his mistress to keep ou
CECIL. 9
her guard against that monarch ; and yet not to break with
him. With France he proposed other measures ; the pro-
testaDts had there created very powerful internal dissen-
tions, and England, he thought, might avail herself of
that hostility with effect, while it opened a probability of
success, and afforded an opportunity for our troops to gain
experience, and our navy strength. His rival, Leicester,
in vain misrepresented and censured the advice now given,
for the purpose of destroying the queen's confidence in
him ; and a plot laid by that subtle favourite for overthrow-
iog hira utterly failed, through her majesty's penetration
and spirit. The affair is thus related :
Some Spanish ships, having great treasure on board,
put into the English ports to secure it from the French,'
and afterwards landed it, the queenSi officers assisting, and
the Spanish ambassador solemnly affirming ,it was his mas*
ter's money, and that he was sending it into the Nether-
lands for the pay of his army. The secretary, in the mean
time, received advice that this was not true, and that it
was the money of some Genoese bankers, who were in the
greatest terror lest the duke of Alva should convert the
same to his master's use, in order to carry on some great
deMgn, which the court ol *Spain kept as an impenetrable
secret Cecil tberefoiie advised the queen to take the
money herself, and give the Genoese security for it, by
which die would greaiiy advantage her own affairs, distress
the Spaniards, relieve the Netherlands, and wrong nobody.
The queen took his advice, and when upon this the duke
of Alva seized the effects of the English in the Netherlands,
she made reprisals, and out of them immediately indemni-
fied her own merchants. The Spanish ambassador at Lon-
don behaved with great violence upon this occasion, giving
secretary Cecil ill language at the council*table,' and li^
belling the queen, by appeahng to the people again^'
their sovereign's administration. This produced a great
deal of disturbance, aad Leicester and his party took care
lo have it published every where, that Cecil was Ae sole
author pf this couusd. ' While things were in: this ferment,
Leicester beld a. private consultation with the lords he had
drawn to his inteiest, wherein he proposed that they should
lake this occasion o£rem6viog a man whom they unani-^
Biously bated. /Some of the iords^inquiring how. this eoukt
be dpiie I . sir JiJieholaa TJbrogmorton answered, << Let him
be charged with some matter or other in council when the
10 a E 0 L L,
queen is not present, cooamit him to the Tower thereupon,
and when he is once in prison we shall find things enow
against him.'' It so happened^ that about this time a fla-
grant libel being published against the nobility, lord Lei-
cester caused Cecil to be charged before the council,
either with being the author of it, or it's patron ; of which
be offered no other proof than that it bad been seen oa
Cecirs table. This the secretary readily confessed, but
insisted that be looked upon it in the same light they,
did, as a most scandalous invective; in support of which
be produced his own c<^y with notes on the margin, af**
firming that he had caused a strict inquiry to be made
after the author and publisher of the work. All this, how-
ever, would have been but of little use to him, if the
queen bad not had private notice of their design. While
therefore the secretary was defending himself, she sud-
denly and unexpectedly entered the council-room, ami
having in few words expressed her dislike of such cabals,
preserved her minister, and shewed even Leicester himself
that he could not be overthrown. The affair of the duke
of Norfolk^s ruin followed, not long after he bad been
embarked in the faction against Cecil ; and therefore we
find this minister sometimes charged, though very un-
justly, with being the author of his misfortunes, a calumny
from which be vindicated bimiself with candour, clearness,
and vivacity, as equally abhorring the thoughts of revenge,
and hazarding the public aafety to facilitate bis- private
advantage. Cecil, indeed, had no greater share in the
duke's misfortune, than was necessarily imposed upon him
by bis office of secretary^ and which consequently it was
not in bis power to avoid ; to which we may add, that the
duke hiaiself was in some measure accessary thereto, by
acting under the delusive infiuence of liis capital enemy as
well as Cecil- s. The duke'a infatuated conduct, after
having once received a pardon, rendeced his practices too
dAUgerous to be again forgiven. It eannot be doubted that
this great nobleman was the tool of the .views of the ce^
tholic party : and there is reason to believe that t||^e pie»
vious design of ruining Cecil was to get rid of him before,
this plan was ripe, from a just fear of his penetration, and
hia power to defeat it. CeciPs fidelity was followed by
isucb public and some severe private revenge. His son«4
ia^^law^ lord'Chrfovd, pat his threat intQ exesoiion of rain^
CECIL. 11
ing his daughter, by forsaking her bed, and wasting the
fortune of her posterity, if the duke^s life was not spared.
Tbe queen was so sensible of the great importance of Ce«
cil's service on this occasion, that, however sparing of her
honours, she raised him to the peerage by tbe title of Baron
of Burleigh in February 1671, when he had not much to
support his rank, for in a confidential letter written about
this time, he calls himself ** tbe poorest lord in England.**
Tbe queen^s favour did not in other respects add to his
.comfort, nor protect him from new attempts to destroy him.
A conspiracy of the private kind was now formed against
bis life : and the two assassins, Barmsy and Matter, charged
it, at their execution, on the Spanish ambassador, for which
and other offences the ambassador waa ordered to quit the
kingdom. As a consolation, however, for these dangers,
he was honoured with the order of tbe garter in June 1572;
and in September following, on the death of tbe marquis
of Winchester, was appointed k)rd high treasurer.
The weight of business that now lay upon him, and the
variety of his duties, was such as it seems almost incredible
that one man could discbarge ; fet he went through then
all with the utmost strictness and punctuality. AH his
power, talents, industry, aad fortitude, could not however
at all times place him above anxiety and disgust at tbe
intrigues, troubles, and dangers that surrounded him. He
bad even thoughts of a resignation, which the queen would
not bear of. The popish and Spanish factions were his
incessant enemies ; and the favourite Leicester never
slackened in his arts to lower and counteract him. His vi^
gour however was not lessened ; and tbe next great af&ir
in which he was engaged required it all. The trial of the
queen of Scots approached ; and the lord treasurer is
charged with having been a strong, promoter of this mea-
sure. Of an affiiir which has engaged the pens and pas»
sions of so many able historians, it would be impossible iu
this place to diacusa the merits. We shall only add in the
words of au aUe authority, whom we hav« in various in*'
stances fi»Uowed^ that tbe measure was a tremendously
strong- one i but there might be a state*necessity for it*
Biirleigb was not a man of blood ; Mary's intrigues were
incesaaut ; and her constant intercourse and machinations
with a truly dangerous, powerful, and unappeasable foe**
tioiv QOt0|!ioUI^'
12 CECIL.
In March 1^87, the lord treasurer lost his motlier at a
grreat age, with which he was nuch effected ; and on April
4, 1589| be lost his beloved wife, daughter of sir Anthony
Cook, whose death he mourned with the deepest regret^.
He had but lately been delivered from the fatigue of draw*
ing up schemes for the defence of the country against ^he
threatened Spanish armada. Not long afterwards he again
requested to resign, but the queen still refused to spare hifs
services, and the remaining part of his- life was spent in
the unabated discharge of his high office. In 1592 he
managed the concerns of a supply, which he furthered in
the upper house by a speech of great knowledge and ta-
lent. In short, even, at this late period of his age, almost
all the important affairs of state we»e under his guidance,
and ecclesiastical affairs, in particular, required much of
his moderating wisdom. Besides the catholic party, he
had to contend with some of the ablest of the puritans, who
maintained a hostility of a different kind with the esta^
blished church. Matters of finance, and the affairs of the
admiralty, were all continually referred to him ; and he let
nothing pass him .without due consideratipD. The maxim
.which aided him through these complicated concerns was
this, that ^* the shortest way to do many things was only
to do one thing at once."
• The last memorable act of his life was the attempt to
bring about a peace with Spain, in which he was vehe-*
mently opposed by Essex, then in the fire of youth, which
might animate him to daring deeds to gratify his own am-
])ition. The young soldier w^s warm in the debate, which
induced the venerable minister to pull out a prayer-book^
and point to the words ^* Men of blood shall not live out
^ This lady was wonderfully learn- be bought in the name of the dean of
ed, especially ito the Greek tongue, as Westminster, and by bim aitsfgned td
^appears from tbe testimony of the tbe college. She likewise gave tb*
lard Burleigh himself, and of several Haberdashers* company in London, a
other great men, and of which sHe left sum to enable them to lend to six poor
clear evidence, in a letter penned by men twenty pounds a-piece every twft
ber in that language to the university years ; and a charity of the like kin4
of Cambridge, upon her sending thi- of twenty marks, to six poor people
ther a Hebrew Bible, by way of pre- at Waltham an<i Cheshunt in Hertford-
ftnt to the library. She had read most shire. Four times every year she re«
of the Greek fathers with great dili> lieved all the poor pri&oners in Lon-
gence and critical accuracy, and was den, and many other acts of benevp.
one of the greatest patronesses of her lence she did, with as great secrecy as
time, maintaining for many years two generosity ; so ths^ she seems to have
scbolars at St. John's college in Cam- well deserved all the praises that have
bridge ; and before her death rendered been by different writers beftowedf
this perpetual, by procuring lands to ' upon her memory.
C EC I L. . 13
Balf tbeir days."— At length worn out with age, and more
than forty years^ uninterrupted and unexampled labours in
the state, on the 4th of August, 1598, about four- in the
morning, in the presence of twenty children, friends and
servants, he yielded up the ghost with wonderful serenity,
being upwards of seventy-seven years old.
With regard to his person, though he was not remark^
My tall, nor eminently handsome, yet his person was
always agreeable, and became more and more so, as he
grew in years, age becoming him better than youth. The
hair of his head and beard grew perfectly white, and he
preserved almost to his dying day a fine and florid com^
plexion. His temper contributed much towards making
faim generally beloved, for he was always serene and
cheerful ; so perfect a master of his looks and words, that
what passed in his mind was never discoverable from either;
patient in hearing, ready in answering, yet without any
quickness, and in a style suited to the understanding &f
him to whom he spoke. Idleness was his aver^on ; and
though from twenty-five years of age, at which he v^as
sworn a privy counsellor, being then the youngest, as at
his death the oldest in Europe, he laboured under a great
weight of public business ; yet when he had any vacant
moments he spent them not in trifles, or in pursuit of sen^
sual pleasures, but in reading, meditating, or writing. He^
had a perfect knowledge, not only of forergn countries,
but of foreign courts ; knew the genius of every prince in
Europe, his counsellors and favourites. At home he kept
exact lists of all the great officers, and particularly of the
sages in the law. He was acquainted with the course of
every court of judicature in England, knew its rise, juris*
diction, ^nd proper sphere of action ; within which he took
care that it should act with rigour, and was no less careful
that it should ndt- exceed its bounds* He wrote not only
elegant Latin in prose, but also very good verses in that;
and in the English language. He understood Greek as.
well as niQSt men in that age ; and was so learned in divi*
nicy, that divines of all persuasimis were desirous of suh*
mitting to his judgniient*. Mis peculiar diversions were
* He was Tisry mach pressed by uoanimous opinion apon some of tiie
ijniie diviaes of his time, who waited disputed points. They i^turned, bow-
tn him id a body, to make some al- ever, to him tery soon, wit hoot baiog
teratioosjn the Liturfy. He. desired able to agree. ** Why, gentiemeii)'*
them to go into the next room by said he, " how can yoa expect that I
tbaoMlves,. and briiig him an their shall alter mny point in dispute, when
14 CECIL.
the fitttdy of the state of England^ and the pedigrees of its
nobility and gentry : of these last he drew whole books
with Us own band, so that he was better versed in descents
and families, than moat of tb^ heralds ; and would often
sarprize persons of distinction at his table, by appearing
better acquainted with their manors, parks, woods, &c*
than they were themselves. To this continual application,
and to his genius, naturally comprehensive, was owing that
fund of knowledge, which made him never at a loss in any
eompany, or upon any subject It was also owing to this
that he spoke with such wonderful weight on all public oc-
casions, generally at the endf of the debate, but without
fepetition of what was said before, stating the matter
clearly, shewing the convenience sought, the inconve-^
niences feared ; the means of attaining the former, and
the methods by which the latter might be avoided, with a
succinctness and accuracy whichy perhaps, hardly ever fell
lo any other man^s share. But what was still more snr^
prising, was the great facility with which he did this ; for
he required no preparation, \\o time for his most laboured
speechesi nor ever turned a book for bis most learned
writings, but thought, and spoke, digested, and dictated^
without any hesitation, with the greatest perspicuity of sei^
timent, and the utmost fulness of diction.
With regard to his domestic habits, be had during <)uee^
£lizabeth*s reign, four places of residence ; bis lodgings
at court, his house in the Slraod, his family seat at Bur-
leigh, and his own favourite seat at Theobalds. At his
house in London he had fourscore persons in family, ex*
elusiveily of those who attended him at court. His €%--
penees there, as we have it from a person who lived mauy
years in his family, were thirty pounds a week io his »b*
. ience, and between forty and fifty when present At
iTheobalds he bad thirty persons in family; and besides a
constant allowance in charity, he directed ten pounds n
week to be laid out in keeping the poor at work iu his gar-
dens, &c. The expences of his stables were a thousand
marks a year: so that as be had a great income, and left •
good estate to his children, he was not afraid of keeping '
vmV. who must b6 more oompetont, traosUtion'of Cicero's Epitiles, says,
from your situatioo» to judge than I tlial this great statesman made tfa^
can pdstibly be, eaonot agree among " bis glassa, bis mle, bis owtissso»»
yovrsolvoa io what manoer you vouM and his pooket-book»*'
bava mt ailtf it?" Dr. Watl, in hit
C E E I L. 15^
up also at style suited tdhis offices. He also kept a:5tand-
ing table for gentlemen, and two other tables for persons
•of meaner coadition, wtiich were alwaj^s served alike, whe-
ther he were.iu town or out of town. About his person he
had people of great distinction, and had' twenty gentlemen
retainers, who had each a thousand pounds a year ; and as
many among his ordinary servants, who were worth from
1000/. to 3, 5, 1 0, and 20,00a Twelve times he enter-
tained the queen at his house for several weeks together,
at the expeoce of 2 or 30002. each time. Three fine housea
he built,. one in London, another at Burleigh,. and the third
at Theobalds : all of which were less remarkable for their
largeRess and magnificence, than for their neatness and
excellent contrivance. Yet with all this mighty expence,
it was the opinion of competent judges, that an avaricious
•man woald have made more of bis offices in seven yearg,
than he did in forty. At hia death he left about 4<X)0/. a
year in land, 1 1,000/. in money, and in valuable effect
iboot 14,000/.
He was considered as the best parent of his time, for he
had all hi» children, and their descendants, constantly at
his table ; and in their conversation lay the greatest plea^
sure of bis life, especially while his mother lived, who was
able to see the fifth descent £rbm herself, there being ho
degree of relation, or consanguinity, which at festival times
were not to be found at lord Burleigh's table. It was there
that, laying aside all thoughts of business, he was .so
affable, easy, and merry, that he seemed never to have
thought of any, and yet this was the only part of his life
which viFas enturely free therefrom ; and his frankness and
famiHiMrity brought so many persons of high rank to bis
house, as did him great credit and service, in respect to
his friends, he was. always easy, cheerful, and kind ; aild
whatever their condition was, he talked to them, as if they
had been his equals in ei^ery respect ; yet it is said, that
be was held a better enemy than friend ; and that tfaxsi was
so weU known, that some opposed him from a view of in-
terest. It is certain, that those who were most intimate
with him, had no sort of influence over him, and did.not
care to ask him for any thing ; because he did not readily
grant, and was little pleased with such sort of suits. One
reason of this was, that most of those whom he preferred
became his enemies^ becanse he would not gratify them in
fiurther pretensions^ His seov^ets he justed with none, in*
16 CECIL.
dulged a general conversation^ and woald not sufier affairs
of state to be canvassed in mixed company, or wh^u friends
were met to divert themselves. With respect, to bis ene-
mies, he never said any thing harsh of tbeoi:, farthered on
every occasion their reasonable requests, and was so far
from seeking, that he neglected all opportunities of re-
venge ; always professing, that he never went to bed out
of charity with any man ; and frequently sa3'ing, that pa*
tience; and a calm bearing of aspersions and injuria, had
wrought him more good than his own abilities. He was
far, however, from being an ungrateful man, for without
intreaty he would serve bis friends as far as it w&s just ;
and for his servants; and those about him, he was very
careful of their welfare, mostly at his own expence. He
never raised his own rents, or displaced his tenants ; and as
the rent was when he bought land, so it stood ; insomuch,
that some enjoyed, for twenty pounds a year, during his
whole life, what might have been let for two hundred :
yet in his public character he was very severe ; and .as he
never meddled with the queen's treasure himself* «a he
would see that it was not embezzled by others ; for it was
his saying, that whoever cheated the crown oppressed the
people. In the midst of all his grandeur he was ever easy
of access, free from pride, and alike complaieajnt to all
degrees of people: for as be was grave in council, exact
in courts of jiistice, familiar towards his friends, outwardly
and inwardly fond of his children, so. when he went inio
the country iie would converse with all his servants s^
kindly as if he had been their equal ; talk to country peo-
ple in their own style and manner, and would even conde-
scend to sooth little children in their sports and plays ; so
gentle was his temper, and so abundant his good-nature^
At Theobalds he had fine gardens, which cost him a great
deal of money, and which were laid out according to his
own directions. He had a little mule, upon which he rode
up and down the walks ; sometimes he would look on those
who were shooting with arrows, or playing with bowls;
but as for himself, he never took any diversion, taking that
word in its usual sense. He had two or three friends, who
were constantly at his table, because he liked their com*
pany ; but in all his life he never had one favourite, or
suffered any body to get an ascendant oyer him. His
equipage, his great house-keeping, his numerous. depend-
ents^ were the effects of his sense, wd not at all of his
4StCiV. 17
^iofAi "Idr tie deliglttedlittle in any of dfem'^s tnd*Wfaen-
^ver lie bad any time to' spare, he fled, as his expression
was, to The6baids; and baricfd himself in privacy.
The quben^s regstrd to lord Burleigh/thonjgh sincere and
permanent,' was occasionally intermtked with n6 sdtiall de-
gree of petulance and itt buittonr. He Was severely ris-^
proached by her in 1*594, on account of the state of ai&ir$
in Ireland ; 'tod, on another occasion, ' when he persisted^
against her will, in a design of quitting the court for a feW'
days, ' for 'tjie purpose of taking physic, she called hini
**a froward old fool." He fell also under her majesty^s
diBif^eastire because hfe disagreed with her in opinion con-
cerning aftf affair which rented to the earl of Essex. Havl
iBg*stipp6rted the earl's claim, -in opposition to the queen^
her iiidignattoh was so 'much excited against the trea-
surer, that ^he treated him as a miscrearft and a coward.
Lord BuH^ig^h -being in the latter part of his life much
subject to die gout, sir John Harrington observe;;,' in d
letter to hl^ lordship, that he did not ' invite the stay o^
such ag^d^t'by rich' Wines, or strong 'ipic^s. It i$ pro-
Imble tluit the frequent return of this disorder, in conjunc-
tion with the weight of business, and the general infirmi-
ties of ige, bontributed td the peevishness into which he
was ' som^^^me^ betrayed. In a conversation Which he had
with Mons. de FouqueroUes, an agent from Henry the
Fourth^' king of FfaUce, he lost himself so much, as to
reflect in the grossest tei^ms upon that monarch. This
was, indeed, an astonishing act of imprudence, in a man
of his years and experience ; and affords a striking instance
of the errors and inadvertencies to which the wisest and
best persons are liable. When the lord treasurer died,
queen Elisabeth was so much aflbcted with the event,^ that
she took it very grievously, shed tears, and separated her-
selj^ for a time, from all company.
Besides fbese lesser feilihgs of this great man, he has
been accused of illiberality to the poet Spenser, which
perhaps may be attributed to his dislike of Leicester, under
wbose'patronage Spensef bad come forward, but perhaps
more to his want of relish fbr poetry. On the other hand,
our historians are generally agreefd in their praises of his
high character, Smollett only has endeavoured to lessen
it^ but as this is coupled with a disregard for historical
truth, the attempt is entitled to little regard, and the ad-
vocates for Mary queeti of Scots cannot be, supposed to
Vol. IX. C
19 p E c :( L.
forgive the share be bad in h^r fate^ LQi^'Qrfofd W
given lord Burleigh a place among, bis ^^ Bpyi^tj^nd Noble
Authors/^ but at the same time justly phserves^ ti^t he^is.oM
^f those grcjajt naines, better kpq.wq itir the ai>nal^^bi^ coun-
try tl^an i\% tb(»e pi the republic of letters* ^qsUUfl lord
Burleigh^s answer t^ a Latii^iibei published abroad, w|»iqb
be entitjied *^ S(ah4,ers and Lies,'* and ^ A MediuitJHQifi of
tbe State of l^nglaad, during the teign of Queen ]£U2»3i.heih,''
IJprd Orford mentions ^^ La Cooiiplairite de T Ao^ pecbe^
^esse,'' in, French verse, extant in the.king's libmry ; ^VCaih
inina duo Latin^ in Qbitum I^argaret^D Neyilla^,, Regiss
tlaiherinte i Cnblci^ilis ;" <^ C^armen Latinumin MenHMBiam
Tho. Challonerii Equitis auratji, prsfixupa.ejps^^n^ LjibtQ do
restaurat^ Republica ;'' ^A Preface to Qjieeo Catberiiw
Parr's Lamenitation of a Sinner." Wbeu $vr WMUWkCeoil
accompanied the duke of Somerset on his expi^ditigatQ
^otland, he ft^rnished materials for an aQCOUi>t;,;af;tbat
lyfai::, which w^s.. published by William Patteoi under tha
title of ^< Diarium Expeditions Scpiiq®/' London iS^h
12ipo. This i$ supposed to be tb^, reason ^by;lord Bur^
leigb is reckoned by HoUnsbed . ajpi^q^g the EDgli^b lu3to^
rjans^ ** The first paper or memorials pf sir WiJUswi, Cecily
anno primp Eliz." This, whiclvis only a ps^per ofndemon
randums, is printed in Somers's trfict^^ , from ^a fvaiHisciipii
i(n tbe Cotton library, "A Speech; in ParliaAien^t, 15^3.*!
"^bis Was first published by Strype in his Annal^ Mid bar
$i^ce been inserted in the ParUanientary, History. . *^ Lord
]^urleigh's Precepts, or directions for the well-ordering .and
carriage of a man'si life," 16&7. ^^ A Meditation on the
Peatb of his Lady.'' Mr. Ballard^ in his Memoirs of Bri-%
ti^h Ladies, has printed this Meditation from an oqginal .
formerly in tbe possession of Jam^^s Wes^,.esq^ but now in
the British Museum* Lord Burleigh was supposed to ba
the author of a thin pamphlet, in defence of the putnisb^
ments inflicted on the Roman catholics in the reign of
^ueen Elizabeth : it is called '< The Execution of Justice
in England, for maintenance of public and Christian peace,
against certain stirrers of sedition, and adherents to tbe
traitors land enemies of the reali^, without any persectmoii
of them for questions of religion, as it is falsely reported^
^c.'^ London, 1583, second edition. Other political pieces
were ascribed to him, apd even, tbe celebrated libel, eu^
titled '^Leicester's Comioonwealtb." It was asserted, tbair
the hints, at least^ wer^ furni9h«td by him for that ccoipo^
0 I C I L. f9
Mon. Biift tio pfddf lisfi ' b^en ^itetl of thid assertion,
and it was not founded on any degre€l6f probability.- Hit
lordship drei/r up kV&d a ifumber of pedigrees^ some of
which are prei^^d in the archbishop of Canterbury's
Kbrary at Lambeth; Th«ie contain' tbe genealogies of the
kings of England, from William tht Oonqueror to Edward
the Fourth; of queen Anne Boleyn; and of several princely
houses in Germany.
Out ot tbe large multitude of lortl Burleigh's letters^
which ar«f extant in various places, many have found their
way to the press.. Thirty-three are priiited in Pecfc*« De-
siderata CuriosH, and three in Howard's Collections. Many,
more may be met with* in^Di*. Forbes% Haynes% and,
Murdin's State Papers. The two last publications are spe-^.
ciiicaliy tahen frbn^ the original letters^ and other authen*
tie memorials left by lord Burleigh, and noW remaining at
Hatfield^hou^e, in tiie libniry of the earl of Salisbury J.
Haynes*s oollection, which was'publis^ed in 1740, extendii- .
from 1542! to 157a. Jiordin's, which appeared in 1759^*
reaches Irorii 1571 to 1 59a Both these publications throw
great light M the periodto Which they relate, and have.
been of eminent service to Our recent historians. The
whole course t)f the pro*fec|dings, relative to Mary queeii'
of Scots, is {iardcularly displayed rn these collections'; oii
whicli aecount much use has lately been made of them by
Br. Gilbert Stuart In the originctl papers of Mr. Anthony
Bacon, are several letters of lord' Burleigh, from which'
various extracts have be?en given by Dr. Birch, in his •^Me*
moirs of tbe Reign of Queen Elizabeth.*' There is also in
the Nugs Antique, a tetter 6t advice. Written by his lord-«
ship in 1578, to Mr. Harrington (afterwards sir John Har-
rington), then a student at thie university of Cambridge. Itl
die earl of Hardwicke's miscellaneous State Papers, besides
a number of letters addresi^d to Cecil, there are seven of
his own writing, relative to important public concerns.'
Ohe of them shews in a striking view, the, friendly beba*
viour of lord Burleigh to the earl of Leicester, when that
ndbleman laboured under the queen's displeasure, and
reflects great honour on the old treasurer's memory. It is
strange, says the earl of Hardwicke, that Camden passes it
over in silence : but, ind<$ed, adds his lordship, that histo-
rian's omissions are very unpardons^ble, cpnsid^ring the
lights he had. As to lord Burleigh'^s unpublished papeis^-
they are still exceedingly num^rd^^ and are extant in the'
c2
80 , C £ e I La
British Miuieum, in the Ubr^ries.of the earls of Salisburjr
and Hardwickei and in other plaoes. .
His lordship was btiried :at Stamford, where an elegant
moc^uaient i» ereo^ to bis memorj^. By bis first wife be
had jiis 0on and heir Thomas eiiri of Exeter, and. by. bi»
secofid a nuinerou^ issue, who all died^before him except
the subject of the following, article, to- wbont he .addressed
those valuable " precepts^ so often repiinted. Few meft
knew better than > lord BurFeigh how to adtise the young.
Peacham, in .his< ^^ Gentleman,'* informs us that when any^
one, came to tho; lords, of the council for a licence to traveiy
he would first examine him of : England, and if he fpunci
hiaa ignorant,^ he ii^ould bid him . stay at home, ^iid. kiK>w.
his own country iBrst« ^
CE^CIL (RO^BE^T), earl of Salisbury, s^n to the pre*.
ceding, was born, p^robably, about the year \6S0, andr
being of a weakly cqmstitution, was tenderly brought up
by his mother^ and educated under a careful and excellent
tutor till he was sent to Str^Job^'S college, €ambridgev
Here he had conferred upon hinrii the degree of* M. A^ and^
was afterwards incorporated in.th^ same degree at Oxford.
In the pariiaments of 1585 and }59r6 he served for the city
of Westminster ; as he did aftervKi^rd^i in 1588, 1592, 15d7,
i^nd 1600, for the county of Hertford. In 1388. he was*
one of the young no.bility who went volunteers en board
the English fleet sent against the Spanish armada. Hef
lyas & courtier from his'cradle, having the advantage of the
instructions and experience of his illustrious fat l^r|'«nd
living in those times when queen Elizabeth had most need
of the ablest persons, was employed by her in .a^ifsof
the highest importance, and received the honour of kn-ight*
hood in the beginning of June 1591, and in August fol-
lowing Was sworn of the privy>counciK In 1596 he wa&
appointed secretary of state, to the great disgust of the
earl of Essex, who was then absent in the expedition
against Cadiz, and had been zealous for the promotion ojf
sir Thpnhias Bodley. Whilst he was in that post h^ shewed
«a indefatigable address in procuring foreign intelligence
fcom all parts of the world, holding, at his own charge, a
correspondence with all ambassadors and neighbouring
states. By this means he discovered queen Elizabeth's!
' » Biog. Brit.— Sir £. Brydgfs's edition of Cbllins.— -Park's edition of Rayal
arid Noble ^utlkom— fitrype's- AritmlS) Meno^idkU, anrf Lirtt, passim, Ice.^— >
I<p^*t ilIiuitni(kHis,/vol. Ui^iM^»i)tsidcrBta, fcc
C fi C 1 L. Si\
enemies abroftdy and prkate congpiracies at hbmei and
was on tbis account as highly valued by th^ queen as ha
was hated by the popish parly*, who vented their mailed
against him in several libels, both printed and manusctiptj
and threatened to murder him ; to some of which he re*
turned an answer, both in Latin and English, declaring.
that he despised all their threats-for the service of so good
a cause as be was engaged in, tbat of religion and his
country. . i
In 1 597 he was eonstituted chancellor of the dueby of
Lancaster. In February 1597-8 be went to Fra.nce with
Hr. Herbert and sir Thomas Wylkes, to endeavour to di<^
vert Henry IV. from the treaty at Vervins; and in May
1599, succeeded his father in the office of master of th^
court of wards, for which he resigned a better place, that
of chancellor of the duchy, being so restrained in the eourf?
of wards, by new orders, that be wfis, as he expressed it,
ft ward himself. He succeeded his ^ther likewise in the
post of principal minister of state, and from that time
public aiiairs seem to have been entirely under his (}irecs-^
tion« During the last years of his queen, he supported
her deelining" age with such vigour and prudence as at
once enabled her to assist her allies the States General^
when tb^y were ingloriously abandoned by France, and to
defe(»t a dangerous rebellion in Ireland, which was che«
rished by powerful assistance from Spain. But though he
was a faithful servant to his mistress, yet he kept a secret
correspondence with her successor king James, in which
he was once in great danger of being discovered by the
queen. As her majesty was taking the air upon Blacks
heath, near her palace at Greenwich, a post riding by, she
inquired from whence M came ; and being told from
Scotland, she stofyped her coach to receive the packeti
Sir Robert Cecil, who attended her, . knowing there were
in it some letters from his correspondents, with great
presence of mind, called immediately for a knife to opedi *
it, that a delay might not create suspicion. When be
eame to cut it open, he told the queen that it looked and
smelt very ill, ai^d therefore was proper to be opened and
aired before she saw what it contained ; to which her ma-
jesty consented, having an extreme aversion to bad smells.
Upon her deoease he was the first who publicly read iiee
will, and proclaimed king James $ and his former services
to tbat.pripgei or the interest of sir.George Hume, afters
S» C E C X; L^
imr<l9 enrl of Dunb«T,. so effectually ifeeoinmeDded him to*
bbmajesty* tb&t he took/ him into the highest degree of
favour, and continued hitxit.in his office of principal iiiini&-<»
ter $ and though in that reign public affairs were, not car*
ried on with the same spirit as in the last, the fault ^eanaol
justly be charged on this minister, but an the king, whoae
tixmd temper iaduced him to have peince with all the world,
md esptiicially with ^Spain at jany rate, . But though sic
Robert Cecil was far from approving, in his heart, the
measures taken. for obtiMing that inglorious peace, yet he
ap far ingratiated, lumself with. his sovereign that he waa
raised to gveaier honours.^ being on May 1^, 1603, created
baron of Essenden^ in Rutlandshire; on the 20th of Au-«
gusi;, 1604, viscount Cranborne, in Dorsetshire (the first:
<tf that degree. who bore a.coronet), and on May 4, 1605^.
earl of Salisbury. . .
. He shewed himself upoa all occasions a zealous servant:
to his prince, without neglecting at the same time, fcha.
Tisal advantage of his cOuatry, and never heartily espousing;
the Spanish interest, though it wiis the only one coun^.
tenanced by king James; and isome of the courtiers, by.
encouraging it, acquired great riches. . The court of Spain,
was so sensible of his disinclination to them, that they. cut
deavoured to alienate the king's favour from him by meana.
of the queen ; and it was moved there in council^.tojsend
complaints to England of his malignant bumoor, or.eftTjir
to the Spanish nation ; upon which, if he did not alter hui
conduct, then a shorter course should be taken with him^^
by destroying him« Afterwards they entertained great
hopes of him, and resolved to omit no means to gain biwt^
over to their side. But when all the popish designs wera.
defeated by the discovery of. tbiQ gunpowder plot, which:.
bas since been represented by some of that party as a po»»:
litical contrivance of his, his activity in the detection :.o{
it, and zeal for the punishment of Uiose concerned in it^i
enraged them to such a degree, that several of the papista^
formed a combination against him. . This, however, tak<#
}ng no effect, they again attempted to ruin him in the
king's favour^, by reporting that he had a pension of fortyi
thousand crowns froas the States of the United Provinces,
for being their special favourer and patron. They hraaded
him likewise with the appellation of a puruao, a nasne pe*'
culiarly odious to king Jfames. At last they conspieed tor,
iiiurdei; him by a mssquet-aiiot out of ^e Ss^voy,. or aomei
c E ci r l: 23
bouse near, fts be was 'going by Wate)r to court.' But these
nefarious designs proved abortive^ though it apt)ear8 they
bad not desisted from them in 1609. Upon the death of
rir Thomas Sackville, earl of Dorset, lord-high-trea&urer,
jn April 1603, he liucceeded hiitk in that post ; and his ad-
▼anceiuent ^to ifc Was universally applauded, a great re-
formation being expected from him in the exchequer,,
which be accohlitigly effected. Finding it almost totally
exhaosted, he devised s^teral means for replenishing it
with monley, particularly by causing the royal manors tp
be surveyed, which berot^ were but imperfectly knbWn ;
by reviving the custody of crown lands; by commissions
of assets^ by taking cafe to have the king*s woods an4
timber viewed, numbered, marked, atid vsdued ; by haying
an exact survey made of the copyholds held of the crowhn
which be ordered to be printed; by compounding with .
the copyholders of the inheritance, and the possessors of
wastes and commons, originally appertaining to th^ king;
by appointing' commi^i^ioners to gather in the fines arising^
from penal laws, and such as accrued from the king^s ma^
Bors; by improvitig the customs from 66,000/. to 120,000/.
and afterwards to 135,000/. perann. and by surrendering
up his patent of master of the wards to the king, for bit
benefit and advantage.
His indefatigable api^lication to business having ruined
bis constitution, he died at Marlborough in his return from
Bath, May 24, 1612, and wad buried at Hatfield. He was
undoubtedly a Very able minister, but not very popular
while living, nor characterised with much praise since his
death. Dr. Birbh, however, appears his ablest advocate^
nt hh ^^ Historical View of the Negociations,'' &c. and his
researches behig carried farther than perhaps those of any
modern writer, what be istdvances seems more entitled to
eredit. » • /
•
It will b^ but justice, says Dr. Birch, to the character of
so eminent a person as the earl of Salisbury, to consider
him as he now appears to us from fuller and more impar*
ttal lights than the ignorance or envy of his own time
would admit of ; and which tnay be opposed to the general
invectives ahd unsupported libels of Weldon. and Wilson,
the scandalous cbroniclefs of the last age. He was evi-^
deutly a man of quicker pairts, and a more spirited writer
and speaker than his father, to whose experience he was
dt the same time obliged for his education and introducti(Hi
24 c^i^qii^
iDtQ public bqsin<ps9> in the^mwf^ex^&xt.of which he was
stccQunte'dj an^ perhaps justly^ more subtle^ and less open,
^nd ibis opinion of his bia$s to artifice and dissiouilatioa
was greatly owing to the singular address which he shewed
in penetrating into the secrets and reserved poj^ers of the
foreign ministers with whom be treated.; and l^ evading^
with uncommon dexterity, such points as they, pressed, whei|
it was not convenient to give them too explicit an answer^
|Iis correspondence with king James^ during^ the life o^
queen Elizabeth, was so closely, and arifully 'mauaged,
that he escaped a discovery, which would have ruined big
interest with his royal mistress^ though he afterwards justi«*
iied that cprres;p6ndence from a regard to her service^
. ^* For whjit," says he, " could more quiet the expectatioi^
of a successor, so many ways invited to jefilousy, thai\
^hen he saw her ministry, that were most inward with her,
ivbolly bent to accommodate the present auctions of states
for his future safety, when Gocl should see his time v '— ^
He was properly a sqle minister, though not under the
denpniination of ^ fs^vourite, his master having a mucl^
greater £^we of than love for him ; and he drew all business,
both foreign and domestic, intq his own hands, and suf*
fered no ministers to be employed abroad but who we^re
his dependents, and with whom he kept a most constant^
^nd exact correspondence: but the men whom be pre-
ferred to such employments, justified his choice, and di^l
credit to the use he made of his power. He appears to
havei been invariably attached to the true interest of big
country, being above corruption from, or dependency
upqn, any foreign courts ; which renders^ it not at all sur-
prising, that he should be abused by them all in ih^r
turns; as his attention to all tb^e motions of the popish
factiou made him equally odious to them. He fully un-
derstood the English constitution, and the just limits of
the prerogative \ and prevented the fatal consequences
which might hs^ve arisen from the frequent disputes.between.
king James I. and his parliaments. In short, he was as
good a minister as that prince would suffer him to be, a^d
as was consistent with his own security in a factious and
corrupt court ; and he was even nec;ligent of his, personal
Safety, whenever the interest of the public w?is at stafcje.
Ris post of lord treasurer, at a time when the exchequer
was exhausted by the king's boundless profusion, was at-
iended with infinite tro^jble to biQ^i in goncertin|; schemei
CECIL. SS
feur raisiing the sunpli^ ; and the manlier in which he was
obliged to raise tbeiny with the great fortaoe which he ac«*
cumulated to himselty in a measure beyond perhaps the
visible profits of bis places, exposed him to much detrae*
tion and popular clamoar, which followed him to his grare)
riiough experience shewed, that the nation sustained an
important loss by bis death ; since he was the only minister
of state of real abilities during the whide course of that
reign. He has been thought too severe and vindictive in
the treatment of bis rivals and enemies : but the part
which he acted towards tbe earl of Essex, seems entirely
the result of his duty to his mistress and the nation. It
must, however, be confessed, that his behaviour, towards ^
tbe great but unfortunate sir Walter Raleigh is an smpu*
tatioii upon him, which still remains to be cleared up ; and
it probably may be done from the ample memorials of his
administration in the Hatfield library.
A more elaborate apology for the earl of Salisbury wa*
written soon after bis decease, and addressed to king Jame%
by sir Walter Cope. This may be. seen in Gutch's *^ CoU
lectanea Curiosa,^^ vol. I. from which, as well asfrom the
account of his death in Peck's ^^ Desiderata,*' the ambi^
tious may derive a salutary lesson. . His '^ Secret Cor-*
respondence'V with king James, was published by lord H»les
in 1766, and the conclusion which his lordship thinks the
reader will draw is, that Salisbury was no less solicitous to
maintain his own power than to settle the succession to
bis aged benefactress queen Elizabeth. Various letters,
speeches, memorials, &o. from his pen are mentioned in
^ur authorities. Lord Salisbury married Elizabeth, sister
t% tbe unhappy Henry Brooke^ lord Cobham, thy whom,
who died in 1591, he had a daughter Frances, married to
Henry Clifford, earl of Cumberland, and an only son, Wil^*
}iam, second earl of Salisbury^ His descendant, James^
the seventh earl of Salisbury, was advanced to tbe title of
marquis ip 1789. '
. CECIL (RiCHAjiB), a late clergyman of the cfhurcbof
^England, w§s born in Cbiswell^treet,. London, on Nor,
jB, 1748. His father and grandfather wcare scadet-dyers to
the East India company. His mother was the only child
uf Mr. Grosvenor, a merchant of London, and was a strict
■ - • ' ' * '
* Biog. Brit— Park's Royal and Noble ^utbori.— Secret Correspondence, b]r
air D. Dalrymple, l*i66, 12mo.— Birch's Nefocuiti«RS.^*»l{istx>r3r of Q. £lliza«
^idb, andilife of Prii^oe Heniy.-^^Uamnfitoa'i ^oS« Mtiqiipw
2ff C E C I li,
dissenter, but bis father belonged to the^tiiblished cburch.
In. bis early years bis father intended him for business, but
the son bad a stronger predilection for general literature ;
and tbe. success o£ some juvenile attempts, inserted in the
periodical journals, withr a taste for thustc and painting,
diverted bim stilly more from trade. At iejigtb his father
detennined to give bim an university education, and, by th^
advice of Dr. Pbanuel Bacon, an old acquaintance, sent
hiin to Oxford, where he entered of Queen^s college. May
19, 177 S. Before this he had fallen into a course of read*
ing which dispelled the religious education of bis infancy,
and bad made bim almost a confirmed infidel. Previously,
however, to going to the university, he had recovered from
this infatuation, and became noted for that pious conduct
and principles which he maintained through life. With
his studies be combined his former attachment to the fine
arts, particularly music afnd painting, and might be deemed
a connoisseur in both, and upon most subjects of polite
literature manifested a critical taste and relish for the pro-^.
ductions of genius and imagination, of both which he bad
himself no small portion. In 1776 he was ordained dea-
coh, and in 1777 priest, having only taken his baohelor^s
degree, after whidi he withdrew his name from the college
books, and exercised his talents as a preacher in some
cbu robes in Lancashire. Soon after, by the interest of
some friends, two small livings were obtained for bim at
Leiwes in Susse:it, together in value only about 80/. a year.
These he did not long enjoy, a rheumatic affection in his
head obliging bim to employ a curate, the expence of which
required the whole of the income, but he continued ta
hold them for some years, and occasionally preached %l
Lewes. Removing to London, he officiated in different
churches and chapels, particularly the chapel in Orange-r
street and that in Long-acre, &c. In 1780 he was invited
to undertake^the duty of due chapel of St. John's, in Bed-
ford-row, and by the assistance of some friends who ad*
vanced considerable sums of money. Was enabled to repair
it, and collected a most numerous and respectable congre^
gation. But formany years he derived little emolument
ftom it, as he devoted the produce of the pews most con-
scientiously to tbedtscharge of the debts incurred. Eveii
in 1798, a* debt of 500/, remained on it, which his friends
and hearers, struck with bis honourable conduct, gene-*
rously defrayed by a subscription. Ici this year appeared
C E C I L. 27
timt ocHnplaint,- of tbe schirrQaft kind, wbicfa mora otr lest
afflicted him with excruciating pain during the femainde^
of his hfe, and frequently interrupted hig public laboursy
but which he bore with incredible patience and constancy,
la ISOO he was presented by the trustees of John Thornton^
esq. to the livings of Chobbam and Ksley in Sunsey, by
which 150/. was added to bis income^ the xenatnder of
their produce being required to provide a substitute at St«
John's chapel, and defraying the necessary travelling ex-
pences. In these parishes, notwithstanding the precarioua
statepf bis health, he pursued his ministenal labours with
unabated assiduity, and conciliated the affections of hia
people by his affectionate addresses, as well as by an ac«
commodation in the matter of tithes, which prevented all
disputes. In 1807 and 1808 two paralytie attacks under^
mined his constitution, and at length terminated in a fit of
apoplexy, ivhich proved fatal August 15, 1810. Few men
have left a character iiKMre estinisdble in every quality that
regards personal merit, or public services, bat for the de-*'
tailof these we must refer to the '^Memoirs'' prefixed tor
an edition of his Works, in 4 vols. 8vo, published in 1811'
for the bepefit of his family. Such was the regard in which*
be was held, that the whole of this edition of 1250 copies,
was subscribed fot by his friends andcongregatien. The
first volume contains bis *^ Life of Mr. Cadc^an,'* printed
separately in 1793; that of ^< John Bacon, esq^ the oele«
brated sculptor,'' in 1801 ; and that of tiie <^ Rev. John
Newton" in 1808. VoL If. contains bis ^' Miscellanies,^'
Eractical tnictk» pciblished in the course of his life; vol. IIL
is *' Serniions," and vol. IV, bis ^^ Remains,'^ consisting
of remarks made by Mr. Cecil in conversation with the
editor (the rev* Josiah Pratt, B. D«) or in discussions when
he was present, with an appendix communicated by some
friends. * .
CECILIA (St.)9 the reputed patroness of music, .was a'
B^Bian virgin of distinguished birth, who lived in the
second century. She was eminent for her piety, and bad
vcHBved virginity, but contrary to her inclinations, was
espoused by her parents to a heathen noblenan of the
name of Valerian, whom she is said to hwe kept from her
bed, by informing him that she had an angel appointed to
protect her, and she engaged that Valerian should see this
^ Memoir at above*
3S
CECILIA,
angel, hi case be would prepare himsdf for such a favouf
by becoming, a Christian. .Vaierian consented, saw the
angel, abstained from Cecilia as a wife, and was converted
along with bis brother Tiburtius. Valei'ian and Tiburtius
suffered martyrdom, and Cecilia was honoured witU tba
same death some days after. .These martyrdoms are va^
riously placed under M. Aurelius, between 176 and 180,
and under Alexander Severus, about. 231. The body of
St. Cecilia was found by pope Pascal I. in the cemetery of
a church called by her name, which occurs as early u
the sixth century; and her body and her husband^ s, found
in the same place, were translated in 821 to a. monastery
founded by pope Pascal iu honour of the martyrs Tibur^
tius and Maximus, near the church of St Cecilia in Rome^
usually called in Trastevcre^ to distinguish it from two
others dedicated to the same saint
Musical and other historians have not been able to as^
sign any better reason for honouring St. Cecilia as the pa*
troness of music, than what may be found in her ^^ Acts,'*
which still exist in Surius, but are now considered as of no
authority. Yet as they were credited in more creduloua
times, painters fixed upon organs as the appropriate em*
blem of this saint ; musicians chose her for their patroness^
and poets have described her as the inventress of the or«
gan, and a$. charming angels to leave their celestial spheres^ '
in order to listen to .her harmony^ The earliest notice of
ber as the tutelar saint of music seems to have been in tb^
works of the great painters of the Italian school ; some re^
presenting her as performing on the harp, and others oi^
the organ. Raphael, in his celebrated portrait of the saint^
has placed in her hands a column of organ pipes, or rather
the front of a portable instrument called the regals, which
in Roman catlK>lic times used to be carried, by one persoqk
and played by another in processions. But of the celebra--
tion of her birth-day by assemblies of musicians, we have
been able to discover no instance earlier than the latter end
of the seventeenth century, when there was. a rage a^mong
the votaries of music for celebrating the birth-day of this
saint, November 22, not only in Loiidon, but in all tht^
considerable cities and provincial towns, in the kingdom,
where music was cultivated. Dryden's Ode to St. Ce<^Ui|iM
has led Mr. Malone into a prolix and probably very accu*;
rate history of this saint, and into a chronological account
of aU the great Cecilian festivals held in Loudon from 168^
C £ C I t I: A. ^ aa
to 1 740, with « list of all' the odea^ ^ritti^h ex|>r€»9ly ib^
the celebration of St. Cecilia, by whom written^ aiidbj.
whom set to oiusic. ^ • ?
CEDRENUS (George), a Grecian monk, who lived in
the eleventh century,* wrote annals, or an almdged history,!
from the beginning of the world to the reign :o£ Jsaae.Conv»«
nenus, empercar of Constantinople, who suc^oeededt -Michael
IV. in 1057.' This work is no more than aiicextract fromt
several historians, and cH^iefly from Ge<h^ras SynoeUus/
whose -chronology he has followed from ihe creation to xhet
reign of Dioclesian. Theopbanes is another Jaistorian he
has made use of from DiocWian to Mic^adlrCuropalatbeSi.
The neKt he borrows from is Tbrapesius Soj^iitzes from
Curopalates to his own time. This compiiatton^'. altbmtgh
not executed with much judgoieut, was^prob^biyooce-iti
request. It was translated into Latin .b)?iX3^)imdeir, Basii^
1566, and was again printed at Pliria ih 16147, ^^-vols. folioy
with the Latin version of Xylsgad^, and the. notes. of father
Goar, arDemioican.* , •
CELEIJTJNE V. (Peter), Pope, and the only one of
his>name who seems to deserve much notice, was bohi ini
Apulia about Abe year 123 1^ and lived.as a hermit in a lit^-*
tie cell. He was admitted into holy orders; but after that^:
he lived ^ve years, in a. cate or ' mount* *Mont>ni neat Sal-
viona, where he founds a monastery in 1^74;; The seo
of Rome hating been vacatH two years and three months^
Celestine was unaniqaously chosen pope on^ account of the
fame of his sanctity. The archbishop of Lyons, present-*
ing him with the instrument of his election, conjured hini
to submit to the vocation. ' Feter, in astoriisbment, pro*
strated .himself on the ground : and after he had continued
in prayeir for a considerable time, consented to bis election,-
and took the name of Celestine V. Since the days of the.
first Gregory, no pope had ever assumed (he pontifical-
dignity with more purity of intention. But he had not
Gregory^s talents for business and government; and the^
Roman see was far more corrupt in the thirteenth than it
was in the sixth century. Celestine soon became sensible
of his incapacity. He attempted to reform abuses,- to re«^
trench the luxury of the clergy, to do, in shorty what he
foand totally impracticable. He committed mistakes, astdi
> Biitlflf't Lives of ibe SaiiiU.T«-B«iiiwy «i|d Qiiiiluii8*« Hitt. of M«tlK, • ]
fient Mag. vol. LXIII. p. 25 and 33. . , . .
' I)u{>rii.-**C«y«.— Fabric. Bibl. Gncc— Moreri.
\
M CBLiJSTlNE.
exposed fainiMlf to ridieule. Hb conscieticey in the meatf
thiie^ :wa9 kept^n the rack through « variety of scruples/
from which be could not extricate hiniself; and from his •
ignorance of the world and of canon law, he began to think '
be had done wMngin accepting the office. He spent muchf
of hift ttttie in retirement ; nor was he easy there, becatiso^
his conscience told him, that he ought to be discharging '
the pattorat office. > In this dilemma he consulted cardinal ,
Cajetan, wha toldhim -he might abdicate, which he accord*
inglydid in l^d4/after having endeavoured to support the '
nmk of pope for only four or five months, and before bia
abdication lAade a constitution that the pontiff might be
allowed to abdicate, if he pleased ; but there ba^ been no
example: since of any pope taking the benefit of this con^
stitation. Caj^tan succeeded him under the tit)e>of Boni^
^ceVIIL and frntiiediately imprisoned hittiin' th^ casttor
of Fumone, lest h^ should revoke his resignation, aUhougU
nothing wn moie improbable, and treated him ^ith stich
harshness as brought him fo bis grave, after' ten 'months
imprisenment,. in 1-296. Clement V. canotiifzed him'in
1313. Several of his << Opuscula*' are in the BiM. Pa^
trum. The order of the Ceiestins, vAath takes its ntfioe
from him, still subsists. '
iC£LLARIUS (CHaiSTOFHEa), an eminent critic ami
geographer, was bom 1638, at Smalcalde, a littli^ town in
Franconia, where his father was minister His mother^
Mary Zehners, was daughter of the famous divine, Joilchim
Zehners, He came of a family in which learning seems t^
have been hereditary. When three years old, be hsKl the
misfortune to lose his father, but his mothetr look care of
his education. He began his studies in the college of Smaf-^
<;alde, and at eighteen was removed to Jena, to finish faia
studies in that university. During a residence^ of three
years in this, place, he applied to classical learning under '
Bosius, to pbitosopby under Bechman, to the Oriental
languages under Frischmutb, and to mathematics under :
Weigelius. In 1659 he quitted Jena to go to Giessen, ta
study divinity under Peter Haberkorn. He afterwards re«
turned to Jena, and took a doctor^s degree there in 1666.^
The year following he was made professor of Hebrew and
il philosophy at Weisseafels, in which office he con**'*
I Milaer'9 Cborch Hbt ToL IV. p« SS.-<->Ditpii«^Bow«r't Lives of the Popes.
-PUtina.— Mor«ri.
c EL L A It I u a St
tioaed &r serea ycani In 1693 he was eatledlo Weimar,
to be rector of the college there, which, at the end of three
years, he exchanged for a similar tank ^t Zeits. After
Uifo years stay here, the college of Menbourg was offered
to lum^ wbicli he accepted. His teaming, his abilities,
aod his diligence, sopn rendered this college famous^ and
drev a great number of studtsnts; and the place was sa
agreeable to him, that.be determined to end his days there ^
bat Providence dtspoaed ef> him otherwise. - For the king
ofPrusda, having foniided an university at} Halle in 1693,
prerailed upon him to be .pvofassor of eloquenoeand his-
tory ia it, and here he ^composed a great part of his wbrks/
Uis great application. shortened his days, and hastened otr
the -infiroaities of old age. He was a tpng time afflicft^
eith the tstone* but -never oould b^ persuaded to seek as-
sistance'fitom medicine. He died, 1707, in hk sixty iilinth'
yean. u. • .-...-. .......
He puiblished good editions of aboy'e twettty Latin and-
Gjteek authors ; and should we give a eonipleto catalogue'
ofkis own wofks, it would shew an aslotiisbing example'
of literacy industry. But although he was- a vety volu-*
mioous writer^ he publisrhed nothing in -baSte, and nothing"
but what was^ in general correct and useful. His works
lalate chiefly to grammar, to geography, K^ history, and
to the Oriental langmsge^. As they are so v^ry numerous,
we shall only mention some of the mo^t coiisiderable : 1.
''A Latin Grammar,^' in German, 1689, 8Vq. ' 2;;'< Anti*
barbarasLatious, sive de Latiaitate mediae et infimse Wtatis,^*
1^77, .12mo. iB^ffore he published this book^ Olaus Bor-
lifthtus bad published, at C<:^nhagen, a work entitled
'^Cogitationes' de vaiiis linguao Latinse setatibus, Slc^
which. Cellarios. having not seen, and reading afterwards,
wa$' the occasion of his making an addition to his own, un-^'
4er the title of, 3, ^^ Carte posteriores de barbarismis et
Idiotismta sermonis Latini/' 16^6, 12mo. 4. '^Ofthogra*
pbia Latina ex feiusftis monwnentis, hoc est nummis, mar-*
auuribus, &c. eTCcerpta, digesta, novisque observationibus
illufttrata," i700y Svo. 5% << Historia universalis breviter'
sc perspicue exposita^ 'm antiquam et medii sBvi ac novam
dwisa, cuaa'notis perpetuis,'* 1703, S vols. i2mo. 6. ^Col-
lectanea Historic Samaritanae, quotquot inveniri potue*
tunt,*' 1688, >4to. He had a design cvf writing a complete
history of the Samaritans ; but for want of materials was
forced to give it up. He collected, however, in this work^
\
*• ,
S8 CELLAAiaS.
what be couldifind relatiag tit) dieir manners^ retigtoii, b^
7. *^ Hi^toria getilis & reltgionis <Saniaritatie ex . dovb;
Slchemi^um epistcda ancta/* 169d, ;4to. 8^. <f Giamna**'
^ca H^brsea in tabudis synopttcis una Ciun confiilio 24 bona:
disc^pdi.linguam saaotaoo.'* To .which he. added, f^ Aab*-
biti^saius,, siye inititHtio. graminaUca pro legendis Rabbina*^
rum scriptis/^ 1684, 4to* 9. .'^ Ganouesde lingoie sanctia>
idiotismis," 1{679, 4to. 10. <' Sciagraphia phiblogi® sa-*.
^rae, cum etjfmologtco vadicum depfiitditaKum exaltis lia-»
guis, Arabic^i . praBsertim^ restiuitarum/' 167d, .4to. ll.»
^^ Chaldaismus, sive grammatica nova Ungum Chaldaicas,''
&c. 1685, 4to. 12> ^^ Porta Syiise, aive grammatica Sy«».
rkca/' 1684, 4to. 13. 'f Horn S«unaritayaB,V &c i682^
4to. 14. ^^ Isagoge.in lioguam Arabidam/' 1686^ 4to.
. His works in geography are well.^kliown, as esoellent?
})^lp» to the uadierstancling of. ancient anthers. .• His .-^^ No-:'.
titia Orbis Antiqui/' was published at Cambridge in 170^^;
!} vols. 4 to, ai)d Leipsic, 1731. And a sixth editicm of
the abridgement^ by Patrick, was published at Londoiv
in 1731 ; but for a more particular account of ttie> aHthar>
and bis works,, the reader may be referred to J. G. Wal-*
cjiius^s/^i^course of his life and writings, prefixed to baa
<< Dissertationes Academicse,'* published at Leipsic, 1712^
8vo» This volume alone would have been sufficient t»:
have procured him a considerable name in the learned:
world. Tt^e principal classics, &c. edited by >hilD:are,-
<5 Ciceronis Epist. att Familiares;'' " Plinii Epist ;'^ "Cprn;*
Nepos;" fVQuintus Curtius;'' "Eutr<^ius;" *fSextua
Rufus;" <* Velleius, Paterculu*;" " Duod. Panegyr. , A»4
tiq.;" "Lactantius;" ^' Minutius Felix;" f* St .Cypriao-i
de Vanit. ldoLj"-"Sedulius;'* « Prudenties VV >« Silina*
Italicusj" « PiciMirandulEpist;" « Zoaimus;" "Paaaniw
us ;'* the ^* Thesaurus of Jaber,^' with large additions, y '
.CELLIER (R^Mi), a voluminouH French. biqgvapher,/
lyas born at Bar-le-duc in 1688, and was soon noted for;
learning and piety. He attached himself to thecongrega* *
tion of the Benedictines of St. Vanne and St. Hidulpbe^
and after he took the habit of that order, was intrusted
with various business belonging to it, and became titular,
prior of Flavigni. He died in 1761. He published ^^His-
tpire generale desauteurs sacresetecclesiastiqaes,." 1729—^.
1768, 23 vols. 4to, containing their lives, a. critical. ac«^
1 Life by Wald^ at above.— Moreri.
C E E t r E Ri 33
count of tbeir works^ the history of councils, &c. Tbia
compilation is accurate, rather ^more so, his countrymea
think, than that of Dupin ^ but be had not Oupin^s art of
arranging and compressing, nor, we suspect, his candour.
That it is diffuse beyond all patience appearis from these
tnrenty-tbree volumes extending no farther than the time'
of St. Bernard in the twelfth century. His numerous ex*
tracts and translations are, however, useful to those who
cannot read the fathers in the original languages. In 1782
ah index to. this work was published at Paris, 2 vols. 4to,
a proof that the work still holds its reputation. His only
other publication was ^^ Apologie de la Morale des Peres
contre Bai-beyrac,'^ 1718, 4to, a learned treatise badly
written. Cellier was fond of retiren^ent and study, and
cbnciliated the affections of his brethren by bis amiable
pergonal character. ^
Cellini (Benvenuto), a celebrated sculptor and en-
graver of Florence, was horn in 1500, and intended to be
trained to music ; but, at fifteen years of age, bound nim-"
s^lf,' contrary to bis fatber^s inclinations, apprentice to a
jewelTeV an J goldsmith, under wbona he made such a pro-
gress, as presently to rival the most skilful in the business* .
He had also a turn for other arts : and in particular an
early taste for drawing and^ designings which he afterwards
coltivated. Nor did he neglect music^ but must have ex*
celled in some degree in it; for, assisting at a concert before
Clement VII. that pope took him into his> service, in the
double capacity of goldsmith and musician. He applied
himself also to seal-engraving, learned to make curious da^
maskeenings of steel and silver on Turkish daggers, &c. and
was very ingenious in medals and rings. But Cellini excel-
led in arms, as well as in arts ; and Clement VII. valued him.
as mu^ for his bravery as for his skill in his profes3ion.
Wh^h the duke of Bourbon laid siege to Rome, and the city
was taken and plundered, the pope committed the castle oJF
St. Angelo to Cellini ; who defended it like a man bred to
anbs^ and <tid not suffer it to surrender but by capitulation*
Meahwbile, Cellini was one of those great wits, who
may truly be said to have bordered upon madness ; he was'
of- a* desultory, . capricious, unequal humourj^ which in-
volved him perpetually in adventures that often threat-
ened to prove fatal to him. He travelled among the cities
1 Diet. Hi»t.
Vol. IX. D
3* CELLINI.
of Italy, but chiefly resided at Rome ; where he was some«
times in favour with the great, and sometimes out. He
consorted with ^11 the first artists in their several ways, with
Michael Angelo, Julio Romano, &c. Finding himself at
length upon ill terms iu Italy, he formed a resolution of
going to France ; and, passing from Rome through Flo-,
rence, fiologna, and Venice, he arrived at Padua, where
he was most kindly received by, and made some stay with,
the famous Pietro Bembo. From Padua he travelled
through Swisserland, visited Geneva in his way to Lyons,
and, after resting a few days in this last city, arrived safe
at Paris. He met with a gracious reception from Francis I.
who would have taken him into his service ; but, conceiv-
ing a dislike to France from a sudden illness he fell into
there, he returned to Italy. He was scarcely arrived,
when, being accused of having robbed the castle of St.
Angelo of a great treasure at the time that Rome was
sacked by the Spaniards, he was arrested and sent pri-
soner thither. When set at liberty, after many hardships
and difficulties, he entered into the service of the French
king, and set out with the cardinal of Ferrara.for Paris :
where when they arrived, being highly disgusted at the
cardinaPs proposing what he thought an inconsiderable
salary, he abruptly undertook a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
He was, however, pursued and brought back to the king,
who settled a handsome salary upon him, assigned him a
house to work in at Paris, and granted him shortly after a
naturalization. > But here, getting as usual into scrapes
and quarrels, and particularly having offended madame
d^Estampes, the king's mistress, he was exposed to endless
troubles and persecutions; with which at length being
wearied out, he obtained the king's permission to return
to Italy, and went to Florence; where he was kindly' re-
ceived by Cosmo de Medici, the grand duke, and engaged
himself jjif his service. Here again, disgusted with some
of the duke's servants (for he could not accommodate him*
•self to, or agree with, any body), he took a trip to Venice,
where he was greatly caressed by Titian, Sansovino, and
other ingenious artists ; but, after a short stay, returned t6
Florence, and resumed his business. He died in 1570*
Bis life was translated into English by Dr. Nugent, and
pubJished in 1771, 2 vols. 8vo, with this title: *^ The Life
of Benevenuto Cellini, a ]f lorentine artist ; containing a
variety pf^urious aqd interestii>g particulars relative to
C E L L I ^ L si
painting, sculpture, and architecture, ahd the history 'of
his own time.** The original, written iti the Tuscan lani
guage, lay iti manuscript above a century and a half.
Though it was read with the greatest pl^afeiire hy the
leamea of Italy, no man was hardy enough, during this
Jong period, to Introduce to the world a bodkj in which'
the successors of St. Peter were handled so I'oughly ;
a narrative, where artists and sovereign prinfces, cardi-
nals and courtezans, ministers of state and mechanics^
are treated with equal impartiality. At length, in it 30^
an enterprising Neapolitan, encouraged by Dr. Antonio
Cocchi, one of the ^politest scholars in Europe, published
it in one vol. 4to, but it soon was prohibited, and became
scarce. According to his own account, Cellini was at ohce
a man of pleasure and a slave to superstition ; a despisec
of vulgar notions, and a believer in magical incantations J
« fighter of duels, and a composer of divine sonnets ; aa
ardent lover of truth, and a retailer of visionary faricies ;
an admirer of papal power, and a hater of popes; ah
offeHder against the laws, with a strong reliance on divine
providence. Such heterogeneous mixtures, however, ge-
nerally form an amusing book, and Cellini's life is amus*.
ing and interesting in a very high degree. It must not,
however, he omitted, that Cellini published two treatises
4)n the subject of his art, " Duo trattati, uno intorno alle
4)tto prihcipali arti delP oreficiera, Paltro in materia dell*
arte della scoltura," &c. 1568, 4to.*
^ CELS (James Martin), a French botanist, and membet
of the Institute, was born at Versailles in 1745, and having
,be^n early introduced into the office of one of the farmers-
general, acquired the once lucrative place of receiver*
Amidst the duties of this office, he found leisure for study^
tad became so fond of books, as to attempt a new arrange-^
ment of libraries, which he published in 1773,'n»nder the
tijle of " Coup-d*ceil eclair6 d'une grande bibliotheque a
J'osage de tout possesseur de livres," 8vo. He became
also partial to the study of botany, and formed an exten-
sive botanical garden, which he enriched by correspon-
dence and exchanges with other horticulturists. When
the revolution took place, he retired to the village of '
Montrouge near Paris, and coiifined himself enti?tly to
'^iJ^ *• above.--Sir JoHn Hawltins^t edit, of Johaioa'i worki, vol. IX.
$& • € E L S.
thp cuJUy*tioiit and, selUag. of: plants. The; pmncipal vnorks
o^.d^fO'jpture.bot;^^y, wbicj;) hayei appjejaoed in Fi^oce, as
thpse of QierQtier^ PQpapdpUe, Redout^^ &c^ have been.
ivtd^bjiQd to bis; a^sbtwce ; but ib is to VentenatthaA; Cek?
fiifxice^fiuoe will bed u0r, who published, the '"'De^criptipft
de? pjaptes. rare dm jardia dt*. At CeU/* QeU died. Mayi
13,. 1&Q6. >
CJEJLSUS.. (Aua^uuA Corj^elius),, an. ancient and cle-
^;fijQA.iifriter.oiL.tbe.subject of physic, flourished in the 6rst
c^t^y,, under the^reigns; of. Augustus anflTibj^rius; but
<^ ^.9, personal history, hlsfa^mily, or even bis profession,,
M^e know; little. It? ha^ been- dpubted. wbe^hpf bft practisedK
Physic,, but without th^ experience ari^ng . from, practice,.
i|:. is difScult.tQ conceive how he could have. so. accurately.,
d^^ribed diseases and given tbe remedies. Dn Freind^
who studM bis works with, great: ajttcntion^ decicies in far
vour of his having pr»acti§ed, and agrees wkh- Le Clerc.
thpjt.he. was, a Bx^n^a^ by birth, and probably of the Corne-
Ua^ fao^Ly. Vie. is;, said ta have, wjritten on> rhetoric and .
c^ber si^bjects.; but hi3."I)e: Mediciuia libri octo,," oa
which -his. f^Rip rests,, is the, only, work now remaining^ and
hasrgpn 6; through a>gi!eat number of editions.. The surgi-
cal, part i^ most esteemed as . coiprespondlng nearest to the
present practice ; bat the, whp^ is written in ar style so
pi^^ and elegant, as to entitle him to a plape among the
liatin^ classics. Dr. Clarke, has enumerated nearly forty
editions, the best of which ara thought to be Almeloveen^s,
Fadna, 1722, 8yo, reprinted in 1750, and one by Krause,
Lpjpsic, 1766, 8 vo, with the. notes of Scaliger, Casaubon^.
Almeloveen,; IVJjorgagni,, &c. ta wJiich we may add a very
recent editipn.. published, at' Edinburgh ^nd London, in
1809, 8 vo. In 1756,. an English, translation, with, notes,. '
was publish^ by Dr. Grieve, the historian of Kamshatka.- .
Ashortabridgenvent of rhetoric, " De arte dicepdi,'* at-
tributed to Celsus, wjas first published at. Cologne in 1569,
8vo, and is inserted in the BibL Lat of Fabricius, but it is'
generally thought to have been the production of Julius
Severianus, *
CELSUS, a celebrated philosopher of the Epicurean
sept, flouri3hed in the second century under Adrian and
Aptoniqus Pius, and is tbe person to whom Lucian has
1 Diet Hist « Ffciiid'8 Hi5t of.Ph^sic-^HalUr Bib). Mcd,.ct ChifUfg,
-•►Moreri.— fiaxii Onoma.'iticon^ kc, , ,
"t! E'i.'aV 'S. 37
thre afgalnst the 'Ctofeti«ft *ti\ip6ti, Hihdiefr the t*(te bf
"The 'true 'Wbrii," i^hicfh Wk& ktm^e^ by Ori^n ^it5i
Jpreat ability in a frotk consisting ef tight bodks. His << ^Ptue
Word*' is lost ; bitt hife dbjedticnis against Cteistfcariity tt(a:y
be known frdm libe et«ftracts whitfh are ptenetveA <rf it fn
Origen^s answer. !k is agtecid ^on all ^htfnfts, that Ite Wte 'a
most sobfle adversary, ^perfectly vei^sed in all -ihfe ttrt^ '6f
'Gfontroversy, and as iearneil as ;be Wste ingeriious : so that
it IB no wonAesr if the prhnitiVe Chtii^tians thought ndthiKig
less than ^udb a cfaatnpion as Origen "sl fftartch ^iPbr hiitt.
ATthoxigh he sometiriies re'ctrrs to QPlatanic and Stoic tnodes
of reasonitrg, lie is exptessly rai/ked by Ludan, as wefl ais
t>rigen, antong tlie Epicureans ; and this isuppositidn best
aeeotitits for tte tiolence wiA which he oppos'ed ttie <5hris-
tian teKgion ; for an Epicurean would of course reject,
without examination, vSl pretensions to divine communl-
tiations xjt powers. Yet his hostility, or iftre great pains hfe
took tx> Ai^ipfoy it, affords sonie^trotigtestioionres infavbti'r
of the ChriBtian religion, as may be seen in Ltirdn^r, and
other writers. *
CELTKS (Oonhad), a Larin poet, called also Pirotu-
cms and MEissfei^ was bom at Sweinftirt tiear Wertzbilr^
in 145*^, and died at Vienna iti 1508^ iafter haVitig gained
the potftic laured. He has left, 1. **pdes,*' Strasburg,
l^lS, Svo. 2. ** Ei^Tgiranis,'* and apoein on the manneris
of the Gtermans, 5(610, «vto. S. * An 'historical accpunt
of th^ dity of Nuretnbefg,^' Strasbarg, 1513, 4't6; atid
various ottrer WoAs, enutnei*'atfed by Morefi, aft tn Latin.
Be was not deficient in the sallies of imagln^tioln, though
not exempt ft-om the deflects of the age in which he wrotd.
He i* censurable for neg<ig^nte in poilit of style, and with
preferring eentiments motie for their brilliahcy than theiir
solidity. His four books in elegiac verse, on the same
nmnber of mistresses h^ boasb to nave hud, were published
at Nurctaberg in 1 5i04, 4'to. This volume is scarce. The
emperor Maximilian made him his librarian, and granted
him the privilege of conferring the poetic crown on whom-
soever he judged worthy of it. •
GENE. See LE CENE.
CENSOHINUS, a celebrated critic, chronologer, iahti-
quary, and gtanimarian, for such Ptiscian calls him, Sou-
* ■ >
* Lardner's Worki, toI. VIII.-^-Dupin.— Bru(^er.-*-Mo5heiQi.— «Cavf.
?8 C E N S O R I N U S.
risbed ^t Rome iii the time of Alexander Severus, and ia
§uppQse4 to have been of the Martian family. Hi& talents
as , a grammarian appear only in his book ^^ concerning
Accents," frequently cited by Sidonius ApoUinaris, and
other things, which are lost ; and not in his *^ De die
patali," which is the only piece remaining of him. This
treatise was written about the year 238, and dedicated to
Quintus Cerellius, ^ Roman of the equestrian order, of
^hom he speaks very highly in bis 15tb chapter. Vossius,
in one place, calls this *^ a little book of gold ;" and,j in
another, declares it to be " a most learned work, s^nd of
the highest use and importance to chronologers, since it
connects and determines with great exactness some princi-
pal asras in history.'* It is however a work of a miscellane-
ous nature, and treats of antiquities as well as chronology.
It was printed at Han^bargh in 1614, with a commentary
by Lindenbrog, \vhose notes were adopted afterwards in
an edition printed at Cambridge, in 1695; and there is
an edition by Hav^rcamp, 1743,^ reprinted ^t Leydei\, 1767,
Svo. Sir Jol^n Hawkins has translate4 Censorinu^'s re-
marks on music, which are curious. ^
CENTLIVRE (Susannah), an ingenious dramatic wri-
ter, was daughter of Mr. Freeman, a gentleman of Hol-
beach in Lincolnshire, and was born about the yeair 1667*
Her father had been possessed of an estate of no inco/v-
;^iderable value ; but being a dissenter, and having disco-
vered a jealous attachment to the cause of the parliament,
was at the restoration under a necessity of flying into Ire-
'land^ and his estate was confiscated. Our poetesses mother
was daughter of Mr. Markham, a gentleman of fortune at
Lynn Regis in Norfolk, who is represented as having en-
countered similar misfortyn^s with those of Mr. Free-
man, in consequence of his political principles, which
were the same wit^i those of that gentleman, and he
also was obliged tp take refuge in Ireland^ The subject
of this article i^ asserted to have been born in Lincoln-
shire; but some have conjectured that she was born in
Ireland, which may, not improbably, have been the cas^,
if her birth was so late as ] 667. The editor, ho\rever, of
sir James Ware^s Works does not claim her as an Irish
writer. She had the unhappiness to lose her father before
she was three years old, and her mother before she lia^
completed her twelfth year. At an early period she dis-«
} M^rtri.— 'Diet llj9t,«»Hair]uas'8 Hist, of Mttsit.r-«Saxu Oi>«fiiaitico|i,
CENTLIVRE. %9
covered a propensity to poetry, and is said to have written
a song before she was seven years old.
Being harshly treated by those to whose care she wa$
committed after the death of her mother, she resolved,
whilst very young, to quit the country, and to go up to
London to seek her fortune. The circumstances of her life
at this period are involved in much obscurity, and the par- «
ticulars which are related seem somewhat romantic. It is
said that she attempted her journey to the capital alone,
and on foot, and on her way thither was met by Anthony
Hammond, esq. father of the author of the " Love Ele-
gies." This gentleman, who was then a member of the
university of Cambridge, was struck with her youth and
beauty, and offered to take her under his protection. Her
distress and inexperience inducing her to comply with bis
proposal, she accompanied him to Cambridge, where,
iiaving equipped her in boy's clothes, 4ie introduced her
to his intimates at college, as a relation who was come
down to see the university, and to pass some time with
him. Under this disguise an amorous intercourse was car-
ried on between them for some months; but at lengthy
being probably apprehensive that the affair would become
known in the university, he persuaded her to go to Lon-
don. He provided her, however, with a considerable sum
of money, and recommended her by letter to a lady in
town with whom he was acquainted. He assured her at
the same time, that he would speedily follow her^ and re-
new their connection. This promise appears not to have
been performed : but notwithstanding her unfavourable in-
troduction into life, she was married in her sixteenth year
to a nephew of sir Stephen Fox, who did not live more
than a twelvemonth after their marriage ; but her wit a,ad
personal attractions soon procured her another husband,
whose name was Carrol, who was an officer in the army,
but who was killed in a duel about a year and a half after
their marriage, when she became a second time a widow
•She is represented as having a sincere attachment to Mr.
Carrol, and consequently as having felt his loss as a severe
affliction.
. It.was at this period of her life that she commenced dra-
matic author ; to which she wa^ probably in some degree
induped by the narrowness other circumstanceau Some of
her earlier pieces were published under the name of Cay-
roK Her first attempt was in tragedy, in ^ play called
" The Perjured Hdsband/' which was performed atDrury-
4a CENTLIVRj:.
lane Theatre in 1700, and published in 4to the saine
yeiar. In 1703, she produced ** The Beau's Duel, or a
Soldier for the Ladie^, a comedy ;'* and " Love's Contri-
vances,'^ which is chiefly a translation from Moliere; ai^d
the following year another comedy, entitled " The Stolen
Heiress, or the Salamanca Doctor outwitted." In 1705,
ber comedy of " The Gamester" was acted at Lincoln's-
inn-fields, which met with considerable success, and has
since been revived at DruryJane. The plot of this piece
was chiefly borrowed from a French comedy, called ** Le
Dissipateur." The Prologue was written by Mr. Rowe.
Her attachment to the theatre was so great, that she
not only distinguished herself as a writer for it, but also
became a performer on it; though she probably did not
attain to any great merit as an actress, as she fieems never
to have played at the theatres of the metropolis. But in
1706, we are told, she performed the part of Alexander
the Great, in Lee's Rival Queens, at Windsor, where thp
court then' was; and in this heroic character, st\e made
so powerful an impression upon the heart of Mr. Joseph
Centlivre, yeoman of the mouth, or principal c^olt to
queen Anne, that he soon after married her, and with hiqi
she lived happily till her death.
The same year in which she married Mr, Centlivre, she
produced the comedies of the " Basset-table," and ** Love-
at a venture." The latter was acted by the duke of Graf-
ton's servants, at the new theatre at Bath. In 1708, ber
most celebrated performance, " The Busy Body," was
acted at Drury-lane theatre. It met at first with so un-
favourable a reception from the players, that for a . time
they even refused to act in it, and were not prevailed upon
to comply till towards the close of the season ; and even
then Mr. Wilks shewed so much contempt for the part of
air George Airy^ as to throw it down on the stage, at the
rehearsal, with a declaration, ^' that no audience would
endure such stuff." But the piece was received with the
greatest applause by the audience, and still keeps posses-
sion of the stage. In 1711, she brought on at Drury-lane
theatre, ** Marplot, or the second part t)f the Busy Body."
This play, though much inferior to the former, met widi
a favourable reception ; and the duke of Portland, to whom
it was dedicated, made Mrs. Centlivre a present of forty
guineas. Her comedy of " A Bold Stroke for a Wife,'*
was performed at Lincoln's-Inn Fields in 1717. She was
assisted in this play by Mr. Mottley, who wrote a scene Qr
G £ N ^ ^ / V ^ B. 4a
tm fin%pE^y^ JL wits .exttemeiy nejIX rfcetv^^ ^^A 9 )Still
ireguently jxerfowted^ tbovigh Mr. Wilks .b^ sd^ {^t4F-
,tauie4 <a vei:y 4iQfavaurab)e op^^a ,of it. jponde^ ^de
«|iich Jbftye fa^eii jJr^f^dy ,qieati9f>ed, «sbe also jprodiiQeil
i^areral other ^^aoiatic {pieces, ^nus^er^d M ^ SiifH
^pbia Drs^o^tjicfi.
Mrs. C^atlivr^ .eiypy^ed, fqr ,mapy yr6fwrs, tfce iutiwicy
^d esteepa.of ^Q^nexi^ xhe «aQst eminent wits. of the^t^mt,
jmrticularly sir Bicbard Stqale, Mr. ^we, JDr. Sa.well^ #nd
Mr. Farqu^ar. .fu^taQe Qudgell was -^l^o jof the niio^r
of ik^ acq^aii^ance. But ^be bad tbe miijfbiauQe to ioqiyr
.the displeasure of Mr. Pope, w^o introduced ber into ibe
])uM[iciad, for baviiig writtien 41 bal|lad agai\>st bis H^mer.
$he died ifi SprAi;ig-^gardeny cCbaring.->cA>ss, on tbe'^ir^t ntf
Decefxjk&c^ 1723, and ivas b^ri^d ^ St Martinis in tbe
jFidds. Sbe ^posse^ed a considerable share of be^Mi^y^ »^iis
oi a friendly and beuev^ql^nt dispo^iti^n^ -^nd in co^ensar
iioa was uprightly a^4 en4;er4;aiuing. tier lixe^d^y §c%m9if
tio\^& app^ear tQ ba«ve heeja ij^ereLy tbe r<esjult of ber qw» »pr-
plication ; hm sbe is &npj])Ofed to biaTe ui^derstood the
jFrench, I^uitcb^ and Spanish iangiu^e^ ^qd tp Ip^a^e bad
soiAe^i;io\i^ledge <lf tbe Latii^. An extensive ^cqii^int^tnoe
with men and -ipanners is e?cbibited in iher dramatic wri-
tings; but they at/e sonxetim^s justly qeiniriirable for timt
bcentiou^^ess. In 1761, ber draijnatic wc^ks were cpK
iect^d together, and printed in tbre^ volumes l^mo. She
was also the author of 5' several copies of verses on diven
subjects and oc^ca^iop^, and ipany ing<enious letters, en^-
titled, Letters of Wit, Politics, a^nd Morality," which were
collected and pijibUsbed by Mr. Boypr. ^
CENTO RIO (AsfiAmm), of an illnstrious faqaily of
MiI«M), but prpgipaily of Romp, bore arnis in the sixteenth
century, in wbicb be i^ras as much the philosopher as tbe
soldier. He tool^ advantage of the leisure afforded him by
tbe p/^ace, to xefiufc^ to pr4er 4^e military and historical
memoirs be bad^Uected during sthe tumult of war. They
ve very mmcb e^eem^d in Italy^ not less for their escel*
knee than their r^ity* They ap^peared at Venice in
1565 and 1569, in 2 vols. 4tO!, commonly bound in one;
Tiie former, .in six books, treats of the wars of TransUva^
ni?, and the other of thos^ of bi^ time in eigbt books. He'
wrote also some poems, and treatises on the military art^
ip Italian apd Latin. '
I Siog. Beit.— <;ibber'8 Lives. « Diet Hist— Haym BibL Ital.
•'
42 C E R A T I N U S.
CERATINUS (James), whose family name was Teyttg,
which he exchanged for Ceratinus, from uifog, horn, an
ttUnsion to Horn or Hoorn in Holland, was born there in
the beginning of the sixteenth century. It appears from
Erasmus's letters, that he thought Ceratinus one of the
most profound scholars in Greek and Latin which the age
afforded ; yet, when he came to be ordained priest at
Utrecht, he was rejected for ignorance of the rules of
grammar ; but when the examiners understood that he had
given superior proofs of learning, they re-called him,
pleaded that they were obliged to certain forms in their
examination, and granted him letters of ordination. On
the recommendation of Erasmus, George, elector of Sax*-
ony, appointed him to succeed Mosellanus in his profes-
sorship at Leipsic ; and on this occasion Erasmus declared
that he was worth, in point of learning, ten such as Mo-
sellanus. He was also offered the Greek professorship in
the college of three languages at Louvain. At Leipsic he
did not meet with the reception he deserved, owing to its
being suspected that he had imbibed Lutheran principles*
He died at Louvain April 10, 1530, in the flower of his
age. His works were, A very elegant translation of
Chrysostom's " Treatise concerning the Priesthood ;'* art
improved edition of the " Graeco- Latin Lexicon/* printed
by Froben, in 1524, with a preface by Erasmus; and a
treatise " De Sono Greecarum Literarum," printed in 1 529,
Svo, with a dialogue from the pen of Erasmus on pronun^
ciation. These were reprinted by Havercarop in . his
*5 Sylloge Scriptorum,'* or collection of commentators ott
the pronunciation of the Greek, Leyden, 1736. *
CERCEAU (John Antony du), a French Jesuit, was
born at Paris in 1670, and was early distinguished by
spirit, vivacity, and a turn for poetry, which, while he
wrote in Latin, procured him considerable repntatioiK
This, however, he forfeited by his French verses, in imi-
tation of Marot, in which he mistook burlesque and trifling,
for the fdmiliar and simple. He wrote also some theatrical
pieces of an inferior order; but was more successful in his
** Defense de la Poesie Francoise,^' and other dissertations
on the same subject He wrote also, 1. " L*Histoire d6
Thamas Kouli-Kan^ sopbi de Perse,'' Amsterdam, 1741',
» Morcri. — Geo. Diet.— Foppen BibI, Be1{p.--Baillet Jugemens.-^Jortin'a
^rfisnias. ^
C E K C E A U. 43
«f
2 vols, 12mo« 2. ^< Histoire de la Conjuration de RienzV
12mo, which was completed by father Brumoy. S. A cri-
ticism on the abb6 Boileau's *^ History of the Flagellants.**
fie contributed also a great many papers to the Journal de
TrevouXy and was long engaged in a controversy with one
of the authors of the Journal des Savans, occasioned by
two dissertations printed at the end of the second volume
of Sannadon's Horace, relative to a passage in Horace
concerning the music of the ancients. This produced from
Cerceau some valuable essays on the subject His Latin
poetry was published in 1696, 12mo, under the title
^^ Varia de variis argumentis Carmina a multis e societate
Jesii." The other authors in this volume are Vaniere and
Tarillon. In 1807, his dramatic pieces were reprinted at
Paris, in 3 vols. 18mo, under the title ^^ Theatre k T usage
des colleges.'' He died suddenly in 1730, atVeret, near
Tours. '
CERDA (John Lewis), a Spanish Jesuit, and native of
Toledo, who entered among the Jesuits in 1574, was a
man of great learning, and, as his brethren have repre-
sented him, of as great simplicity and candour. He distin-
guished himself by several productions ; and the fame of
his parts and learning was so great, that Urban VIIL is
said to have had hia picture in his cabinet; and, when that
pope sent his nephew cardinal Barberini ambassador into
Spain, it was part of his business to pay Cerda a visit, and
to assure him of the pope's esteem. Cerda's ^* Commen-
taries upon Virgil," Paris, 1624 — 1641, 3 vols. fol. con-
tain many useful and learned remarks, buried, however,
in a multitude of what are superfluous and trifling. Bailiet
says, there are some good things in them, and some very
inoderate. His Commentaries upon the works of " Tel*-
tullian," begun in 2 vols, but not flnished, have not been
so much esteemed; Dupin says, they are long and te-
dious, full* of digressions and explications of passages
which are too clear to need any explaining. There is also
P.f CerdaVs a volume of " Adversaria Sacra," printed in
folio at Lyons, inl626. He died in 1643, aged above 80.*
CERDO, a &mous Heresiarch, who lived at the end of
the first, or beginning of the second century, is said to
bave maintaiBei the existence of i^wo gods, one good, the
Preator of heaven, the other bad, and Creator of the
«
} Moreri.-rDtcL Bjjfkt 9 Moreri. — Dopin.
A^ c « a s> o.
eeoxtb 9 tto^bavie reacted ^iie lw!9 ibe prophets, and iU tlie
New Testament, e^qit pnvt of Sit. lAi)ie'« iffo^pfAj uttd
.«Qme of St P^ufs ^i»tle«. He is dd^o aaid no bAMehemk
JAaccion'9 master ^^ but k ris oiucfa mope probdble tkat ihe
yv^ only liis 4i8cifile, if, i^ is «taened, be taught ftbattfaie
lody .assumed by ^/e&ns Christ «iias.a<pfaamoin, i. e. on i^-
i)areat body^ but ii«t » neal lone, ^oomposed of Aedk md
l)one9 lijbe ibe JbunM^n body; «Md aU the avcient witers
.c41 Mardou the autjbor lof ibb hecesy. Tfa^ repovt af
Cer^to^s baviag i^e^^acted k\»j&ft^KCs 15 doubted iby Xardmer,
who gives a very .^Map^lie s^oooant Kof ibiai aad his epimoos. ^
CEBjNTHUSy.aQ anoi«otfaeoeitic,ivias contem^vary with
^t. John tow9T48 ^he .end of the /firait, imt «be oomtnenoe*
4neat of tbe^eGOud <)eotwry. fie as said itn have beeu a
Jeiy, educated at Alexandria, but uesident ai AofUock.
Authors differ as tp hi^ fatral character, but . Dr. Lardaer
has found nothing of a vicious kind imputed to him. With
respect to liis o{Nnioits,.he asoiribed the creatien of the
world, and <thp legislatMre of tbe Jews, to^ cveatei Saueing,
virho derived from the SupreiMe .God jextcaordinaffy vir-
tues ajDid powers, but afterwards . hecane apostate attd
degraded. He si^posed that Jeans was a mere nan,
born of Joseph am Mary ; but that, in his baptism, the
Holy Ghost, or the Cbrist, who was ooe of the ^oos, de-
scended upon him in the form of a dove ; and that iie wos
commissioned to oppose the degenerate god of the Jeivs,
aod to destroy his empire, hi consequence of which, by
bis instigajtioo, the man Jesas was seized smd cracified^
but Christ ascended up on high, without suffering at aii^
He recoinmended to bis followers the worship of tbe Su^
pxeipe God in conjunction with his Son ; he required tfaeon
to abandon the lawgiver of the Jews ; and though they
were permitted to retain circumcisioB and the rites q£ th^
Mosaic law, and, according to Jerom, this was the piinci-
pal error of Cerinthus^ that he was for joining the law widi
the gospel ; yet they were to make the pcecepts of Christ
tbe rule of their conduct. For th^r encouragement, he
promised them the i*csurrection of die body $ after which
the millennium was to commence under the government of
Christ united to the man Jesus : and this he represented
^s consisting in eating and drinking, nuptial entertain*
ments^ and other festivities. Cerinthus' opinions, however,
> Urimt'% Works, vol. UL^Mosheim.
HINT WTJ>8. i^
mm mitlepariaBi) hare been doubted hy> some^ aiid^ the
qoestioii is accurately ebcamiQed by Larckier, rilAiotlgKf
nidi some degree? of leming toivrards Ceniithtii^S'Optmoii^
of J^QsGfarist. ^
GBMSANTE. See DUNCAN- (Mahk)-
6ERQ0Qi3ZI (Michael. Anghlo), an emmfent pointer;
called' Ml A; m Baittagub^ from hift esicellence iii p^ieiN'
iBg^'battlesy aad B&BiBOCcrATE, ^om his toni for {Mating-
ninketSy fain^ &Qi Was born at Bxyme in '1*600, ot 1609.
His fether^ a j^i^-vller, perceiving' hU disponitroHf to th^i
art^ placed Uioi' with Jiames d^As^, a FlembU painter, theft'
iirccedit at Rome; after three years study \tith hkn, be'
weut to the school of P: P: Cortonese, wliom he quitted to-
bMtne tbet diisciple and imitator of Bamboocio. We sur-
pa^d all his> fellevr-students in taste, and hadv a mahnep of
punting' peculiar to himself. His chearfiil tempet^- apr
p««red* in' hi6 pictures, in which ridicule wai strongly re^-
piiisentftd. Tii)e facility of his pencil was such, that* on
tUa recital ' of a - battle, a: sfaip wreck, ot any uticonMoa
fipfre, be could express it directly on his canvas. His
cdoaring was vigorous, and his touch lightir H<e never*
QHide des^ns or sketches, bat only retouched his pictures^-
until he had brought them to all the perfection of whicbhe
was:capable; Snch was his reputation thkt he'cotild hardly
soppily. the commissions he received^ and he became- so-
rioh that the cares of wealth begcin to perplesc bin>. He
00' end occasion toofc all his wealth to a retired place in -
order to bury it, but when he arrived, was so alarmed' lest
it should be fbund, that he- brought it back, with much
trouble^ and ba^i^ing been two nights and a> dlty without
sleep or sustenautse, this, it is ss^, injured^ his health,
awl brought on a violent fever which proved fatal in 1660.
Hilr personal character is highly praisedi Mr. Fuseli says,
that he differs from Bamboccio' in the character and'phy^
siogfiomy of his figures; instead- of Dutch or flettisfh
mobs, be painted those of Italy^ Both artists have strbng-
and vmi tints ; Bambocciq i^ superior td him in landscape^
andihe-ekcells^ Bamboecio in the spiritf of his figvlres. One
oft bis mt»st copious workd i^itt'the palace Spada at Rome,
in which hehas represented an army of fanatic Laz^dt^ni,
wli(^ shout appl ause t»':Mtt8imidld. * <
«
* lardner. — Moebeim. — Gen. Diet
* iurjtf's Lives o/ Pataters^-«Afff <1pvil|e, ?oK I.— *Pi!kingtOn.
46 G E R R A T L
GERRATIj or CERATO (Paul), a lawyer and Latin
poet, was born of the noble fimily of Alba in Lombardy,
in 1485, and died in 1541. He composed a heroic poem
in three books, entitled " De Virginitate," Paris, 1629 ;
and a long " Epithalamium^* of 55S verses on the marriage
of William IX. marquis of Montferrat with Anne of Alen-
9on in 1508, of which there have been several editions.
Scaiiger and Baillet speak highly of him as a Latin poet,
but according to their account bis style was too lofty and
pompous, as he was apt to describe a fly in as solemn terms
as he would a hero. His works are in the " Delicise Poe-
tarum Ital." but were more recently published separately
by Vemazza in 1778, with a life of the author. ' ,
CERVANTES SAAVEDRA (Miguel de), the author
of Don Quixote, was born at Alcala de Henares in 1547.
He was the son of Rodrigo de Cervantes and Donna Leo*
nora de Cortinas, and baptised Sunday, Oct. 9 of that
year, as appear/'from the parish register of Santa Maria la
Mayor in Alcala, Several concurring testimonies furnished
the clue for this discovery, although six other places, Se-
ville, Madrid, Esquivias, Toledo, Lucena, and Alcazac^
de San Juan, called him their son, and each had their ad-
vocates to support their claims, in which respect his fame
resembles that of Homer's. His parents designed him for
tbe profession of letters, and although he had at home the
opportunity of instruction in the university, be studied
Latin in Madrid. He afterwards resided there in 156S^
but two years afterwards we find him at Rome in tbe ser-
vice of cardinal Aquaviva in the capacity of chamberlain.
Some time after this, pope Pius V. Philip IL of Spain, and
the republic of Venice, united in a league, which was con*
eluded May 29, 1571, against Selim the grand Turk.
Cervantes, not satisfied with an idle court life, desirous of
military renown, determined to commence soldier. Marco
Antonio Colonna being appointed general of the pope^s
galleys, Cervantes went with him, and was present in the
famous battle of Lepanto, where he was so wounded in his
left hand by a gun-shot as totally to lose the use of it; but
he thought this such an honour, that he afterwards declared
he would rather have been present in this glorious enter-
prise, than to be whole in his limbs^ and not to have been
there at all.
» Moi«ri.^Dtct Hkt
CERVAIfTES. 47
Colonna returned to Rome in the end of 1572, land it is
probable that Cervantes was -with him, as he tells us that
for some years b^ followed his conquering banners. He
was ordered to join his regiment at Naples, notwithstanding
his being maimed. In his '^.Viage del Parnaso^*' he tells
us that he walked its streets more than a year : and in the
copy of bis ransom, it appears that he was there a long
time. Don J. A. Pellicer supposes that in this city he em-
ployed his leisure hours in cultivating his knowledge of the
Italian tongue, and in reading of its good writers, with
whom he appears conversant in his works. As he was gO'*
ing from Naples to Spain on board the galley of the Sun,
Sept. 26, 1575, he had the misfortune to fall into the hands >
of the Moors, who carried him captive to Algiers; The
several hardships he underwent in his five years' captivity
are noticed by a contemporary writer: apd though the
events mentioned in the story of " The Captive,*' in the
first part of Don Quixote, cannot strictly be applied to
himself, yet they could hardly have been so feelingly de- '
scribed but by one who had been a spectator of such treat-*
ment as he relates. Several extraordinary and dangerous
attempts were made by him and his companions to obtain
their liberty, which was effected at last by the regular way
of ransom, which took place Sept. 19, 1580. The price t
was 500 escudos; towar4s. which \iis mother, a widow, con-
tributed 250 ducats, and bis sister 50.
Upon his return to Spain in the spring of the year fol-
lowing, he fixed his residence in Madrid, where his mother
and sister then lived. Following his own inclination to
letters, he gave himself up anew to the reading of every
kind of books, Latin, Spanish,, and Italian, acquiring hence
a great stock of various erudition. The first product of Jiis
genius was his ^^* Galatea," which he published in. 1584,
and on Dec. 12 of the, same year he m^arried at Esquivias,
Donna Catalina de Salazar ^y Palacipsf. Madrid was still
his place pf residence in. the years 158^5 — 6 and 7. He
turned his studies to the theatres, tor wbicjii he wrote
sev^ralpieces, which have never yet been published. In
fteyear 1596, he lived in Seville, and. wrote an ironical
sonnet upon the duke of Medina^s triumphal entry into
Cadiz, after, the earl of ^ Essex had plundered and left the
place. Probably Cervantes had a respect for the English
from this event. In the fourth of his novels which takes its .
rise hence, he introduces La Espan'ola Inglesa to our queen
4b: c fi r' V a n t fi a
Elizabeth,' wHo gives^ het at \^^ty' cordial reideption, atid
faicbher speak (to her ii^ Spatiisb. In iS9B he Was still in*
Schdlle, whete he wtDtef a sdntielt upon a niajestic tomb ofi
enormous height, to cf4ebrat(S^ the escequiek of Philip If.
which* be tbett' spdbeofas the b^ortout of his writings; It
is probabiie thee 'hef had reJatidrfiy in this' rfty; a* the illuS-
tnoQS family c^ th^ Cervantes y Saaved^as wai established'
here^ From thift yefer, howieveri there is'a-void' in his his-
tery, and nothinig more i» kndwhof hirtr till 1004'. Some
ha?e heeU' willito^ to supply? this' defect^ aiud suppose him
sent upon' b,^ commissions to^ Toboso; tfiat the natives'
hrongbt a cfa^ge against hini, threw him infto prison, and
t'hat he in rei^erttment nKJde^Don Quixote and 'Duhcinea*
Manchegans. Certain it iii* that* he describes with such'
acciimcy the* chorography of that province, and paints with"
such marks of propriety' tfie^mannersj dresses, ahd customs
of its^native^s, that it may be suspected* that' he had be^n an
ey^-* witness of the whole. This probably is the whole
foundation of the conjecture, for there is no do<iument in
proof of this, or any other appointment of 'Cervantes in La
Manefaa; Whfet is certainly known is, thdt at thb begin-
ning'of the^se^'enteenth century he was in prison, but for
an (^ence (as don Gregorio Mayans observes) which could
not be ignominious, as he himself make^ express mention
of it ^nd ffotQ the same* testimony it is known, that when
in this prison^ he wrote his history of " Don Quixote,'* of
which he |)abHshfed the first^ part ai Madrid in 1605. There.
w«s« set:ond edition of this in 1608, at the sanie place and
by the same printer, mucfr corretted and ' improved, no
notieeof which is taken'by PieHibejr, who speaks of that of
Valentiaof 1605, supposing such to exist, blit which he
had not seen. There is- another of Lisbon in 1 605, curious '
only oA the score of its gr^t loppings and'amputatidhs.
In 16p6, Cervantes returned firom ValladfaKd to Madrid,
wheiehe passed the last ten years of his life.' In 1610, his
second patron, don Pedro Ferriaftde^ de Castro, count of
Leitiosf, was ifamed viceroy of Kaples, and froufi thence
continued' to him his protection and liberality: and the
cardinal don Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas, archbishop of *
Toledo, after the example of his cousin the count of Le-^
mos, assigned him a pension, that he might bear witli^ les&
inoonvenience the troubles of old age. Al^ough Madrid
was* now Cervantes^s home, he passed certain seasons in
Esquivias^ eitheir to take care of some effects of hiirwife; or
CERVANTES. 4d
to avoid the noise of the court, and to enjoy the quiet of
"ihe village, which afforded him opportunity to write more
at bis ease. Availing himself of this convenience, he has-
tenedj as he was advanced in years, to publish the greater
part of his works. He printed his "Novels" in 1613;
his "Journey to Parnassus" in 1614; his "Comedies and.
Interludes" in 1615; and in the same year the second
part of his "Don Quixote." He finished also his " Per-
silas and Sigismunda," which was not published till after
his death. In the mean time an incurable dropsy seized
bim, and gave him notice of his approaching dissolution,
which he saw with Christian constancy and with a cheerful
couDtenance. He has minutely described this in the pro-
logue to his posthumous work. One of his late biogra-
phers says, that good-nature and candour, charity, hu-
manity, and compassion for the infirmities of man in his
abject state, and consequently an abhorrence of cruelty,
persecution, and violence, the principal moral he seems to
inculcate in his great work, were the glorious virtues'^ and
predominant good qualities of bis soul, and^must transmit
his name to the latest ages with every eulogium due to so
exalted a character. At length, on the same nominal day
with his equally great and amiable contemporary Shak-
speare, on the 23d of April, 1616, died Miguel de Cervantes
Saavedra, in the sixty-ninth year of his age, and was buried
in the church of the Trinitarian nuns in Madrid.
Of all the accounts hitherto published relative to Cer-
vantes, we have given the preference, to the preceding, for
which we are indebted to the late rev. John Bowie, whose
enthusiasm for "Don Quixote" is well known. It was
translated by him from a work published in 1778 at Madrid
by don Juan Antonio Pellicer y Saforgada, one of the royal
librarians, in a work entitled " Ensayo de una Bibliotheca
de Traductores Espan'oles. Preceden varias Noticias
Litterarias," 4to. The particulars being the result of re-
search in the only quarters where information could be
procured, seem more worthy of confidence than the con-
jectures of some of Cervantes's earlier biographers, whose
chief object seems to have, been to represent him as a man
depressed and degraded by poverty or imprudence, and
whose fate was a disgrace to his nation. It is necessary
however to add that the above account was prefixed to the
splendid edition of Don Quixote published by the Spanish
academy about thirty years ago. From this M. Florian
Vol. IX. E
so CERVANTES.
wrote a life prefixed to his translation of Cervantes*s ^^ Ga-
latea," and added not a little of the marvellous when de-
tailing Cervantes's adventures in captivity at Algiers. Flo-
rian's account was translated into English by a Mr. Wil-
liam Walbeck, and published at Leeds in 1785, 12mo.
Dr. Smollett has made a very interesting story in his life of
Cervantes, but wanting the accurate information which has
lately been recovered, he too hastily adopts the commoii
opinions, and presents an almost unvaried detail of miseries
and poverty. Cervantes's own account of his person is the
following : "His visage was sharp and aquiline, his hair
of a chesnut colour, his forehead smooth and high, his
hose bookish or hawkish,- bis eye brisk and chearful, his
mouth little, his beard originally of a golden hue, his up-
per lip furnished with large mustachios, his complexion
fair, his stature of the middling size ;" and he adds, " that
he was thick in the shoulders, and not very light of foot."
Of all Cervantes's writings his " Don Quixote'* is that
only which now is entitled to much attention, although
some of his " Novels" are elegant and interesting. But
on his " Don Quixote" his fame will probably rest as long
as a taste for genuine humour can be found. It ought
also, says ah elegant modern critic, to be considered as a
most useful performance,^ that brought about a great re-
volution in the uianners and literature of Europe, by ba-
nishing the wild dreams of chivalry, and reviving a tast^
for the simplicity of nature. In this view, the publication
of Don Quixote forms an important era in the history of
mankind. Don Quixote is represented as' a man, whom it
is impossible not to esteem for his cultivated understanding,
and the goodness of his heart ; but who, by poring nighty
and day upon old romances, had impaired his reason ta
such a degree, as to mistake them for history, and form
the design of traversing the world, in the character, and
with the accoutrements, of a knight-errant. His distem-
pered fancy takes the most comnwn. occurrences for ad-
ventures similar to those he had read in his books of chi-
valry. And thus, the extravagance of these books being
placed, as it were, in the same groupe with the appear-
ances of nature titid the real business of life, the hideous
disproportion of the former becomes so glaring by the
contrast, that the most inattentive reader cannot fail to be
Struck with it. The person, the pretensions, and the ex-
ploits, of the errant-ktiight, are held up to view in a thoa«
CERVANTES. $1
sand ridiculous attitudes. In a word, the humour and sa-
tire are irresistible ; and their effects were instantaneous;
This work nd sooner appeared than chivalry vanished/
Mankind awoke as from a dream. They laughed at them*
selves for having been so long imposed on by absurdity ;
and wondered they had not made the discovery sooner.
They were astonished to find, that nature and good sense
could yield a more exquisite entertainment than they had
ever derived from the most sublime phrenzies of chivalry*
This, however, was the case ; and that Don Quixote was
more read, and more relished, than any other romance
had ever been, we may infer from the sudden and powerful
effects it produced on the sentiments of mankind, as well
as from the declaration of the author* himself ; who tells
Qs, that upwards of 12,000 copies of the first part (printed
at Madrid in 1605} were circulated before the second could
be ready for the press ; an amazing rapidity of sale, at a
time when the readers and purchasers of books were but aa
inconsiderable^ number compared to what they are in our
days. <' The very children (says he) handle it, boys read
it, men understand, and old people applaud the perfor*
mance. It is no sooner laid down by one than another
takes it upj some struggling, and some intreating, for a
sight of it. In fine (continues he) this history is the most
delightfpl, and the least prejudicial entertainment, that
ever was seen ; for, in the whole book, there is -not the
least shadow of a dishonourable word, nor one thought
unworthy of a good catholic.*' Don Quixote occasioned
the death of the old romance, and gave birth to the new.'
Fiction from this time divested herself of her gigantic size,
tremendous aspect, and frantic demeanour : and, descend-
ing to the level of common life, conversed with man as hi»-
equal, and as a polite and chearful companion. Not that
every subsequent romance-writer adopted the plan, or the
manner of Cervantes ; but it was from him they learned to
avoid extravagance and to imitate nature. And now pro-
bability was as much studied, as it had been formerly
neglected.
These sentiments, which we have adopted from Dr.
Beattie*s ** dissertations," are the sentiments of sober
criticism ; but those who have allowed their imaginations
to be heated by a frequent perusal of Don Quixote, have
not scrupled to attribute to Cervantes more serious pur-
poses than he could possibly have h&d in contemplatioB.
£ 3
/
52 CERVANTES.
They have supposed that his object was to bring knigbt*
errantry into ridicule, and they infer that he was -so suc-
cessful as to banish knight-errantry from the nations of
Europe. But no assumption can be worse founded than
the existence of kfiight- errantry in Cervantes's time. No
pian in all Europe at that time went about defending vir-
gins, redressing grievances, and conquering whole armiei
with the assistance of enchanters. Such imaginary beings^
^d events existed only in the old romances, which being
the favourite reading in Spain, Cervantes very properly
levelled his satire at them in the person of Don Quixote^
whom he describes as become \nsane by a constant perusal
of them; and so far is he from insinuating that knight-
errantry e^xisted, that he makes his hero the ridicule of
every person he meets. Cervantes's sole purpose was to
introduce a better style of writing for popular amusement,
and he fully succeeded ; and we may say with Dr. Warton,
how great musv be the native force of Cervantes's huUiour,
when it can be rejished by readers even unacquainted with
Spanish manners, with the institution of chivalry, and with
the many passages of old romances, and Italian poems, to
which it perpetually alludes ! The great art, says the
same critic, of Cervantes, consists in having painted his
mad hero with such a number of amiable qualities, as to
make, it impossible for us totally, to despise him.. This
light and shade in drawing characters, shews the master.
It is thus that Addison has represented his sir Roger de
Coverley, and Shakspeare his Falstaff. We know not, how-
ever, how to applaud what Dr. Warton calls a striking pro-
priety in the madness of Don Quixote, " not frequently
taken notice of," namely, his time of life. Thuanus in-
forms us that madness is a common disorder among the
Spaniards at the latter part of life, about the age in which
the knight is represented. Without resting on this asser-
tion, for whi^h we know no better authority than the " Per-
roniana et Thuana," we conceive it highly probable that
Cervantes made, bis hero elderly, that his pretended vigour
of arm, and above all, his love addresses, might appear
more ridiculous. We adopt with more satisfaction a sen-
timent of the late Mr. Owen Cambridge, in the preface to
bis *' Scribleriad," because it exalts Cervantes's great work
to that superiority of rank, as a mock-heroic, to which it
seema justly entitled, and in which it is likely to remain
-undisturbed. Mr. Cambridge says, that in reading the
CERVANTES. 53
four celebrated mock-heroic poems, the Lutrin, Dispen-
sary, Rape of the Lock, and Dunciad, he perceived they
had all some radical defect; but at last be found, by ^
diligent perusal of Don Quixote, that propriety was the
fundamental excellence of that work; that all the mar-
vellous was reconcileable to probability, as the author
leads his hero into that species of absurdity only, which
it was natural for an imagination heated with the con-
tinual reading of books of chivalry, to fall into ; and that
the want of attention to this was the fundamental error of
those poems above mentioned.
The editions of Don Quixote have been so many as to
render it impossible to give a correct list ; nor of a work so
easily accessible, is it, perhaps, necessary. The English
public have been long familiarized with it in the transla-
tions of Jarvis and Smollett, the comparative merits of
which are so admirably adjusted in the late lord Wood-
houselee^s Essay on Translation, The French have also
good translations.
Mr. D'lsraeli, in his^ " Curiosities of Literature," haa
published an anecdote from the " Segraisiana," which
seems to have escaped the biographers of Cervantes. ** M,
du Boulay accompanied the French ambassador to Spain
when Cervantes was yet alive. He has told me, that the
ambassador one day complimented Cervantes on the great-
reputation he had acquired by his Don Quixote ; and that
Cervantes whispered in his ear, " Had it not been for tlie
Inquisition, I should have made my book much more en-
tertaining." In what manner he would have done so it
would be useless to conjecture.
The last act of Cervantes's life was to write a dedication
of bis novel of ^^ Persilas and Sigismunda" to his patron,
the count of Lemos. As this appeared in the last edition
of this Dictionary, and illustrates in some respect the cha-
racter of the writer, we shall conclude this sketch with it.
^' There is an old ballad, which in its day was much in
vogue, and it began thus : ^ And now with one foot in the
stirrup,' &c. I could wish this did not fall so pat to my
epistle, for I can almost say in the same words,
' And now with one foot in the stirrup.
Setting out for the regions of death.
To write this epistle I chear up.
And salute my lord with my last breath.'
Yesterday they gave me the extreme unction, and to-day'
9* CERVANTES.
I
I write ibis. Time is short, pains increase, hopes di«*
minish ; and yet, for all this, I would live a little longer,
methinks, not for the sake of living, but that I might
kiss your excellency's feet ; and it is not impossible but
the pleasure of seeing your excellency safe and well in
Spain might make me well too. But, if I am decreed to
die, heayen's will be done : your excellency will at least
give me leave to inform you of this 'my desire ; and like-
wise that you had in me so zealous and well-affected a
servant as was willing to go even beyond death to serve
you, if it had been possible for his abilities to equal his
sincerity. However, I prophetically rejoice at your ex-
cellency's arrival again in Spain ; my heart leaps within
me to fancy you shewn to one anodier by the people,
* There goes the Cond^ de Lemos !' and it revives my
spirits to see the accomplishment of those hopes which I
have so long conceived of your excellency's perfections.
There are still remaining in my soul certain glimmerings
of * The Weeks of Garden,' and of the famous Bernardo.
If by good luck, or rather by a miracle, heaven spares my
life, your excellency shall see them both, and with them
the * second part* of * Galatea,' which I know your ex-
cellency would not be ill-pleased to see. And so I con-
clude with my ardent wishes, that the Almighty will pre-
serve your excellency.
Your excellency's servant,
Madrid, Jpril 19, 1616. Michael de Cervantes."*
CERUTI (Frederick), a learned philologist, was born
at Verona in 1541, and was brought to France in his in-
fancy, by John Fregosa, bishop of Agen : here he was
educated, and for some time served in the army, after
which his patron sent him to Rome, with a view to the ec-
clesiastical life. Ceruti, however, being disinclined to
this, returned to his native country, and married. He
afterwards opened a school at Verona, in which he had
great success, and along with Guarinoni was at the head
of the academy of the Moderati. In 1585 he published an
edition of Horace at Verona, with a paraphrase, 4to, and
in 1597 an edition of Juvenal and Persius, 4ta He also
wrote commentaries on some parts of Cicero, and on the
Georgics of Virgil, but it does not appear that they were
1 Life as aboTe.*»-Ditto by Smollett. — Beattie'i Dissertations, p. 562.— -War*
tea's Essay on Pope.— Saxii Onomasticon.
C E R U T L 95
printed. Hid other published works are, two Letters in
the '* Amphotides Scioppiana ;'' a ^* Dialogus de Co*
inoBdia,*' Verona, 1593, 8vo; another, " De recta ado*
lescentulorum institutione,'' and a collection of Latin
poems in 1584. He died in 1579.^
CERUTTI (Joseph Anthony Joachim), a French poet
and miscellaneous writer, was bom at Turin in 1738, and
after being educated among the Jesuits, joined their order,
and became professor of their college at Lyons. In 1761
be gained two academical prizes at Toulouse and Dijon ;
the subj^ect of the one was ^< Duelling," and the other an
answer to the question " Why modern repubUcs have ac-
quired less splendour than the ancient." This last, be-
fore Cerutti was known as its author, was attributed to
Rousseau* It was printed at the Hague in 1761, 8^o,
and reprinted at Paris in 179U When the order of th(Q
Jesuits was about to be abolished, Cerutti wrote in their
defence ** L'Apologie de Pinstitut des Jesuites,'* 1762,.
two parts, 8vo, the materials being furnished by the two
Jesuits Menoux and GrifFet. Some time after, he was
obliged to appear before the procurator-general of the
parliament of Paris, to abjure the order which he had de-
fended. It is said that after he had taken the prescribed oath,
he asked if there was any thing to subscribe, to which the
magistrate answered, " Yes, the Alcoran." His " Apo-.
logy," however, was much admired, and recommended
him to the Dauphin, who welcomed him. to court* Here
be contracted an unhappy and violent passion for a lady
of the first rank, which brought on a tedious illness, from
which the friendship of the duchess of Brancas recovered
him, and in her house at Fleville he found an^ honourable
asylum for fifteen years. This lady, who appears to have
been somewhat of the romantic kind, as soon as she re-
ceived him into her house, put a ring on his fitiger, telling
him that friendship had espoused merit When the revo-
lution broke out, he came to Paris, and became a zealous
partizan, and was much employed by Mirabeau in drawing
up reports. His Memoir on patriotic contributions pro-
cured him a place in the legislative body, but he died in
1792, after which the municipality of Paris honoured him
by giving his name to one of the new streets. Besides
the works already mentioned, he published 1. <^ L'Aigle
* itforeri.
66 C E R U T T L
0t le hibou," an apologue in verse, Glasgow and Paris^
1783. 2. ** Recueil de quelques pieces de literature en
prose et en vers," ibid. 1784. The best of these is a dis-
sertation on antique monuments, occasioned by some
Greek verses discovered on a tomb at Naples, in 1756.
3. " Les Jardins de Betz," a descriptive poem, 1792, 8vo.
4. '^ Lettre sur les avantages 6t I'origine de la gaiet^
Franjaise," Lyons, 1761, 12mo ; Paris, 1792, 8vo. 5.
An essay On the question " Combien un esprit trop subtit
ressemble a un esprit faux," 1750, 8vo. 6. "Les vrais
plaisirs ne sont faits que pour la vertu," 1761, 4to. These
two last were honoured with the academical prizes of
Montauban. 7. ** Pourquoi les arts utiles ne sont-ils pas
cultiv^s preferablement aux arts agr^ables," 1761, 4to.
8. " Sur I'origine et les efFets du desir de transmettre son
Bom a la posterity," Hague, 1761, 8vo ; Paris, 1792, 8vo:
9. " Traduction libre de trois odes d'Horace," 1789. 10.
** De I'interet d'un ouvrage dans le sujet, le plan, et le
style," Paris, 1763, 8v6. Besides these, he published
some tracts on the subjects which arose out of the revolu-
tion, and was joint editor with Rabaut de St Etiehne, of
the ** Feuille villageoise," a paper calculated to spread the
^evolutionary delusions among the country people, but his
style was not sufficiently simple and popular. In 1793, a
(Collection of his works was published in an 8vo volume.
Those which are on subjects of literature are ingenious
and interesting, but as a poet he cannot be allowed to rank
high. ^
CESARINI (ViRGiNio), a very accomplished Italian
scholar, was born at Rome in Oct. 1595, the son of Julian
Cesarini, duke of Citta Nuova, and of Li via Ursini.^ Such
was his application to study, that at an age when most
scholars are but beginning, he was acquainted with lan-
guages, philosophy, theology, law, medicine, mathematics,
and sacred and profane history. Cardinal Bellarmin com-
pared him in knowledge, personal character, and accom**
plistments, to Eicus de Mirandula, and such was the ge-
neral esteem in which' he was held, ihat a medal was struck
with the heads of Cesarini and Picus crowned with laurel,
and on the reverse two phenixes. His modesty and pro-
bity were not less conspicuous than his learning. Pope
yrban VIIL intended to have made him a cardinal, but he
> Diet Hist.
C E S A R I N I. 57
died in the flower of his age, in 1624, then a member of
the academy of the Lyncei. His Latin' and Italiran poems
were printed in the collection entitled ** Septem illustrium
virorum poemata," Aiitwerp, 1662, 8vo, and since re-
printed. He wrote also a treatise against astrology, and
on other subjects, which have not been published. Au-
gustin Favoriti, secretary of the college of cardinals, wrote
his life in Latin, which is in the ^^ Miemoria philosophorum,
&c. curante Henningo Witteri, decas prima," Francfort,
1677, 8vo. Bianchi also, in his account of the academi-
cians of the Lyncei, Milan, 1741', notices Cesarini. *
CESI (Bartholomew), an artist bprn in 1556, was one
of the masters whose principles were respected by the
school of the Caracci. From him Tiarini learnt the prac-
tice of fresco; his works contain the germ of GuidoV
elegance. Indeed they are not easily distinguished from
Guidons earlier* performances. He seldom dares ; follows
nature, fond of her best forms, and as shy to supply her
with ideal ones ; his draperies are broad, his attitudes con*
siderate ; his tints have more suavity than strength. Such
are the altar-pieces at S. Jacopo and at S» Martino, works
which Guido is said to have often spent whole hours in
con teni^ plating. In fresco he is more vigorous, and treats
copious subjects with equal judgment, variety, and power
of execution ; thus he treated the History of ^Eneas, in
the palace Favi, and with still greater felicity the Transac-
tions of Clement VIII. on the arch of Forli, which, though
exposed to the air for so many years, retains all the vi-
vacity of its tints. He was esteemed by the Caracci, and
generally loved by the professors for his honesty of cha-
racter and attachment' tQ the art. To his exertions chiefly
is ascribed the secession, of the painters in 1595, from
cutlers, chasers, and sadlers, with whom they had been
incorporated for some centuries. And though at the for-
mation of their, new society he could not rid them of the
cotton -workers' body (Bambagiai), he established their
precedence and superiority of rank. Cesi died in 1627.'
CESPEDES (Paul), a painter of Cordova, acquired
fame in the sixteenth century, both in Spain and Italy.
His manner approaches' somewhat to that of Correggio;
the same exactness in the drawing, the same force in the
expression, the same vigour in the colouring. It is im-
' MorarU^-Saiiiet Jusemens.— ErythneiPiaacothtfca.^ * Pilkington,
5« CESPEOES.
possible to contemplate without eiootton hlfl picture of the
Last Supper in the cathedral of Cordova ; where each of.
the apostles presents a different character of respect and
afiection for their master ; the Christ displays at once an^
air ^f majesty and kindness ; and the Judas a false and
malignant countenance. The talents of Cespedes were
not confined to painting, if we may trust the enthusiasui
of the Spanish authors in his behalf ; he was at the same
time philosopher, antiquary, sculptor, architect ; an adept
in the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Italian lan-
guages, a great poet, and a prolific author. He died in
1608, aged upwards of seventy. '
CHABANON ( D£), a French writer of eminence
in polite literature, is said to have been born in America^
of French parents, in 1730, and died in Paris July 12^
1792, but our only authority does not give his Christian
same, nor have we been able to discover it in any of the
French catalogues. He was a member of the French
academy, and of that of the belles-lettres, a dramatic au-
thor, an indifferent poet, but much esteemed for his
writings respecting criticism and elegant literature. Hi9
principal works are: 1. <^ Eponine/^ a tragedy, 1762^
which did not succeed. 2. ^^ Eioge de Rameau,'^ 1764^
8vo. 8. '^ Sur le sort de la poesie, en ce siecle philo*
sophe, avec un dissertation sur Homere,'' 176^,' Svo. 4.
'* Euxodie,^' a tragedy, 1769, 12mo. 5. <^ Discours sur
Pindar,^' with a translation of some of bis odes, 1769, 8vo.
6. *^ Les Odes Pithiques de Pindare,^* translated, with
notes, 1771, Svo. This, in the opinion of Voltaire, is an
excellent translation. 7. "Vie de Dant^," 1775, Svo.
8. " Sabinus,*' a lyric tragedy, but unsuccessful, 1775.
9. '^ Epitre sur la manie des jardins Anglois,^' 1775, 8vo*
The design of this is to modify, or rather to attack the
principle that engages many to respect all the caprices of
nature, and to shew that this principle, or at least its un-
restrained application, may be prejudicial to the arts, but
he displays more ingenuity than taste in this discussion.
10. " Jdylles de Theocrite,*' a new translation, 1777, Svo.
The most valuable part of this volume is a judicious and
elegant essay on the Bucolic poiets, in which, however^
be is thought to treat Fontenelle and madame Deshoulieres
with too much severity. 11. << Vers sur Voltaire,*' 1778^
1 Pilkmgtoii.-»CttmberUiid'i Spanish Painters*
CHABANON: S9
8vo. 12. ^' De la Musique consider^e en elle meme, et
dans ses rapports avec la parole, les langues, la poesie, et la
theatre/' 1788, 2 vols. 8vo. The first voiume, if we mistake
not, was published in 11 S5. In this, says Dr« Burney,
he discovers a refined taste, nice discernment, much me-
ditation and knowledge of the subject, and an uncommon
$pmt of investigati<M) ; and although Dr. Bqmey's senti*-
ments are not always in unison with the opinions and rea-
soning of M. de Cbabanon, yet there are such enlarged
views and luminous and elegant observations in analysing
the sensations which music excites, in assigning reasons
for the pleasures which this art communicates to ears that
vibrate true to musical intervals and concordant sounds^
that he thinks its perusal will generate reflections on the
art, and set the mind of a musician at work, who had
never before regarded music but as a mere object of sense.
This book was written in the midst of the war of musical
opinions between the Gluckists and Piccinists. The author
is said to have been not only an exciellent judge of instru-
mental composition and performance, but among dilettanti
ranked high as a performer on the violin. 13. The ^^ Dis-
course' he pronounced on his admission into the academy
Jan. 20, 1780, 4to. In 1795 was published from his ma-
nuscript, ^' Tableau de quelques circonstances de ma vie,'*
8fo, containing a faithful but not very pleasing disclosure
of his conduct and sentiments. It appears that in his
youth he was a devoty as serious as madame Guyon, but
that afterwards he went into the other extreme, no uncom-
mon transition with his countrymen. '
CHABOT (Peier Walter), a learned philologer,
was born at Sainloup in Poitou, in 1516, and studied the
Latin tongue at Sainloup, and afterwards went to Poitiers,
at twenty -tour years of age, to study the Greek there ;
bat he was soon recalled from thence, to teach youth in
his native place. He taught there six years, after which
he went to Paris, and went through a course of philoso-
phical studies under Omer and Talon, in the college de
PrSle. Having spent three years and a half in study, he
took his degree of M. A. and professed teaching. The
children of several persons of distinction were com-
mitted to his care ; and he acquired so much reputation as
* Diet Hist— Dr. Buniey, in Rees's Cyclopiedia, who by mistake says Cha*
kanoB died io 1800.— Month. Rev. See Index.
60 C H A EOT.
a preceptor; that chancellor de l'H6pital resolved to en*
gage him to live at his seat in the country, to teach his
grandsons. He got Peter Ramus and John Mercier, the
regius professors^ to- make proposals to him. Chabot ac-
cepted them, and lived twelve years in the chancellor's
family, viz, five years before the chancellor died, and
seven years after. His chief work was a Commentary on
Horace, on which he exhausted all the fruits of his studies^
He was a man of great regularity in life and manners, and
submitted three times, with great patience, to the plunder
of his effects during the civil wars. He died of an ad-
Tanced age, about 1597. He is said to have been once
professor in the university of Paris, which Bayle doubts,
but Freher seems to confirm it. His commentary on Ho-
race was printed 1615, fol. according to Bayle. Dr. Clarke
mentions an 8vo, Paris, 1582, and says it is a very rare
edition, but this appears to be an abridgment of the larger
work.*
CHABRIT (Peter), member of the supreme council
6f Bouillon, and advocate in the parliament of Paris, died
in that capitol in 1785. Born to no fortune, his days were
shortened by diiBculties and cares. His works give proof
of considerable talents, and his manners are said to have
attracted universal esteem. His book entitled " Of the
French monarchy and its laws," 1785, 2 Vols. 12mo, dis-
plays a novelty in the design, and a variety of knowledge
in the execution. He is thosght to have taken Montes-
quieu for his model, whose energy and precFsion he copies,
as well as his dryness. He obtained in 1732 the prize of
the French academy for the encouragement of literature.
Diderot proposed him to Catherine H. of Russia as a proper
person to assist her in her new code of laws, and as one
profoundly verjsed in the subject, but Chabrit died before
her imperial majesty returned an answer. '
CHADERTON (Laurence), first master of Emanuel-
college, Cambridge, and a benefactor to that house, was
born of an ancient family at Chatterton, in Lancashire, ia
1546. His parents were papists, and educated him in that
religion, sending him afterwards to study law in one of the
inns of court, but in the twentieth year of his age, he re-
nounced this pursuit, and went to Cambridge, where his-
talents and industry recommended him to a scholarship in
» Gen. Diet.— Fietteri Theatrum* « Diet. Hist^
<; H A D E R T O N. 61
.Christ^ s-college. His father, enrag^ed at this, sent him a
bag with a groat in it, and told him he might beg, as he
meant to disinherit him, and afterwards executed his threat.
Young Cbaderton, however, persisted in his studies, and
in 1567, when B.A., was chosen fellow of his college. In
1578 he commenced B. D. an4 in the same year preached
a sermon at St. Paul's cross, which he afterwards printed.
He was then chosen lecturer of St. Clement's churchy
Cambridge, where he preached for about sixteen years,
much followed and admired. Such was his reputation foe
learning and piety, that when sir Walter Mildmay re-
founded Emanuel college, in 1584, he chose Chadertoa
for the first master, and on his expressing some reluctance*
declared that if Chaderton would not be master, the foun-
dation should not go on. In the beginning of the reiga
of James I. he was one of the four divines for the con-
fereuce at Hampton-court, and the same year was chosea
one of the translators of the Bible, and was gne of the
Cambridge divines who translated from Chronicles to Can-
tides inclusive. In 1612, when the prince elector palatine
visited Cambridge, he requested Mr. Chaderton to com-
mence D. D. with which he complied ; and having regretted
that the founder of Emanuel had provided for only three
fellows, he made such application among his friends, as to
make provision for twelve fellows, and above forty scholars,
anJ procured some church livings for the college. To-
wards the close of his life, when Arminian doctrines be-
came prevalent, dreading lest he might have an Arminiaa
successor, he resigned in favour of Dr. Preston, but sur-
vived him, and lived also to see Drs. Bancroft and Holds-
worth masters. He was a man of acknowledged piety,
benevolence, and learning, and lived in great respect for
many years after his resignation. He died Nov. 1640,
aged about ninety-four, and was buried in St. Andrew'<«
ichurch. He appears to have been related to Dr. William
Chaderton, successively bishop of Chester and Lincoln,
of whom some account is given by Peck in the preface to
his ". Desiderata." Besides the sermon noticed above,
Pr. L. Chaderton wrote a treatise on Justification, "which
Anthony Thysius, professor of divinity at Leyden, pub-
lished with other tracts on the same subject; and some of
his MSS. are still in the public libraries, particularly in
the Brit, Mus. among the Harleian MSS. Moreri says his
«2 CHADfeRTON.
** Life** was published by William Dillingham, at Cam«*
bridge, in 1700, but this we have not seen.*
CHADUC (Lewis), an able antiquary, was of a good
family of Riom, in Auvergnjg, where he was born, in 1564.
and was educated at Bourges for five years, under the eel
lebrated Cujas. On his return to Riom, he was in 1594
made a counsellor of the presidial, and discharged the du*
ties of that office with great ability and integrity for the
space of forty-four years. During this time he found lei-
sure to improve his knowledge of antiquities, and accumu-
lated a large library, and many series of medals. In order
to gratify his curiosity more completely, he took a journey
to Italy, and visited at Rome all the valuable remains of
antiquity, receiving great kindness from the literati of that
place, and particularly from cardinal Bellarmin. From^
this tour he brought home many curious MSS. scarce
books, medals, antique marbles, and above two thousand
gems, which rendered his collection one of the most va-
luable then in France. After his return he caused all these
gems to be engraven on copper-plate, ranging theia
under fifteen classes, of which he made as many chapters
of explanation, but the bad state of his health during his
latter years prevented his publishing this curious work.
He also wrote a treatise " De Annulis," which he modestly
withheld from the press on hearing that Kirchman, a Ger-
man antiquary, had published on the same subject. Noi;-
withstanding his not appearing in print, he was well known
to the learned of his time, and held a correspondence with
most of them. Savaro, in his Commentary upon Sidonius
Apollinaris, and Tristan, in his ^' Historical Commenta-
ries," speak highly of him, nor was he less esteemed by
Bignon, Petau, and Sirmond. He died at Riom, Sept. 19,
1638, of a sickness which lasted two years, almost with-
out any interruption. His heirs sent all his curiosities to
Paris, where they were purchased by the president de
Mesmes, who gave them to the duke of Orleans, And firom
him they passed to the royal cabinet. *
CHAIS (Charles), an eminent protestant divine, wad
borri in 1701, at Geneva, where he probably received the
first rudiments of education. The church being chosen
for bis profession, after passing through the usual proba-
tionary exercises, he was admitted into the order of priest-
1 Clarke's Lives.— Fuller's Worthhis.— Strypc's Wbitgift, p. 435, 474, and
Appendix, p. 155-6^— Moreri, « Memoirs ci« TreTOuz, March 1721.
C H A I 9. 6S
hood. In the ministry his reputation as a preacher and an
orator soon became so popular and extensive, that in 172S
be was elected pastor at the Hague, and his conduct in
this establishment, while it contributed to his own reputa-
tion, redounded no less to the honour of those who had
appointed him. Having adorned his ministry by the purity
of his manners, the excellence of the discourses which he
delivered from the pulpit, and bis numerous writings in
defence of revealed religion, he died in 1786, at the age
of eighty-five, after having punctually discharged his
duty as a pastor during the period of fifity-eight years.
I'he unfortunate supported by his consolation, the
youth enlightened by his instructions, and the poor
succoured by his charity, lamenting the loss which they
had sustained by the death of a benefactor and a friend,
proved more eloquent attestations of bis merit, than any
panegyric which might have been pronounced by the most
sublime orator. His sermons were distinguished by a per-
spicuous style and a pure morality. They seemed to flovr
not only from a man who practised what he taught, but
from one who, acquainted with the inmost recesses of the
human heart, could exert his eloquence to win his hearers
to the interests of virtue and religion. His portrait, which
is prefixed to his translation of the Holy Bible, seems to
confirm the relation of his friends, who say that his coun*
tenance was interesting and attractive. In his manners h6
was pcrlite and attentive ; in his address mild and insi-
nuating. His literary excellence consisted in a judicious
and happy arrangement of his subjects, delivered in a plain
and unaffected style. He made no pretensions to origi-
nality, but he illustrated the works of other writers, by
introducing then! to his countrymen in a language that was
more familiar to them.
His works were : 1., ** La Sainte Bible, avec un com-
mentaire literal & des notes choisies, tiroes de divers au-
teurs Anglois," printed at the Hague. * The publication
of this work was begun in 1742, and continued till 1777,
forming 6 vols, in 4to. The 7th volume was left by ;the
author in MS. and published in 1790, by Dr. Maclaine,
who wrote also the preliminary dissertations. This volume
completes the historical books of the Old Testament. 2. '^ Le
sens literal de Tecriture sainte traduit de PAnglois de Stack-
house," ibid. 17^1, 3 vols. 8vo. 3. " Lettres historiques
•t dogmatiques sur les Jubil6s/' ibid. 17 50, 1751, 3 torn.
64 C H A I &
8vo. 4. "Theologie de I'ecriture S. ou la Science cki
iSalut, comprise dans une ample collection de passa^s
du V. & N. Testament," ibid. 1752, 2 torn. 8vo. 5. " Ks-
sai apologetique sur T Inoculation," ibid. 1755 ; and several
volumes of " Sermons." Besides these works, he super-^
•intended the publication of Hainault's History of France,
which was published at the Hague in 1747, 8vo. He was
besides engaged as a writer in the *^ Bibliotheque Histo-
rique," which was begun at the Hague in 1738, and also
contributed some articles in the " Bibliotheque des sci-
ences et beaux arts."*
CHAISE (Francis de la), a Jesuit of uncommon abili-
ties, and confessor to Lewis XIV. was born in the chateau
of Aix, in 1624, of an ancient but reduced family. He
gave early indications of' talents when at school, and per-
formed his philosophical exercises under father de Vaux,
who was afterwards advanced to the highest employments in
his order. When he was arrived at ^ proper age, he was
ordained priest ; and became afterwards professor of divi--
nity in the province of Lyons, and rector and provincial of
a college there. He spent at several seasons a good deal
of time in Paris, where his great address, his wit, and love,
of letters, made him almost qniversally known : and in
1663, the bishop of Bayeux introduced him to cardinal
.Mazarine, who- shewed him many marks of favour, an^l
ojflFered him his patronage. In 1665, he presented la
Chaise to the king, as a person of whose great abilities
and merit he was well convinced, and afterwards got him
admitted into the council of conscience, which indeed was
no less than to make him coadjutor to the confessor, and
when the cardinal died, he was made, in 1675, confessor
to the king ; and about ten years after, was the principal
adviser and director of his marriage with m.adame de Main-
tenon. The king was then arrived pt an age when confes-
sors have more than an ordinary influence : and la Chaise
.found himself a itiinister of state, without expecting^ and
almost before he perceived it. He did business regularly
with the king, and immediately saw all the lords and all
tbe prelates at his feet. He had made himself a master ia
the affairs of the church ; which, by the disputes that cftea
arose between the courts of France and Rome> were h^
come affairs of state.
1 From tbe preceding^ edit, of this Diet. — Life by Dr. Maclaiae»
CHAISE; 6«
Yet, in spite of all his address and the influence which
lie had gained ov^er the king, he was sometimes out of
favour with his master, and in danger of being disgraced.
I'rovoked at the ill success of the affair concerning th«
electorate of Cologu in 1689, the king shewed his displea<^
sure to the confessor, by whose counsels he had been in-
fluenced. La Chaise excused himself, by laying the blame
upon the marquis de Louvois ; but the king told him with
some indignation, ^' that an enterprise suggested by Jesuits
had never succeeded ; and that it would be better if they
would confine themselves to teaching their scholars, and
sever presunae to meddle in affairs of state.'* La Chaise
was very solicitous to establish an interest with madame de
JMaintenon ; but does not appear to have done it effectuv-
ally, till that favourite found herself unable, by all her
intrigues and contrivances, to remove him from the plac6
of confessor. The Jesuit, it has been said, had not reli^
gion enough for this devout lady. He loved pleasure^
had a taste for magnificence, and was thpught too luke-
warm in the care of his master's conscience. The jealousy
and dislike with which she regarded him were ejspressed in
her letters ; but her unfavourable representations of his
temper and character were counteracted by those of the
duke of St. Simon, who describes him as mild and mode-
tate, humane a^d modest, possessed of honour and pro-
bity, and though much attached to his family, perfectly
disinterested. La Chaise died Jan. 1709, and possessed
to the very last so great a share of favour and esteem with
the king, that his majesty consulted him upon his cieath-
bed about the choice of bis successor. ^
CHALCIDIUS was a Platonic philosopher, concerning
whose history ecclesiastical writers are much . divided ;
Cave, Hody, Beausobre^ and Lardner, have examined all
the evidence they could find without coming to a conclu-
sion, nor does it appear from his writings whether he was
a Christian or a Gentile. It is supposed that he flourished
^bout the year 330. He translated into Latin the former
part of the Timxus of Plato, with ia commentary, which
afforded great scope for the speculations of the philoso-
phers of the middle ages. . This was printed in Gn & Lat
by Meursius at Leydenj 1617, 4to, and reprinted by Fa-
» Diet. mt.
Vol IX. F
66 CHALCONDYLES.
bricias in the second volume of his edition of the works of
HyppoUtus, Hamburgh, 1718, foL'
CHALCONDYLES (Demetrius), a native of Athens,
of the fifteenth century, and the scholar of Theodore
tjraza, was one of those Greeks who about the time of the
taking of Constantinople went into the west. At the in-
vitation of Lorenzo de Medici, he became professor of the
Greek language at Florence in 1479; where he had for
his rival Angelus Politianus, to whom Laurence had com-
mitted the tuition of one of his sons. After the death of
Laurence, Chalcondyles was invited to .Milan by Lewis
Sfortia; which invitation he accepted, either because he
was tired of contending with Politian, or because he was
hurt with Politianus acknowledged superiority in Latin
learning. Such is the usually-received account, which
rests only on the authority of Paul Jovius, who was always
hostile to the character of Politian ; but Mr. Roscoe in his
life of Lorenzo has proved that the story is without foun^
dation. At Milan, however, Chalcondyles taught Greek
a long time with great reputation ; and did not die before
1510, when there is reason to think he was above 80 years
of age. Among the learned Greeks whom pope Nicolas V.
sent to Rome to translate the Greek authors into Latin,
Chalcondyles was one ; from which we may collect, that
he probably travelled into the west before the taking of
Constantinople in 1453, since Nicolas died in 1455. He
published a grammar, of which we shall presently take
notice ; and under, his inspection and care was first pub-
lished at Florence, in 1499, the Greek Lexicon of Suidas.
Pierius Valerianus, in his book " De infelicitate literato-
rum,'* says, that Chalcondyles, though a deserving man
in his moral as well as literary character, led nevertheless
a very unhappy life; and reckons perpetual banishment
from his country among the chief of his misfortunes.
Others have mentioned domestic evils that have attended
him. The particulars of his life are very imperfectly
given. Dr. Hody has probably collected all that now can
be found, but he has merely given the notices from various
authors, without attempting a regular narrative. Some
have thought that he was at one time a printer, and that
he printed the folio Homer of Florence, which goes by bis
name, and which was executed in 148$; but this report
» Cave. — Lardner's Works, vol. VIII. — Moreri,— Saxii Onomasticoa:
CttALCONDYLES. ,6t
iiodottbt arose from the care he took in correcting the
press, as the printefs' names are given in that rare edition.
The " domestic evils" above alluded to have a better foun*
dation, as he was unhappy in his wife, whose chastity was
suspected, and in his sons : Theophilus, the eldest, who
taught Greek at Paris, was assassinated in the streets in a
riotous sqnabble ; and two others, Saleucus and Basil, both
of promising talents, died young.
The " Erotema, sive Institutiones Grammaticae," of De-
metrius Chalcondyles, is supposed to have been printed
at Milan about the end of the fifteenth century. It is a
quarto, of great rarity, without date. The second edi-
tion of this " Greek Graminar" is that of Paris, 1525, 4to. *
. CHALCONDYLES (Laonicus), was also a native of
Athens, who flourished in the latter part of the fifteenth
century, but nothing farther is known of his history, and
bis name is perpetuated only by his work " De Origine eft
rebus gesds Turcorum," Paris, 1650, fol. containing, iti
ten books, a history of the Turks from 1298 to 1462. He
describes the ruin of the empire of Constantinople, at)d at
the end are the " Annates Sultanorum," translated into
Latin by Leunclavius. There is a French translation of it
by Blaise de Vignere, 1660, 2 vols. fol. continued by
Mezerai and others. It is esteemed a work of consider-
ible aathorhy. * *
CHALES. See DECHALES.
CHA LONER (Sir Thomas), a gallant soldier, an able
statesman, and a very learned writer in the sixteenth cenr
taiy, was descended from a good family in Wales, and
born at London about 1515. His quick parts discovered
tbemselves even in his infancy ; so that his family, to pro-*
Biote that passionate desire of knowledge for which he was
so early distinguished, sent him to the university of Cam*
bridge, where he remained some years, and obtained great
credit, as well by the pregnancy of his wit as his constant
und diligent application, but especially by his happy turn
for Latin poetry, in which he exceeded most of his con-
temporaries. Upon his removing from college he cfeime
up to court, and being there recommended to the esteeni
and friendship of the greatest men about it, he was sooil
sent abroad into Germany with sir Henry Knevet, as th6
* Hodiufl de Grsects illastribus.-^Fabric. Bibl. Gnec^-^Roscoe's Lorenzo.**
Iforeri. — Saxii Onomasticon.
^ Moreri.'^Pict. Hist*
F 2
88 C a A L O N E it.
custom was in the reign of Henry VIII. when yonng itten
of great hopes were frequently employed in the service of
ambassadors, that they might at once improve and polish
themselves by travel, and gain some experience in busi-
ness. He was so well received at the court of the emperor
Charles Y. and so highly pleased with the noble and gene-
rous spirit of that great monarch, that he attended him in
his journies, and in his wars, particularly in that fatal ex-
pedition against Algiers, which cost thejives of so many
brave men, and was very near cutting short the thread of
Mr. Chaloner's ; for in the great tempest by which the
cmperor^s fleet was shattered on the coast of Barbary in
1541, the vessel, on board of which be was, suffered ship-
wreck, and Mr. Chaloner having quite wearied and ex-
hausted himself by swimming in the dark, at length beat
his head against a cable, of which laying hold with his
teeth; he was providentially drawn up into the ship to which
It belonged. He returned soon after into England, and as
a reward of his learning and services, was promoted to the
office of first clerk of the council, which he held during
the remainder of that reign. In the beginning of the next
he came into great favour with the duke of Somerset^
whom he attended into Scotland, and was in the battle of
Mussleburgb, where he distinguished himself so remarka-
bly in the presence of the duke, that he conferred upou
him the honour of knighthood Sept. 23, 1547, and after
his return to court, the duchess of Somerset presented
him with a rich jewel. The first cloud that darkened iris
patron's fortune, proved fatal to sir Thomas Chaloner's
pretensions ; for being a man of a wartn and open temper,
and conceiving the obligation he was under to the duke a^
a tie that hindered his making court to his adversary, a
stop was put to his preferment, and a vigilant eye kept
upon his actions. But his loyalty to his prince, and his
exact discharge of his duty, secured him from any farther
danger, so that he had leisure to apply himself to his
studies, and to cultivate his acquaintance with the worthiest
men of that court, particularly sir John Cheke, sir An-
thony Coke, sir Thomas Smith, and especially sir William
Cecily with whom he always lived in the strictest intimacy.
Under the reign of queen Mary he passed his time, though
safely, yet very unpleasantly ; for being a zealous protes-
taut, he could not practise any part of that complaisance
which procured some of his friends an easier life^ He
CHALONER. €9
interested himself deeply in the affair of sir John Cheke,
and did him all the service he was able, both before and
after his confinement. This had like to have brought sir
Thomas himself into trouble, if the civilities he had shewa
in king Edward's reign, to some of those who had the
greatest power under queen Mary, had not moved them,
from a principle of gratitude^ to protect him. Indeed, it
appears from his writings, that as he was not only sincere,
but happy in his friendships, and as he was never wanting
to his friends when he had power, he never felt the want
of them when he had it not, and, which he esteemed the
greatest blessing of his life, he lived to return those kind-
nesses to some who had been useful to him in that dan*
gerous season. Upon the accession of Elizabeth, he ap-
peared at court with his former lustre; and it must afford
us a very high opinion of his character as well as his capa-»
city, that he was the first ambassador named by that wise
prinbess, and that also to the first prince in Europe, Fer*
dinand I. emperor of Germany. In this negociation, which
was of equal importance and delicacy, he acquitted him-
self with great reputation, securing the confidisnce of the
emperor and his ministers, and preventing the popish
powers from associating against Elizabeth, before she
was well settled on the throne, all which she very
gratefully acknowledged. After his return from this em-
bassy, he was very soon thought of for another, which was
that of Spain ; and though it is certain the queen could
not give a stronger proof than this of her confidence in
his abilities, yet he was very f^r from thinking that it was
{iny mark of her kindness, more especially considering the
terms upon which she then stood with king Philip, and
the usage hi$ predecessor, Chamberlain, had met with at
that court. But he knew the queen would be obeyed,
and therefore undertook the business with the best grace
he could, and embarked for Spain in 1561, On his first
arrival he met with some of the treatment which he dreaded.
This was the searching of all his trunks and cabinets, of
which he complained loudly, as equally injurious to him-
self as a gentleman, and to bis character as a public mini-
ster. His complaints, however, were fruitless ; for at that
time there is great probability that his Catholic majesty
was not over desirous of having an English minister, and
Viore especially one of sir Thomas's disposition, at bis
ICQQrt, aad therefore gave him no satisfaction. Upon thi^
70 CHALONER.
sir Thomas Chaloner wrote home, set out the affront that
he had received in the strongest terms possible, and was
very earnest to be Ve-called : but the queen his mistress
contented herself with letting him know, that it was the
duty of every person who bore a public character, to bear^
with patience what happened to them, provided no per-
sonal indignity was offered to the prince from whom they
came. Yet, notwithstanding this seeming indifference on
her part, the searching sir Thomas Chaloner's trunks was,
many years afterwards, put into that public charge which
the queen exhibited against his Catholic majesty, of inju-
ries done to her before she intermeddled with the affairs of
the Low Countries. Sir Thomas, however, kept up his
spirit, and shewed the Spanish ministers, and even that
haughty monarch himself, that the queen could not have
entrusted her affairs in better hands than his. There were
some persons of very good families in England, who, for
the sake of their religion, and no doubt out of. regard to
the interest to which they had devoted themselves, desired
to have leave from queen Elizabeth to reside in the Low
Countries or elsewhere, and king Philip and his ministers
made it a point to support their suit. Upon this, when a
conference was held with sir Thomas Chaloner, he an-
swered very roundly, that the thing in itself was of very
little importance, since it was no great matter where the
persons who made this request spent the remainder of their
days ; but that considering the rank and condition of the
princes interested in this business, it was neither 6t for the
one to ask, nor for the other to gratit ; and it appeared
that he spoke the sense of his court, for queen E^lizabeth
would never listen to the proposal. In other respects he
was not unacceptable to the principal persons of the
Spanish court, who could not help admiring his talents as
a minister, his bravery as a soldier, with which in former
times they were well acquainted, his general learning an4
admirable skill in Latin poetry, of which he gave them
many proofs during his stay in their country. It was here,
at a time when, as himself says in the preface, he spent
the winter in a stove, and the summer in a barn, that he
composed his great work of " The right ordering of the
English republic.'* But though this employment might in
some measure alleviate his chagrin, yet he lell into a very
grievous fit of sickness, which brought him so low that his
physicians despaired of bis life. In this coadition he
CHALONER. 71
addressed his sovereign in an elegy after the manner of
Ovid, setting forth his earnest desire to quit Spain and
return to his native country, before care and sickness
forced him upon a longer journey. The queen granted
bis petition, and having named Dr. Man his successor in
his negociation, at length gave him leave to return home
irom an embassy, in which he had so long sacrificed his
private quiet to the public conveniency. He accordingly
returned to London in the latter end of 1564, and published
the first five books of his large work before-mentioned,
which he dedicated to his gpod friend sir William Cecil ;
but the remaining five books were probably not published
in bis life-time. He resided in a fair large house of his
own building in Cierkenwell-close, over-against the de-
cayed nunnery ; and Weever has preserved from oblivion
an elegant fancy of his, which was penciled on the frontis^-
piece of his dwelling*. He died Oct. 7, 1565, and was
buried in the cathedral church of St. Paul with great fqneral
solemnity, sir William Cecil, then principal secretary of
state, assisting as chief mourner, who also honoured his
memory with some Latin verses, in which he observes,
that the most lively imagination, the most solid judgment,
the quickest parts, and the mpst unblemished probity,
which are commonly the lot of different men, and when so
dispersed frequently create great characters, were, which
very rarely happens, all united in sir Thomas Cbaloner,
justly therefore reputed one of the greatest men of his
time. He also encouraged Dr. William Malim, formerly
fellow of King's college in Cambridge, and then master of
St. PauPs school, to collect and publish a correct editioa
ofour author's poetical works; which he accordingly did,
and addressed it fn an epistle from St. Paul's school, dated
August 1, 1579, to lord Burleigh. Sir Thomas Chaloner
married Ethelreda, daughter of Edward Frodsham of Elton,
in the county palatine of Chester, esq. by whom he had
issue his onl}' son Thomas, the subject of the next article.
This lady, not long after sir Thomas's decease, married
^ The lines are these, evidently alluding to the ruiiis of the nunnery :
Casta fideg superest, velatse lecta sorores
Isla relegatae desernere licet :
Nam venerandu'* Hymen, hic vota jupralia servat j
Vci^talemque foctm mcnte fovere studet.
'Tohtm also is ascribed the following line, under a sun-dial, at the eatraace
iato tbe nunnery :
Nod aliter pereo species quam futilis umbrse.
i2 C HA LONER-
sir * « * Brocketty notwithstanding which the lord Bui%
leigh continued his kindness to her, out of respect to that
friendship which he had for her first husband. Sir Tbo^
mas's epitaph was written by one of the best Latin poets of
that age, Dr. Walter Haddon, master of requests to queec^
^Elizabeth.
Sir Thomas was the author of several tracts, but all thaf^
can now be discovered are, 1. " A little Dictionary for
children," mentioned by Bale. 2. " The Office of Ser-
vants," translated froni the Latin of Gilbert Cognatus,
1543. 3. " Mori® Encomium," translated frojn Erasmus^
and printed in 1549. 4. "In laudem Henrici Octavi,,
regis Anglis praestantissimi, carmen panegyricum." 5.
^ De Republica Anglorum instauranda, libri decem," Lon-
dini, 1579, 4to. 6. *' De illustrium quorundam encomiis
miscellanea, cum epigrammatibus ac epitapbiis nonnullis.**
This collection of panegyrics, epigrams, and epitaphs^ is
printed with the book before-mentioned. Besides these
there are some of his letters in Haynes's Collection of
State Papers. ^
CHALONER (Sir Thomas) the younger, the son of
the former by his wife Ethelreda, daughter of Mr. Frod-
sham of Elton in Cheshire, was born in 1559, and being
very young at the time of his father's decease, and his
mother soon after marrying a second husband, he owed his
education chiefly to the care and protection of the lord^
treasurer Burleigh, by whom he was first put under the
care of Dr. Malim, master of St. Paul's school, and after*-
wards removed to Magdalen college in Oxford, where he
closely pursued his studies at the time when his father's
poetical works were published ; and as a proof of his vene-
ration for his father's friend, and gratitude for the many
kindnesses himself had received, he prefixed a dedication
to this Work to his patron the lord Burleigh. He left the
college before he took any degree, but not before he had
acquired a great reputation for parts and learning. He
had, like his father, a great talent for poetry, which he
wrote witl) niupl^ facility both in English and in Latin, but
it does not appear that he published any thing before he
left England, which was probably about the year 1580,
He visited several parts of Europe, but made the longest
«t^y in Italy, fpcmed an acquaint^ance with the gravest aod
1 Biojj. Brit..
C H A L O N'E R.
7S
> *
wisest men in that country, who very readily imparted to
him their most important discoveries in natural philosophy,
which he had studied virith much diligence ■ and attention^
At his return home, which was some time before 1584, he
appeared very much at court^ and ttras esteemed by the
greatest men there, on account of his great learning
and manners. About this time he married his first
wife, the daughter of his father's old friend sir William
Fleetwood, recorder of London, by whom he had several
children. In the year 1591 he had the honour of knight-
hood conferred uppn him, as well in regard to bis own per^
sonal merit as the great services of his father ; and some
years after, the first alum mines that were ever known to
be in this kingdom, were discovered, by his great sagacity,
not far from Gisborough in Yorkshire, wHere he had an
estate*. In the latter end of queen Elizabeth's reign, sir
Thomas Chaloner made a journey into Scotland, whether .
out of curiosity, with a view to preferment, or by the
direction of sir Robert Cecil, afterwards earl of Salisbury,
who was his great friend, is uncertain; but he soon grew
into such credit with king James, that the mbst consider-*
able persotis in England addressed themselves to him for
his favour and recommendation. Amongst the rest, sir
Francis Bacon, afterwards chancellor, wrote him a very
warm letter, which is still extant, which he sent him by his
friend Mr. Matthews, who ' ^as also charged with another
to the king ; a copy of which was sent to sir Thomas Cha-
loner, and Mr. Matthews was directed to deliver him the
original, if he would .undertake to present it He accom-«
^ The time when this discovery was
made is not fixed \ but from a com-
parison of circumstances it appears to
liave been about 1600, or perhaps
a little earlier. Very ooosiderable
sums of money were spent before the
project was brought to bear; which
probably was owing t(5 the difference
•of cUmateSj and that different manner
ef working, which this rendered neces-
ury. But at length, by the bringing
V^ privately Lan^ert Russell, a
Walloon, and two other workmen,
employed in this business at Rochelle
Jo France, the matter was completed,
, but very little to the profit of the pro-
prietors, since upon this it was ad-
judged to be a mine royal, 9Dd se
came into the kands of the ^^rown. ft
was then granted to sir Paul. Pindar,
under the following rent, viz. twelve
thousand five hundred pounds a year
to the king, one thousand six hundred
and forty pounds a year to the earl of
Mulgrave, and six hundred pounds a
year to ^r William Pennyman. But
notwithstanding these high rents, and
that no less than eight hundred persons
were employed in the manufacture at
a time, the farm of the alum mines
produced a vast profit to sir Paul Pin*
dar, who kept up the commodity at
the rate of twenly*six pounds a ton.
The Long Parliament voted this a
monopoly, and restored the alum works
to their original proprietDrs,
74 CHALONER.
psnied the king in his journey to England, and by bis
learning, conversation, and address, fixed himself so effec-
tually in that monarch's good gracesy that, as one of the
highest marks he cbuld give him of bis kindness and con*
fidence, he thought ^fit to intrust him with the care of
prince Henry's education, August 17, 1603, not as his
tutor, but rather governor or superintendant of his house-
hold and education. He enjoyed this honour, under several
denominations, during the life-time of that excellent
prince, whom be attended in 1605 to Oxford, and upon
that occasion was honoured with the degree of master of
arts, with many other persons of distinction. It does not
appear that he bad any grants of lands, or gifts in money,
from the crown, in consideration of his services, though
sir Adam Newton, who was preceptor to prince Henry,
appears to have received at several times the sum of four
thousand pounds by way of free gift. Sir Thomas Cha-
loner had likewise very great interest with queen Anne^
and appears to have been employed by her in her private
affairs, and in the settlement of that small estate which she
enjoyed. What relation be had to the couit , after the
death of his gracious master prince Henry, does no where
appear ; but it is not at all likely that he was laid aside.
He married some years before his death bis second wife
Judith^ daughter to Mr. William Blount of London, and
by this lady also he bad children, to whom be is said to
have left a considerable estate, which he had at Steeple*
Claydon in the county of Buckingham. He died Novem-
ber 17, 1615, and was buried in the parish church of Chis-
wick in the county of Middlesex. His eldest* son William
Chaloner, esq. was by letters patents dated July 20, in
the 18th of James I. in 1620, created a baronet, by the
title of William Chaloner of Gisborough in the county of
York, esq. which title was extinct in 1681. Few or none,
either of our historians or biographers, Anthony Wood
excepted, have taken any notice of him, though he was
so considerable a benefactor to this nation, by discovering
the alum mines, which have produced vast sums of
money, and still continue to be wrought with very great
profit. Dr. Birch, indeed, in his " Life of Henry Prince
of Wales," has given a short account of sir Thomas, and
has printed two letters of his, both of which shew him to
have been a man of sagacity and reflection. In the Lam-
helh library are also some letters of sir Thomas Chaloner' s^^
CHALONER. 75
of which there are transcripts by Dn Birch in the British
Museuta. The only publication by sir Thomas Chaloiier
is entitled *^ The virtue of Nitre, wherein is declared the
sundry cures by the same effected/' Lond. 1584, 4to. In
this he discovers very considerable knowledge of chemistry
and mineralogy. *
CHALONER (Edward), second son of the preceding,
was born in 1590 at Ohiswick in Middlesex, where his
father and mother lived and died. He was educated at
Oxford, first in Magdalen college, where he completed his
degrees in arts in 1610, and next year was chosen fellow
of All Souls. Entering into orders, he was made chap-
lain to James I. and doctor of divinity, and principal of
Alban-hall. He was reputed a very learned man for his
time, an able preacher, and good disputant. His compo-*
sitions were much valued by the greatest men then in the
church ; and the sermons which be* published in his life-*
time, as also those published after his death, in all thir«
teen, were then looked upon as choice pieces, very ser-
viceable to the church and commonwealth. He died of
the plague at Oxford, July 25, 1625, and was buried in
St. JVlary's chutch-yard, where a monument was afterwards
erected to his memory. Of his works, six of his *' Ser-
mons^' were published, Lond. 1623, 8vo; one Lond. 1624,
4to; and six after his death, Oxford, 1629, 4to. He wrote
also on " The Authority, Universality, and Visibility of
the Church," Lond. 1625, 4to, and 1638, 12mo, and left
some MSS. behind him. ^
CHALONER (Thomas), younger brother to the prece-*
ding Edward, ^was also sent to Oxford, and spent some
time there at Exeter college, after which he went abroad,'
and having travelled through France and Italy, returned
home a very well-accomplished gentleman, being much
distinguished for the vivacity of his wit, and his extensive
knowledge in all kind of polite literature : but having
contracted a dislike to the royal family, on the score of
the alum mines, of which his father had been deprived^
he joined the malcontents, and being elected member foe
Aldborough in the county of York, became an active
niember of the Long Parliament He sat as one of the
king's judges, and was elected one of the members of the
coancii of state. Upon a prospect of the king's return he
^ Brit. — ^Lodge's lUastratioDS^ vol. III. — Ath. Ox. vol. 1. — Burc|i*t
"iftce Henry. « AUi. Or. Tol. I.
« C H A L O N E R.
printed a paper, entitled " A Speech, containing a Plea
for Monarchy/' in which he hinted at some limi^tions and
restriction^. He soon after thought fit to retire to HoUand,
and was excepted out of the Act of Oblivion, atid very
soon after died at Middleburg in Zealand. ^
CHALONER (James), another brother of the pre-
ceding, was a commoner of Brazen-nose college in Oxford,
and afterwards studied in the inns of court. He was a man
of great learning, and distinguished himself as an anti-^
quary, as also by writing the History of the Isle of Man, a
manuscript copy of which was in the valuable museum of
Mr. Thoresby, of Leeds, and afterwards bought by Edr-
mondson, but it has been also printed at the end of King's
** Vale Royal of Cheshire," in 1656. He was likewise a
member of the Long Parliament, deep in the transactions
of those times, and one of the king's judges; for which,
at the restoration, he* was excepted from the benefit of
his estate, but his life spared ; and this distinction seems to
have been owing to his riot having signed the warrant for
the king's death, which his brother Thomas did. He mai:->
ried Ursula, 'daughter of sir William Fairfax, of Seeton, in
the county of York, and dying in 1661, wds succeeded in
his estate by his only son Edmund. Wood says he poi-
soned himself, when a search was making for him. One
James Chaloner made collections of arms, &c. in the city
of Chester, which, Mr. Gough informs us, came into Vin-
cent's hands; but this perhaps is one of the three Chaloners
who were herald -painters of that city, and no wise related
to sir Thomas Chaloner's family, although ib a late history
of Chester, 1791, James the herald-painter is said to.be
the author of the History of the Isle of Man. Mr. Gough
also informs us that the author of that history made collec*
tions of arms, monuments, &c. in Shrophire, which in
1700 were in the Heralds' office, numbered 230 among
Vincent's books; but they were purloined from thence
(probably when lord Oxford was collecting his library, and
gave any price for MSS.), and are now in the British Mu-
aeum, No. 2163, Harl. Cat But it appears from other
parts of the British Topography,, that even Mr. Gough
has not always kept in view the distinction between the
two James Chaloners. ^ •
' Atji. Ox. Tol. T.
» Ath. Ox. Vol. IT.— Biog, Brit.— Gougb's ^ritisji Topography.— Gent. M^.
Tol. I4XVII. p. 1087, . .'
C H A L V E T. 7T
CHALVET (Matthew de), in Latin Calventicts, pre-
sident of the Inquests of the parliament of Toulouse, was
born in May 1528. He was brought to Paris in 1539 by
Mr. Lizet his uncle, at that time advocate-general in the
parliament of Paris, who kept him six years to his studies
under Orontius Fineus, Tusan, Buchanan, and some other
learned persons. He went to Toulouse in 1546, to leara
the civil law, and lodged in the same house with Turne-
bus, Mercerus, and Govea. He travelled into Italy in
1550, in order to pursue his studies, and was Alciat's dis-
ciple at Pavia, and Socinus's at Bologna. Being returned
to France, he. went to Toulouse, and there completed his
course of law-studies, and was associated with Roaldes and
Bodinus, reading law lectures together in the public schools
with reputation. Having taken his doctor's -degree in that
nniversity, be resolved to go to Paris, in order to malice his
fortune ; but though this resolution of his was strengthened
by some letters he received from Mr. Lizet, yet he chose
ratber to settle in Toulouse, where he married, in 1552,
Jane de Bemuy, daughter of the lord de Palficat, baron of
Villeneufve. He was admitted counsellor in the parliament
of that city in 1553, afterwards created judge of French
poesy, and raaintainer of the floral sports. He was ap*
pointed president of the inquests by tlie parliament in
1573. Being of a peaceable temper, he retired to his house
in Auvergne, during the first and last furies of the civil
wars, in order that he might uot be an eye-witness of the
confusions which he saw would break out in Toulouse. It
was in tbis retirement he studied and translated Seneca^ to
administer some - consolation to himself during the wild
havock that was then making, and to employ his leisure to
adyantage. His attachment to fats sovereign gained him
the particular esteem of Henry IV. who in 1603 appointed
biiB counsellor of state and privy counsellor. The year
after, he resigned his dignity of president to Francis
Chalvet sieur de Fenouillet, one of his sonS) and retired
from business to spend the remainder of his days in peaco
and among his books. He spent two years in this retire-^
melnt, with so much satisfaction to himself, that he used
frequently to declare to his relations, that he could not say
be had lived during the previous years of his life. He died
»t Toulouse the 20th of June, 1607, being i^eventy-nine
y^n of age. Several authors have honoured him with
tulogiuna^.
78 C H A L V E T.
His '^ Translation of Seneca/* was published at Paris, .
1604, folio, and reprinted there in 1638, with a life of the
translator, and some encomiastic verses in French and
Latin. Chalvet himself wrote much French and Latin
poetry, which was not published. Huet, in his treatise
*^ De Claris interpretibus," thinks that his translation of
Seneca is too diffuse. ^
CHAMBER, or CHAMBRE (John), a learned phy-
sician in the sixteenth century, noted chiefly for being one
of the founders of the college of physicians, London, was
educated in Merton college ^n Oxford, of which he was
fellow* He took his degree of master of arts about the
year 1 502 ; after which, travelling into Italy, he studied
physic at Padua, and there took his degree of doctor in
that faculty. -After his return, he became physician to
Henry VIIL ; and with Thomas Linacre and others, found-
ed the college of physicians. Henry VHIth^s charter, for
the foundation of this college, bears date at Westminster,
September 23, 1518, and is said to have been obtained at
the request of Dr. John Chamber, Thomas Linacre, Fer-
nandez de Victoria, his physicians ; and of Nicolas Halse^
well, John Fraunces^ and Robert Yaxley, of the same fa-
culty : but especially through the intercession and inte-
rest of cardinal Wolsey. The first college of this society
was in Knight Rider-street, being the gift of Dr. Linacre.
Afterwards they removed to Amen-corner, where they
bought an fa9use and ground : but the house being burnt
down in 1666, the fellows purchased a large piece of
ground in Warwick-lane, upon which they erected the
present college. The number of fellows at first was but
thirty. Charles IL at their request, augmented the num-
ber to forty. And James IL in their new charter, was
pleased to increase the number to eighty, and not to ex-
ceed. To the college belong, at present, a president, four
censors, and twelve electors.
Dr. Chamber, being in holy orders, became in 15 10
canon of Windsor, and in 1524 archdeacon of Bedford, and
was likewise prebendary of Comb and Harnham in the
cathedral church of Sarum. In 1525 he was elected war-
den of Merton college; and about the same time wa&
made dean of the royal chapel and college adjoining to
Westminster- hall, dedicated to the Virgin Mary and St^
i . . .- .
> GeD. Diet. — Moreri.
CHAMBER. 7^
Stephen. He built to it a very curious cloister, at the
expence of 11,000 marks, and gave the canons of that
chapel some lands, which he saw, upon the dissolution of
the monasteries, taken into the king^s hands. Afterwards
he was made treasurer of Wells cathedral, beneficed in
Somersetshire and Yorkshire, and probably had other
dignities and preferments. October 29, 1531, he was in-
corporated doctor of physic at Oxford. In May 1 543, he
i^signed his treasurership of Wells ; and his wardenship
of Merton college in 1545. He died in 1549. He never
published any thing. *
CHAMBERLAIN (John), esq. was born about the mid-
dle of January 1552, and was educated at Cambridge.
To the knowledge of the learned languages, which he cul-
tivated there, he added that of the French and Italian. He
enjoyed great intimacy with the most considerable men in
England, with sir Henry Savile, bishop Andrews, sir
Thomas Bodley, sir Thomas Edmondes, sir Dudley Carle-
ton, and sir Ralph Winwood. In the confidence of thd
last of these he had a very great share, while that honest
and able minister was secretary of state, and the character
of the latter appears in a very advantageous light in the
letters of Mr. Chamberlain. Having a fortune sufficient
to satisfy a quiet and unambitious temper, he enjoyed the
satisfactions of private life in the society of his friends till
a good, old age, dying after the year 1626, and before April
1631, for his name ' does not appear among those of the
commissioners for the repairing of St. PauPs, in the se-
cond commission dated the 10th of that month, though he
had been appointed a commissioner in the first. His cor*-
respondence is in the British Museum.'
CHAMBERLAYNE (Edward) was descended from an
ancient family, and born at Odington in Gloucestershire^
16i<6. He was educated at Gloucester ; became a com-
moner of St. Edmund-hall in Oxford in 1634 ; took both
his degrees in arts ; and was afterwards appointed rhetoric .
reader. During the civil war in England, he made the
tour of Europe. In 1658 he married the only daughter
of Richard Clifford, esq. by whom he had nine children.
In 1668 he was chosen F. R. S. and in 1669 attended
Charles earl of Carlisle, sent to Stockholm with the ordet
of the garter to the king of Sweden, as his secretary. la
^ Biog. Brit.-— Atb. Ox. vol. 1.
* Maty's Review, vol. V. p. 130. Irom llr. Kirch's MSS.
<0 CHAMBERLAYNE.
1670 the degree of LL. T)i was conferred on' him at Cam*
bridge^ and two years after he was incorporated in the
same at Oxford. He was appointed to be tutor to Henry
/duke of Grafton^ one of the natural sons of Charles II.
about 1679 ; and was afterwards appointed to instruct
prince George of Denmark in the English tongue. He
.died at Chelsea in 1703^ and was buried in a yauit in the
<burch-yard of that parish ; where a monument was soon
after erected to bis memory, by Walter Harris, M. O. witji
a Latin inscription, which informs us, among other things^
that Dr. Chamberlayne was so desirous of doing service to
all, and even to posterity, that he ordered some of the
books he had written to be covered with wax, and buried
with him ; which have been since destroyed by the damp.
The six .books vanity or dotage thus consigned to the grave^
are, 1. ^^ The present war paralleled ; or a brief relation of
the five years' civil wars of Henry III. king of England,
with the event and issue of that unnatural wa^, and by what
course the kingdom was then $»ettled ag^in ; extracted out
of the most authentic historians and records,'' 1647. It
was reprinted in 1660, under this title, ^^ The late war
paralleled, or a brief relation," &c. 2. ^^ England's vt^ants;
or several proposals probably beneficial for England, offer*,
ed to the consideration of both houses of parliament,"
1667. 3. "The Converted Presbyterian ; or the church
of England justified in some practices," &c* 1668. 4-.
*^ AnglioB Notitia ; or the Presejit State of England ; with
divers. reflections upon the ancient state thereof," 1668*
The second part was published in 1671, &c. This work
bas gone through many editions ; the first twenty of wkich
were published by Dr. Edward Chamberlain, and the rest
by his son. 5. " An academy or college, wherein young
ladies or gentlewomen may, at a very moderate expence^
be educated in the true protestant religion, and in all vir-
tuous qualities that may adorn that sex, &c." 1671. 6.
** A Dialogue between an Englishman and a Dutchman,
iConceming the last Dutch war," 1672. He translated out
of Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, into English, 1. " The
rise and fall of count Olivarez the favourite of Spain." 2^
<^ The unparalleled imposture of Mich, de Molina, exe«-
i^uted at Madrid," 1641. 3. "The right and title of the
present king of Portugal^ don John the IVth." These
three translations were printed at London, 1653.^
< Biog.
CHAMBERLAYNE. 8l
CHAMBERLAYNE (Johk)i son to the preceding, wa«
admitted into Trinity college, Oxford, 1685; but it does
not appear that be took any degree. He continued bis
father's ** Auglie Notida," or ^ Present State," as long
. as he lived, and it was continued after his death until 1755,
which, we believe, is the last edition* He translated, 1.
from French and Spanish, *^ The manner of making Tea,
Coffee, and Chocolate, London," 1685, 8vo. 2, From
Italian into English, ** A Treasure of Health,'' London,
1686, 8vo, written by Castor Durant de Gualdo, physician
aod citizen of Rome. 3. ^^ The Arguments of the books
and chapters of the Old and New Testament, with practi*
cal observations ; written originally in French, by the rer.
, Mr. Ostervald, professor of divinity, and one of the mi-
nisters of the church ^t Neufchatel in Swi$serland,%and by
him presented to the society for promoting Christian
knowledge^" Lond. 1716, &c. 3 vols. 8vo. Mr. Chamber-
layne was a member of that society. 4. ^^ The Lives of
the French Pbitosophers, translated from the French of M*
de Fontanel le, republished since in 1721, under, the title
of << Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris^
epitomized, with the lives of the late members of that so-^
ciety,^' dvo. 5. << The Religious Philosopher j or, the
aright use of contemplating the works of the Creator, &c*
translated from the original Dutch of Dr. Nieuwentyt,''
Lond. 1718, &c. 3 vols. 8vo, reprinted several times since
in 8vo, and once in 4to. 6. ^^ The History of the Refor-
mation in and about the Low Countries, translated from the
Dutch of Gerrard Brandt," Lond. 1721, &c. 4 vols, foh
7. ^'The Lord's Prayer in 100 languages, 8vo, which is
erroneously attributed by Mr. Whiston the bookseller, in a
MS note in his copy of this Dictionary, to a Thomas Cham-
berlayne. 8. '^ Dissertations historical, critical, theolo-
gical, and moral, on the most memorable events of the
Old and New Testaments ; wherein the spirit of the sacred
writings is shewn, their authority confirmed, and the sen-
timents of the primitive fathers, -as well as the modern
critics, with regard to the difficult passages therein, con-
sidered and compared ; vol. L comprising the events related
in the Books of Moses : to which are added, chronological
tables, fixing the date of each event, and connecting the
several dissertations togisther," 1723, folio. He lij^ewise
was elected ]^. R. S. in 1702, and communicated three
pieces, inserted in the Philosophical Transactions ; one,
Vol. IX. G
84 CHAMBERS.
died at Paris in 1592, much regretted by all who knew hitir.
His wotks, which were published in one vol. 8vo, Paris,
1579, and which relate to the succession to the crown, the
fight of Mary to that of England, &c. consist of, 1. " His-
toire abreg6e de tons les Roys de France, Angleterre, et
Escosse." 2. " La recherche des singularitez plus re-
markables concernant le estat d'Ecosse." 3. " Discours
de la legitime succession des femmes aux possessions de
leurs parens, et du government des princesses aux empires
et royaumes.'* Machenzie gives a full analysis of all these,
but bishop Nicolson has not so high an opinion of the
soundness of the author*s principles. Dempster and others
highly extol his learning and character. '
CHAMBERS (Ephraim), author of the scientific dic-
tionary which goes under his name, was born at Kendal
in the county of Westmorland, the youngest of three bro-
thers! His parents were dissenters of the presbyterian
persuasion^; and not quakers, as has been reported; and
their occupation was that of farming. He was sent early
to Kendal school, where he received a good classical edu-
cation. But his father, who had already placed his eldest
son at Oxford, and x^ould not afford the same expence a
second time, determined to bring up Ephraim to trade.
He was accordingly, at a proper age, sent to London, and
spent some time in the shop of a mechanic in that city ;
but, having an aversion to the business, he tried another, to
which he was equally averse, and was at last put appren-
tice to Mr. Senex the globe-maker, a business which is
connected with literature, and especially with astronomy
and geography. It was during Mr. Chambers's residence
with this skilful mechanic, that he contracted that taste
for science and learning whiqh accompanied him through
life, and directed all his pursuits, and in which his master
▼ery liberally encouraged him. It was even at this time
that he formed the design of his grand work, the *' Cyclo-
jpsBdia ;" and some of the first articles of it were written be-
hind the counter. Having conceived the idea of so great
an undertaking, he justly concluded that the execurion of
it would not consist with the avocations of trade ; and,
therefore, he quitted Mr. Senex, afid took chambers at
Gray*s-inn, where he chiefly resided during the rest of his
days. The first edition of the " Cyclopaedia," which was
1 Miichenzie''s Scotch writers, toI. III.— Nicolson's Scotch Library.
CHAMBERS.
«5
* •
lite result of many years intense application, appeared in
1728, in 2 vols, folio. It was published by subscription,
the price being 4/. 4^. ; and the list of subscribers was very
numerous. The dedication, to the king, is dated Oct. -l^y
1727. The reputation that Mr. Chambers acquired by bis
executioti of this undertaking, procured him the honour of
being elected F. R. S. Nov. 6, 1729. In less than ten
years' time, a second edition became necessary ; which
accordingly was printed, with corrections and additions,
in 1758*. It having been intended, at first, to give a new
work instead of a new edition, Mr. Chambers bad prepare4^
a considerable part of the copy with that view, and more
than twenty sheets were actually printed off. The purpose
of the proprietors, according to this plan, was to have
' published a volume in the winter of 1737, and to have
proceeded annually in supplying an additional volume, till
the whole was completed. But from this design they were
diverted, by the alarm they took at an act then agitated ia
parliament, in which a clause was contained, obliging the
publishers of all improved editions of books to print the
improvements separately. The bill, which carried in it
the appearance of equity, but which, perhaps, might bav^
created greater obstructions to the cause of literature than
a transient view of it could suggest, passed the bouse of
commons, but was rejected in the house of lords. In aa
advertisement prefixed to the second edition of the '^^ Cyclq-
paedia,'' Mr. Chambers endeavoured to obviate the con)-
plaints of such readers as might hav^ been led to expect
(from a paper of his published some time before) a. new
work, instead of a new edition. So favourable- was the
public reception of the second edition of Chambers's dic-
tionary, that a third was called for in the very next year,
1739 ; a fourth two years afterwards, in 1741 ; and a fifth
in 1746. This rapid sale of so large and expensive a work,
is not easily to be paralleled in the history of literature :
and must be considered, not only as a striking testimoiiy
* Some years afterwards, when he
was in France for the recovery of his
^kealth, he received an intimation, that
if be would publish a new edition there,
and dedicate it to Lewis XV. he would
%e Uberally rewarded : but these pro*
|K»sals, says our informant, his British
iejutjcceived with disdain^ and he re«
jected the teaming solicitation of men
who were provoking him to a sordid
retractation of the compliments he
had paid to his lawful sovereign. Ge|kt«
Mag. vol. LV. p. C71, an article from
which we have been enabled to correct
■ and improve the account fonnerly
jglven of Mr. Chambers.
S6 CHAMBERS.
of the general estimation in which it is held, but likewise
as a strong proof of its real utility and merit
Although the ** Cyclopeedia^' was the grand business of
Mr. Chambers^s life, and may be regarded as almost the
sole foundation of his fame, his attention was not wholly
tonfined to this undertaking. He was concerned in a
periodical publication entitled ^^ The Literary Magazine,''
which was begun in 1735, and continued for a few years,
containing a review of books on the analytical plan. In
this work he wrote a variety of articles, and particularly a
review of Morgan's " Moral Philosopher.'* He was en-
gaged likewise, in conjunction with Mr. John Marty n,
'F. R. S« and professor of botany at Cambridge, in pre-
paring for the press a translation and abridgment of the
** Philosophical history and memoirs of the royal academy
of sciences at Paris; or an abridgment of all the papers
relating to natural philosophy which have been published
by the members of that illustrious society." This under-
taking, when completed, was comprised in five volumes,
8vo, which did not appear till 1742, some time after our
author's decease, when they were published in the joint
names of Mr. Martyn and Mr. Chambers. Mr. Martyn, in
a subsequent publication, passed a severe censure upon the
^are which his fellow-labourer had in the abridgment of
the Parisian papers; which, indeed, he appears to have
executed in a very slovenly manner, and to have been un-
acquainted with the FVench terms in natural history. The
only wOrk besides, that we find ascribed to Mr. Chambers,
is a translation of the *' Jesuit's Perspective," from the
French ; which was printed in 4to, and has gone through
several editions. How indefatigable he was in his literary
and scientific collections, is manifest from a circumstance
which used to be related by Mr. Airey, who was so well
known to many persons by the vivacity of his temper and
conversation, and his bold avowal of the principles of in-
fidelity. This gentleman, in the very early part of his life,
was five years (from 1728 to 1733) amanuensis to Mi^. Cham-
bers ; and, during that time, copied nearly 20 folio vo-
lumes, so large as to comprehend materials, if they had
been published, for printing 30 volumes in the same size.
Mr. Chambers however acknowledged, that if they were
printed, they would neither be sold nor read. His close
and unremitting attention to his studies at length impaired
his health, and obliged him occasionally to take a lodging
CHAMBERS; Sf
at CitDonbury«*hoase9 Islington. This not Iiaving greatly
t;ontributed to bis recovery, he made an excursion to the
south of France, of wiiich he left an account in MS. but
did not reap that benefit from the journey which be had
himself hoped and his friends wished. Returning to £ng«
land in the autumn of 1739, he died at Canonbury-house^
atid was buried at Westminster ; where the following in^
scription, written by himself, is placed on the north side of
the cloisters of the abbey :
^' M uUis pervulgatus,
Paucis notus;
Qui vitam^ inter lucem et imibram>
Neceruditus^ necidiota^
literis deditua, trainegit ; sad ut homo
• Qm humani nihil a se alknum putat.
Vita simuly et laboribus functus^
Hie requiescere voluit^
Ephraim Chambers, R. S. S.
Obiit XV Mail, mdccxl."
His writings were those of a man who had a sound judg«^
meot, a clear and strong memory, a ready invention, an
easy method of arranging his ideas, and who neither spared
time nor trouble. His lite was spent rather in the company
of books than men, and bia pen was oftener employed than
bis tongue : his style is in general good, and his defini««
tions clear and unaffected. In languag/e he applied ratbec
to the judgment than to the ear; and if he deserves to be
censured for baldness, it should also be remembered how
difficult technical expression is, which must be accommo*^
dated at once to the scholar and the artificer. In his epis-^
tolary correspondence, some specimens of which may be
seen in the Gentleman's Magazine, he was lively and easy«,
His personal character had many peculiarities. Whati
we record with most regret is that his religious sentioienta
leaned to infidelity, although it has been said in excas^
that he avoided propagating his opinions, and certainly did
nQ% introduce them in his writings. His mode of Ufa
was reserved, for he kept little company, and no table. Aq
intimate friend who called on him one mprning, was asked
by him to stay and dine. '^ And what will you give me^
^braim ?'' said the gentlem^^ '^ I dare engage you have
nothing for dinner;^' to which Mr. Chambers oalmly re<r
plied, ** Yes, I have a fritter ; and if you'll stay with me,
I'll have two." yet, though thus inattentive tobimself, he
S8 CHAM BE R S.
was very generous to the poor. He was likewise suflScielitly
conscious of his defects in social qualities, and when urged
to marry that ^ he might then have a person to look after
him, which his health required, he replied somewhat has-*
tily, <^ What ! shall I mstke a woman miserable, to contri-
bute to my own ease ? For miserable she must be the mo«
ment she gives her hand to so unsocial a being as myself.*'
It has been said in former accounts of Mr. Chambers,
that he was not treated in' the most liberal manner by the
booksellers with whom be was concerned; but this waa
far from being the case, as he experienced the most gene-
rous behavioar from them. It is true that the price of
literary labour was not then so high as it has since risen,
but he was paid up to the standard of his time. Among
his employers Mr. Longman in particular (grand uncle of
the present Mr. Longman) used him with great liberality
and tenderness; his house was ever open to receive him, and
when he was there, every attention was paid to his pecn-
liarities ; and during his illness, jellies and other proper
jrefreshments were industriously left for him at those places
where it was least likely he should avoid seeing theml
When we consider that he was a single man, with few wants
and fewer wishes, and that by the assistance of his friends
he was enabled to live happily, and die at last possessed of
considerable property, he can scarcely be deemed unsuc«*
cessful. Every deficiency he supplied by ceconomy ; and
in pecuniary matters he was remartwably exact. In his last
will, made not long before his death, and which it has been
erroneously said was never proved, he declared that he
owed no debts, excepting to bis tailor for his rocquelaure.
We have already mentioned that the " Cyclopaedia"
came to a fifth edition in 1746. After this, whilst a sixth
edition was in agitation, the proprietors thought that the
work might admit of a supplement, in two additional folio
volumes : this supplement, which was published in the
joint names of Mr. Scott and Dr. Hill, though containing a
number of valuable articles, was far from being uniformly
conspicuous for its exact judgment and due selection ; a
small part only of it being executed by Mr« Scott, and Dr.
Hill's task having been discharged with his usual rapidity.
Thus the matter rested for some years, when the pr4h
prietors determined to combine the whole into one work ;
and after several inefFectaal efforts for accomplishing their
plan, the business devolved on the rev* Dr. Abraham Rees^
9
C H A M B E R S. t*
F. R. S. who derived from the favour of the |)ublic9 and th^
singularly rapid and extensive sale of the work, a recom«
peuse, which, independently of every other consideration,
he reckoned amply adequate to his labour. This edition
began to be published in weekly numbers in 1778, and the
publication was continued without a single interruption,
till it was completed in the year 1785. The work was
dedicated aad presented to his majesty. The popularity
of the ** Cyclopaedia*' gave rise to a ^variety of similar puln
lications ; of many of which it may be truly said, that most
of the articles which compose, them, are extracted ver^
batun, or at least with very few alterations and additions,
from this dictionary; and that they manifest very little
labour of research, or of compilation. One defect seems
to have .been common to them all, with hardly any excep-
tion ; and that is, that they do not furnish the reader with
references to the sources from which their materials are
derived, and the authorities upon which they depend. This
charge was alleged by the editors of the French Encyclo«
pedie, with some justice, but at the same time with un«-
w^rrantable acrimony, against Mr. Chambers. The editors
joi that work, while they pass high encomiums on Mr.
Chambers's Cyclopaedia, blend with them censures thatare
unfounded. They say, e. ^. that the ^^ merited honours it
has received would, perhaps, never have been produced
at all, if, before it appeared in English, we had not had in
our own tongue those works, from which Chambers has
dra^n without measure, and without selection, the greatest
part of the articles of which his dictionary is cqmposed*
This being the case, what must Frenchmen think of a mere
translation of that work? It must excite the indignation of
the learned, and give just offence to the public, to whom,
under a new and pompous title, nothing is presented but
riches of which they have a long time been in possession ?'*
They add, however, after appropriate and justly deserved
commendation ; <^ We agree with him, that the plan and
the design of his dictionary are excellent, and that, if it
were executed to a certain degree of perfection, it would
idone contribute more to Che progress of true science, than
one half of the books that are known." However, what
their vanity has led them to assert, viz. that the greatest
part of Chambers's Cyclopaedia is compiled from French
authors, is not true. When Mr. Chambers engaged ip hif
great undertaking, he extended his researches for materials to
§0 CHAMBERS.
tL variety of publications, foreign and domestic, and in the
matbematical articles be was peculiarly indebted to Wol-
fins : and it cannot be questioned, that he availed himself
no less of the excellent writers of hi« native land than those
of France. As to the imperfections of which they com*
plain, they were in a great measure removed, as science
advaiftced, by subsequent improvements; nor could the
work, in its last state, be considered as the production of
a single person. Nevertheless it cannot be conceived,
that any scientific dictionary, comprised in four volumes,
should attain to the full standard of human wishes and
human imagination. The proprietors, duly sensible of
this circumstance, and of the rapid progress of literature
and science in the period that has elapsed since the publi-^
eation of Chambers^s '^ Cyclopedia,** have undertaken a
work on a much larger scale, which, with the encourage^
ment already received and further reasonably expected^
will, it is hoped, preclude most of the objections urged
against the former dictionary. Of this a very considerable
proportion has already been published, and the editor bids
fair to accomplish what was once thought impossible. The
learned Mr. Bowyer once conceived an extensive idea of
improving Chambers^s Cyclopiedia, on which his corre-
spondent Mr. Clarke observes, " Your project of improving
and correcting Chambers is a very good one ; but alas ! who
can execute it ? You should have as many undertakers as
professions ; nay, perhaps as many antiquaries as there are
different branches of ancient learning.** This, in fact,
which appeared to Mr. Clarke so impracticable, has been
accomplished under Dr. Rees's management, by combining
the talents of gentlemen who have made the various
sciences, arts, &c. their peculiar study.— ^f the contem->
jporary Cyclopedias, or Encyclop»dias, it may be suffi-
cient to notice in this place, that printed at Edinburgh
under the title of '^ Encyclopcedia Britannica,** the plan
of which is different from that of Dr. Rees, but which has
been uncommonly successful, a third edition (in twenty
vols» 4to) being now in the press ; and one begun by Dr.
Brewster oh a lesser scale, seems to be edited with qare and
accuracy. '
1 Biog. Brit— Nichols's Bowyer.-- Gent. Mag. see Index, and vol LVII,
p. 314, 381.— Marty u^s Dissertations on the ^neids, Appendix to the Preface^
No. 19.— Rees*s CyclopsBdia,
CHAMBERS. 91
CHAMBERS (Sir Robert), for several years chirf
JQstice of the supreme court of judicature in Bengal, a oiati
of too exalted merit to be passed with a slight notice, was
bom in 1737, at Newcastle on Tyne, the eldest son of Mf«
Robert Chambers, a respectable attorney of that town.
He was educated, as well as his brothers, at the school of
Mr. Moises in Newcastle, which had also the honour of
training his younger friends sir William Scott and the
present lord chancellor, whose attachment to him, thus
oommenced almost in infancy, was continued not only
witbout abatement, but with much increase, to the verjr
end of 'bis life. Mr. Chambers, and the Scotts afterwards^
went to Oxford without any other preparation than was
afforded by this Newcastle school, but his abilities sooli
rendered him conspicuous; and in July 1754 he was chosen
an exhibitioner of Lincoln college. He afterwards became
a fellow of University college, where he was again united
with the Scotts, and with other eminent men, among whom
it Biay suffice to mention sir Thomas Plomer and the
late sir William Jones. In January 1762, Mr. Chambers
was elected by the university Vinerian professor of the
laws of England ; a public testimony to his abilities, of the
strongest and most unequivocal nature. In 17^6, the eaxl
of Lichfield, then chancellor of Oxford, gave him the
appointment of principal of New-inn hall ; which office, as
it required no residence or attendance, he continued to
bold through life. He was now advancing honourably in
the practice of the law, and was employed in many re<-
markable causes, in which bis professional abilities were
evinced. About the same period, and probably by the
same means, he attracted the notice and lasting friendship
of the ablest men of the time, many of whose names have
since been absorbed in weiUeamed titles of nobility.
Among these may be mentioned, the earls Bathurst, Mans-
field, Liverpool, and Rossiyn, lords Ashburtoi^, Thurlow,
Auckland, and Alvanley ; to which list we may add the
names of Johnson, Burke, Goldsmith, Garrick, and others
of that class, whose judgment of mankind was as accurate
as their own talents were conspicuous. At Oxford, he en-
joyed the intimacy of Thurlow, afterwards bishop of Dur-
bam : and his Vinerian lectures were attended by many
popils, who have since done honour to the profession of
^e laW| or to other public situations. .
32 CHAMBERS.
It is a strong proof that bis knowledge and talents were
highly estimated at an early period, that in 1768, when he
was only thirty-one years old, he was offered the appointr
ment of attorney-general in Jamaica, which, from various
considerations, be thought proper to decline. From this
time he continued the career of his profession, and of his
academical labours, till, in 1773, another situation of pub-
lic trust and honour was proposed to him, which he was
more easily induced to accept. This was the appointment
of second judge to the superior court of judicature in Ben-
gal, then first established. On this occasion, the esteem
and regard of the university of Oxford for their Vinerian
professor was fully evinced. The convocation allowed
three years for the chance of his return, from ill health or
any other cause : during which interval his office was held
for him, and his lectures read by a deputy. Immediately
before his departure for the East Indies, Mr. Chambelrs
married Miss Wilton, the only daughter of the celebrated
statuary of that name, and his mother, Mrs. Chambers, a
woman of uncommon virtues, talents, and accomplishments,
undertook the voyage with them, and continued an inmate
in their family till her death, which happened in 17.32.
They sailed for India in April, 1774; and the climate not
proving unfriendly, the Vinerian professorship was in due
time resigned.
The honour of knighthood was. not conferred on Mr.
Chambers at the time of his appointment, but, within four
years after, was sent out to him unsolicited, as an express
mark of royal approbation. How well his original nomi-
nation, and his subsequent advancement to the. office. of
chief justice were deserved, it is not necessary here to
demonstrate. They who acted with him, orVere present
in any arduous discussions, can bear witness how often his
mild but convincing arguments contributed most essen-
tially to the public service. Without taking a violent part
in any contentions of politics, sir Robert Chambers was
steady in pursuing the course which his mature judgment
approved ; and, in all the struggles that arose, no oppo-
nent ever ventured to insinuate a doubt of his integrity.
The unfortunate loss of the Grosvenor East Indiaman^ in
1782, was a calamity in which the private share of .sir
Robert Chambers was disproportionately heavy. He lost
his eldest son, a promising youth, then going to England
CHAMBERS. ffi
tor edacation ; and the uncertain circumstances of the case
left to imagination the most dreadful materials for conjee^
tare.- In this, as in every other situation, in proportion to
the exigence, the firm and truly Christian piety of sir
Bobert Chambers afforded a great example ; and he ap-
peared a worthy son of that excellent national church,
which, on some occasions, he had strenuously defeiided
while he was an advocate. On the resignation of sir Elijah
Impey," in 1791, sir Robert Chambers was advanced to the
office of chief justice : and in 1797 he became president of
the Asiatic society. At length, after having remained in
India twenty-five years, he also obtained permission to
resign, and was succeeded by sir John Anstruther.
He returned to England in 1799, but in a state of health
which forbade the expectation of enjoying his friends and
fais well-earned leisure. In the autumn of 1802 his lungs
were so much affected that he was advised to winter in the
inilder air of France, and was to have proceeded to the
southern provinces : but the season was then too far ad-
vanced, and he remained at Paris, where, after a partial
recovery, ' he had an attack of a paralytic nature, and died
May 9, 1803. The body was brought to England, and
interred on the 23d of the same month in the Temple
church. He had been a bencher of the Middle Temple,
and his funeral was attended by a considerable number of
thCit society, and many private friends.
Sir Robert Chambers had that love for books which na-
turally arises from a sound education and early habits of
study. His collection, therefore, was considerable, and
his knowledge proportionally-extensive. Even at the close
of his life, of which so large a part had b6en engaged in
the practice or administration of the laws, he had not lost
his academical accomplishments : and a Latin epitaph on
his friend sir William Jones, inscribed by Flaxman on a
monument erected 'tft Oxford in 1H03, may testify that the
cares of the judge had not obliterated the studies of the
professor. His collection of Oriental books was particu*
larly valuable. That his fortune, after so long continuance
in office, was extremely moderate, must be considered as
an important topic of his praise, since it was occasioned
by his strict integrity and extensive bounty. He received
no presents, and he gave abundant charities. On his re-
signation^ therefore, he could not attempt to decline the
M CHAMBERS,
pension which parliament has now assigned to the judges
of India, after a much less period of service. ^
., CHAMBERS (Sir William), an eminent architect, waa
a native of Sweden, but originally descended from tha
family of Chalmers in Scotland, barons of Tartas, in France.
His grandfather was an opulent merchant, who supplied
the armies of Charles XII. with money and military stores,
9,ud suffered considerably in his fortune by being obliged
to receive the base coin issued by that monarch. Thia
circumstance occasioned his son to reside many years ia
Sweden, in order the more effectually fo prosecute his p^
euniary claims.. The subject of this article was born in
that country, and for what reason is not known, was
brought over from Sweden in 172S, at the age of two years,
and placed at a school at Kippon, in Yorkshire. His firs(
entrance into life was as a supercargo to the Swedish East
India company* In this capacity he made one voyage to
China ; and, it appears, lost no c^porttinity pf observing
what was curious in that country. At the age of eighteen,
however, he quitted this profession, and with it ail com-r
mercial views, to follow the bent of his inclination, which,
led him to design and architecture.
His first residence in London was in Poland-street, but
not, as has been asserted, in the business of a carpenter.
At a very early period of bis life he was considered as one
of the best architects and draughtsmen in Europe ; and his
abilities introduced him to the patronage of the late Joha
earl of Bute, by whose interest he was appointed to be
drawing master to his present majesty, then prince of
Wales* The first ^ork of consequence in which he was
engaged was the villa of the late earl of Besborough, at
Roehampton, in Surry. He delivered to his lordship his
plan as architect, and bb estimate as surveyor, and, on
being applied to afterward to know whjether he would uu**
dertake to complete the building himself for the money
mentioned in the estimate, he readily consented, and, in
the execution of his contract, gave and received that sa-
tisfaction which seldom fails to result from the happy con*
currence of professional taste and skill with the most dis-r
tiuguished character for punctuality and probity. His
conduct on this occasion became the most honourable in--
1 From a pamuhlet privately priated, and eutiUed ** A few Memorials of tbe
late sir Robert Chambers, Imt." obligingly eommniitcated to Ihe editor by Mr,
Nichols.
CHAMBERS. 9$
tiodactioQ to con$iderabIe ediploym^rit aknong the nobility
and gentry.
As an aotbor, Mr. Chambers viery soon distinguished
biofiseif. In 1759 be published ^^, Designs for Chinese
Buildings/' and a '^ Treatise on Civil Architectute.*' Soon
after bis present majesty's accession to the throne, he was
employed to lay out and improve the royal gardens ait
Kew. The result of his labours appeared in 1765, in a
splendid publication in large folio, entitled *^ Plans, ele-
vations, sections, and perspective views of the Gardens
and Buildings at Kew in Surry, the seat of her royal high*-
oesi the princess of Wales," In the execution of this
magnificent work, the talents of several of our ablest de-
signers and engravers are eminently displayed : the archt*^
tectural designs being drawn by Mr. Chambers, the figures
by Cipriani^ and the views by Kirby, Thomas Sandby, and
Marlow. The engravings were executed by Paul Sandby,
Wooliett, Major, Grignion, Rooker, and others. The plates
were, consequently, universally admired, but with reapeeH
to the designs, the greater part were considered rather as
objects of curiosity than of taste ; and Mr. Chambers him^
seM^ as if apprehensive that the style of decoration he had
adopted would be censured, anticipates the objections by
an apology for the disadvantages of situation under which
helaboui^d* ^^ The gardens at Kew," he observes, <*are
not very large : nor is their situation by any means ad«
vantageous, as it is low, and commands no prospects.
Originally, the ground was one continued dead flat : the
soil was, in general, barren,' and without either wood or
water. ' With so many disadvantages, it was not easy to
produce any thing even tolerable in gardening; but princely
munificence, and an able director, have overcome all dif-*
ficulties, and converted what was once a desert into an
Eden."
Such is the apology of Mr. Chambers ; and it must be
ackuowledged, perhaps, that these gardens are laid out as^
well as the nature of the place would permit ; but, with
regard to the ornaments and buildings, it cannot be suf-
ficiently regretted, that a fondness for the unmeaning fal.-
kalas of Turkish and Chinese chequer-work should prevail
over a taste for the beautiful models of Grecian and Rooian
architecture. It is yet more to be regretted that our ar^
ckitect proved in a subsequent publication that he was not
•0 much constrained by the situation of the place^ as im-
96 CHAMBERS.
pelled by an irresistible predilection for the Chinese mtfd^
of gardening.
In 177} I Mr. Chambers was announced in the catalogue
of the royal academy as a knight of the Swedish order of
the Polar Star ; and the following year he published the
work just alluded to, and entitled *< A Dissertation on
Oriental Gardening/* 4to. The design of this work is to
demonstrate, that notwithstanding the boasted improvement
of our national taste in ornamental gardening, we are yet in
a state of ignorance and barbarism with respect to this
pleasing art, of which the Chinese alone are masters. In
the preface be says, that bis acct)unt of the Chinese man-
ner of gardening was collected from his own observations
in China, from conversations with their artists, and remarks
transmitted to him at different times by travellers. Be-
sides sir William's failure in proving his main point, this
publication was very unlucky in another respect. A sketch
of it had been published some years before ; but the per-
formance itself appearing immediately after the publica-
tion of Mr. Mason's <* English Garden,'' it was suggested^
very invidiously perhaps, that our author's intention was
to depreciate the designs of our English gardeners, in order
to divert his sovereign from his plan of improving Rich-
mond gardens into the beautiful state in which they novir
appear. The strange and horrible devices described in
thi^ <^ Dissertation^' have been much ridiculed, but are no
more than what had been before published by father Attiret,
in his account of the emperor of China's gardens, near
Pekin, translated by Mr Spence (under the assumed lite-
rary name of sir Harry Beaumont) in 1753, and since re-
published in Dodsley's " Fugitive Pieces.'* In whatever
lighty however, the ^' Dissertation" might be considered, it
was certainly productive of amusement, and the cause of
gardeners and gardening was amply revenged by a publi-
cation which appeared next year, and was generally at-
tributed to Mr. Mason, entitled ^^ An Heroic Epistle to
sir William Chambersi, knt, comptroller-general of his
majesty's works, and author of a late Dissertation on Ori^
ental Gardening ; enriched with explanatory notes, chiefly
extracted from that elaborate performance." A vein o(
solemn irony, and delicate yet keen satire, runs through
this poetical commentary ; and sir William's principles of
design in gardening, or rather the Oriental principles,
which lie had so fondly adopted, are treated with very
CHAMBERS. St
Jittle respect It was followed in 1774, by ** Atl Hbroic
Postscript."
In 1775, sir W. Chardbers was appointed to conduct th^
building of that greiat national work, Somerset-place. This
appointment was worth 2000/. a year to him, nor was he
too liberally rewarded. The terrace behind this magnifi-
cent building is a bold effort of conception. His designs
for interior arrangements were excellent, but his staircases
were his niaster-piieces,- particularly those belonging to the
royal and Antiquary societies. He did not live, however, to
S6e the whole Bnished according to the original plan, and
all intention of completing what would be truly a national
honour, and a great ornament to the metropolis, seems n6w
to be given up. Sir William, however, continued foi?
many years in the highest rank of his profession, arid be-
sides beirtg architect to the king, he was surveyor-general
of his majesty's board of works, treasurer of the royal
academy, F: R. S. and F. S* A. and member of the royal
academy of 'arts at Florence, and of the royal acadetny of
architecture at Paris.
Previously to his death, he had sustained a long and
severe illness, arising from a derangement of the nervous
system, fof which many remedies wer^ applied without
success. He died at his house in Norton -street, Mary-
bone, March 8, 1796, in the sixty-ninth year of his age^
and Was' interred on the 18th, in Poets-corner, Westmin-
ster-abbey, He left a son and three daughters^ whd shared
his ample fortune, which he acquired with gredt hodourj
and enjoyed with hospitality bordering on niagTiificencei
His country retirement for some years had b^en at Whit-
ton-place, near Hounslow-heath ; in the improvement of
which delightful spot he appears to have studied the deco-
rations of an Italian villa. His character in private life
was very amiable,' and the courtesy and affability with
which he treated the workmen employed under him en-
deared him to them, and made it ^asV for him to collect a
numerous and able body of artificers wheii any of his works
requiVed extraordinary expedition. *
CHaMBRE (Fuancis Illharrart dela), an ingenidus
doctor of the Sorbonne, Was born Jan. 2y 1698, at Paris*
He lived a sedentary life> was appointed canon pf St. Be-
noit, and died of a malignant fever at Paris^ August 16^
) Qentlem^p's and European Magazines.
VoL.lJ^. H
9.8 C H A M B R E.
« —
17 $3, ^ged fifty^six. His genius was extremely accurate,
with great clearness and precision of ideas; bis temper
mild, easy, and sociable. The principal works of this
author which haye been printed are : a <* Treatise on the
Truth of Religion," 5 vols. i2mo i a " Treatise on the
Formulary/' 4 vols. 1 2mo ; another on the ^^ Bulls against
Baius/* 2 voU. 12mo ; another on the ^^ Constitution Uni^
genitus,'' 2 vols. l2mo; and a volume in 12mo entitled
** La Reality du Jansenisme.'* It appears from all these
treatises, that a good Thomist may accept the bulls against
Baius and Jansenius, and the Constitution Unigenitus.
The dogma is unfolded with much clearness and solidity ;
the theological opinions treated in a very methodical
manner, and with great precision. His other works are^
" Introduction a la Theologie," I vol. 1 2nM). " £xposi«
tion claire et precise des differens points de doctrine qui
ont raport aux matieres de religion/* Paris, 1745, 12mo«
This contains the substance of twenty-two theological trea-^
tises; « Tr. de PEglise," 6 vols, Ifmo ; « Tr. de la
Grace,'* 4 vols. i2mo ; ^^ La Logique, la Morale^ et la
Metaphysique," Paris, 1754, 2 vols. 12mo, &c.^
CHAMBRE (Marin Cureau de la), a native of Mans,
and king's physician in ordinary. He was received into
the French academy 1635, afterwards into that of sciences;
Chancellor Sequier and cardinal Richelieu gave him public
tesGmonies of their esteem ; and be acquired great repu*^
tation by his knowledge in physic, philosophy, and the
belles-lettres. He died November 29, 1669, at Parls^
aged seventy*five, and left many works, the pripcipal of
which are : ^^ Les Characteres des Passions," 4 vols. 4to ;
or Amsterdam, 1658, 5 vols. 12mo. ^^ L'Art de connoitre
les Hommes." " De la Connoissance des Bites." " Con-
jectures sur la Digestion," ** De I'lris." " De la Lu-
miere." " Le Systeme de I'Ame." ** Le Debordemeut
du Nil," each 1 vol. 4to. Peter de la Chambre, his se-
cond son, was curate of St. Bartholomew, and 4>ne of the
forty members of the French academy, and died 1693^.
leaving several panegyrics, printed separately in 4to.^
CHAMFORT (Sebastian Roche Nicolas), an inge- .
nious French writer, and one of the victims of the revolu-
tion, was born in 1741, in a bailiwick near Clermont, in/
t LMdvocat Diet Hist.
' IbiU.—'Moreri.— Eloges des Acadenuciens, yol. I. . .«
C H A M F O R T. 9*^
iuvergne. In supporting a revolution which levelled ail
family distinctions, be had no prejudices to ovek*come,
being the natural son of a man whom he never knew. Thid
circumstance^ however, ^nlid not diipinish his afFection tot
bis inotbdr, who Was a peasant girl, to supply whose wants
he often dehied hiddself the necessaries of life. He was
taken at a x^e^y ^afiy age into the college des Pra^sins at
Paris, as a bursar, or exhibitioner, and was there known
by his Christian name of Nicolas. During the first two
years he indicated no extraordinary talents, but in the
third, out of the five prizes which were distributed annu-
ally, he gained four, failing only in Latin verses. The
next year he gained the whole, and used to say^ ^^ I lost
the prize last year, because I imitated Virgil ; and this
year I obtained it, because I took Buchanan, Sarbievius^
and other moderns for my guides/' In Greek he made a
rapid progress, but his petulance and waggish tricks threw
the class into so much disordet*, that h^ was expelled, and
not bng after left the (;oUiege altogether. Tbrowii now on
the woi^d, without friends ot* mdney^ he became derk to
^procurat6r, and aftef wards was taken into the family of
a rich gentleman of Liege, as tutor. After this be wad
employed on the " Journal Encyclopedique,*' and having
published his Eloges on MoUere and La Fontaine, they
were so much adihired as to be honoured with the pHzes ^
of the French academy, and that of Marseilles. About
this time he had little other maintenance than what he de-
rived from the patronage of the duke de Choiseul and
madame Helvetius, and therefore was glad to take such
employment as the booksellers offered. For them he com-
piled a ** French Vocabulary," and a " Dictionary of th6
Theatres.^' While employed on this last, he fancied hiil
talents might succeed on the stage, and was not' disap-^
pointed. His tragedy of " Mustapha," acted in 1778,
was acknowledged to have great beauties ; and yoltaire,
Ivho witnessed the performance, said with an exclamation^
that he was reminded of Racine. This was followed by
two comedies, fugitive pieces of poetry, letters, epigrams,
ttanslations of the Anthology, and of Martial, all which
Contributed very considerably to his reputation. His
poetical ^^ Epistle from a father to a son, on the birth of a
grandson,^' gained him the prize of the French academy,
although it appears inferior to his '^ L' Homme de Lettres^
discours philosophique en vers.*^ At length be gained a
H 2
1*0 CHAM P 0 R T.
seat 10 tiie academy^, on the death of St Palaye, on tvhom
he wrote an elegant eloge. His tragedy of ^^ Mustapha^^
procared him the situation of principal secretary to the
primoe of Cond£, but his love of liberty and independence
prevented him from long discharging its duties. After re*
Agoing it, he devoted himself wholly to the pleasures of
society^ where he was considered as a most captivating
companioQ. He also held some considerable pensions^
whicby however, . he lost at the revolution.
When this great event took place, his intimacy with
Micabeau led him to join the revolutionists, and he assisted
Mirabeau in many of his works. He even obtained ad-
mission into the Jacobin-club, and in 1791 was appointed
secretary, but soon saw through their hypocrisy, detested
their sanguinary principles, and left them. After the 10th
of August, Roland procured him to be appointed national
librarian, in conjunction with Carra. He saw with horror
the excesses of all parties, and when the words *' Frater-
nity or Death" appeared on all the walls of Paris, he ex«
claimed << The fraternity of these fellows is that of Cain
and Abel.'* These^ and other sarcasms, made him ob*
noxious to Robespierre, and he was apprehended, and en-
deavoared to commit suicide. He only, however, mangled
himself shockingly on this occasion, and lived till April
1794. He was unquestionably a man of talents, but in
his political conduct inconsistent and frivolous, attaching
himself to no party^ yet maintaining the pernicious prin-
ciples from which each party had arisen. In 1795, his
friend Ginguen6 published his works in 4 vols. 8vo, with a
Life. They are entirely of the miscellaneous ^ind, and
the fourth volume consists of Maxims and Opinions, which
have ;Since been published separately under the title of
^^ Chamfortiana.'' Many of them are founded on an accu-
rate observation of human nature, and of the manners of
hi9 age and country. '
CHAMIER (Daniel), an eminent French protestant
divine, was born in Daupbiny, and was long minister at
Montelimart, in that province, from whence he remoii^ed
in 1€12 to Montapbon, to be professor of divinity; and
was killed at the siege of that place by a cannon ball in
1621. He was no less distinguished among his party as a
I Diet. Ht$t. — Blpg. Modenie.-:-Anecdotes of the Founders of the French
Repttbiic* - - - .
C H A M I E R. roi
statesman than as a divine. No man opposed the artifices
employed by the court to distress the protestants with
more steadiness and infle?s;bility. Varillas says it was be
who drew up the edict of Nantss. Though politics took Ujf
a great part of his time^ he acquired a large fund of ex*
tensive learning, as appears from his writings* His trea-
tise <^ De oecumenico pontifice/* and bis *^ Epistolie Je«
suitlcae/' are commended by Scaliger. His principal
work is his <^ Catholica Panstratia, or the Wars of the;
Lord/' in which the controversy between the protestants
and Roman catholics is learnedly handled. It was written
at the desire of the sypod of the reformed churches in
France, to confute Bellarmine. The synod of Privas, in
1612, ordered him 2000 livres to defray tlie charges of the
impression 9f the first three volumes. Though' this work
makes four large folio volumes^ it is not complete : for it
wants the controversy concerning the church, intended
for a fifth volume, which the author's death prevented
him from finishing. This body of controversy was printed
at Geneva in 1626, under the care ofTurretin, professor
of divinity. An abridgment of it was published in the
same city in 1643, in one vol. folio, by Frederick Spanheim^
the father. His *« Corpus Theologicum,*' and bis " Epis-
tolas Jesuiticse," were printed in a small folio volume^ 1693,
but there are 8vo editions of the latter, one Genev. 1599^
and the >^ Oe oecumenico pontificeV was also published in
Svo, Genev. 1601.*
CHAMILLARD (Stephen), a learned French antiquary,
was born at Bourges, in 1656. In 1673 he entered among
the Jesuits, and according to their custom, for some time
taught grammar and philosophy, and was a popular
preacher for about twenty years. He died at Parisj iu
1730. He was deeply versed in the knowledge of anti-
quity. He published: 1, A learned edition of " Pru-
deutius^' for the use of the Dauphin, with an interpreta-
tion and notes, Paris, 1687, 4to, in which he was much.
indebted to Heinsius. It is become scarce. 2. Disserta-
tions, in number eighteen, on several medals, gems, and
other monuments of antiquity, Paris, 1711, 4to. Smitten
with the desire of possessing something extraordinary, and
which was not to be found in the other cabinets of Europe^
h^ strangely imposed on hin^self in regard to. two medals
1 Qen, Diet,— Moreri.— Sftxil Onomuft,
108 . C H A M I L L A R D.
li^ich he imagined to be antiques. . The first ivas a Paca^*
tianuscof silrer, a medal unknown till his days, and which
is so stilly for that it was a perfect counterfeit has been
jgenerally acknowledged since the dfeath of its possessor.
*the other medaly on which he was the dupe of his own
fanpy, was an Annia Faustina, Greek, of the true bronze.
The princess there bore the name of Aurelia ; whence
&ther Chamillard concluded that she was descended from
f he family of the Antqnines. It had been struck, as he
pretended, in Syria, by order of a Quirinus or Cirinus,
descended, he asserted, from that Quirinus. who is -spoken
of by St. |!^uke. Chamillard dispjaj'ed his erudition on
the subject in a studied dissertatiW; but while he was
enjoying his triumph, a dealer in antiques at Rome de-
dared himself the father of Annia Faustina, at the same
time shewing others of the S9.me manufacture. ^
CHAMOUSSET (Charles Humreet Purron de), wag
born at Paris in 1717, and destined to supply his father's
place in the parliament of that city as a judge, as well as
that of his uncle in the same situation. He made choice
of the one of them that would give him the least trouble, apd
^ord him the most leisure for his benevolent projects.
Medicine was his favourite study. This he practised on
the poor only, with such an ardour and activity of mind»
that the hours which many persons give to sleep, he be-
stowed upon the assistan.ee of the sick. To make himself
more useful to them, he had learned to bleed, which ope-
ration he performed with all the dexterity of tlie most ex-
perienced surgeon. His disposition to do good appeared so
(early that when he was a boy, he used to give to the poor
the money which other boys spent in general in an idle and .
iiiiproii table manner. He was once very much in love with a
young lady of great beauty and accomplishment ; but;
Imagining that she would not make him a suitable assistant *
in .his attendance upon the poor, he gave over all thoughts
of marriage ; not veiy wisely, perhaps, sacrificing to the
extreme delicacy of one woman only his attachment ta.
that sex, in whose tenderness of disposition, and in whose
instinctive quickness of feeling, he would have foUnd that
reciprocation of bebevolence h^ was anxious tQ procure.-
He was so forcibly struck with the wretched situation of *
the great hospital of Paris (the Hotel Dieu, as it is called),
* Moteri,— Saxii Onomasticon.
<J H A M O U S 9 E T. lOJ
/
ifcere the dead, the dying, and the living, are very often
crowded together in the same bed (five persons at a iits^
occasionally occupying the same bed), that he wrote A
plan of reform for that hospital, which he shewed in ma-
nuscript to the famous John James Rousseau, requesting
hiffl to correct it for him. " What correction," replied
Rousseau, '^ can a work want, that one cannot read with-
out shuddering at the horrid pictures it represents ? What
is the end of writing if it be not to touch and interest the
passions ?" M. de Chamousset was occasionally the author
of many benevolent and useful schemes ; such as the esta-
blishment of the penny post at Paris ; the bringing good
water to that city ; a plan for a house of association, by
which any'man, for a amall sum of money deposited, may
be taken care of when he is sick ; and many others ; not
forgetting one for the abolition of begging, which is to
be found in ^^ Les vues d'un citoyen." M. de Chamousset
was now so well known as a man of active and useful bene-
volence, that M. de Choiseul (when he was in the war
department) made him, in 1761, intendant-geheral of the
military hospitals of France, the king, Louis XV. telling
him, ^' that he had never, since he came to the throne,
made out an appointment so agreeable to himself ;" and
added, ** I am sure I can never make any one that will be
of such service to my troops." The pains he took in this
employment were incredible. His attention to his situa-
tion was so great, and conducted with such good sense
and understanding, that the marshal de Soubise, on visiting
one of the great military hospitals at Dusseldorf, under
the care of M. de Chamousset, said, ** This is the first time
I have been so happy as to go round an hospital without
hearing any complaints." Another marshal' of France told
bis wife : ** Were I sick," said he, " I would be taken to
the hospital of which M. de Chamousset has the manage-
ment" M« de Chamousset was one day saying to die
minister, that he would bring into a court of justice the
peculation and rapine of a particular person. •* Gbd for-
bid you should !" answered the minister, " you run a risk
of not dying in your bed." " I had rather," replied he,
*^ die in any manner you please, than live to see my coun-
try devoured by scoundrels."
This good m^n died in 1773, at the age of 56 years
t>nly. He is supposed to have hastened his death by not
utking sufficient care of himself in bis illness^ saying
JO* C H A M O US S E T.
t|.Iways, wbfn pressed to do so, that he. bad not time 4o
^pare for it. He died as he lived, with the sentiments of
^ good Christian, and left a considerable sum of money in
charity ; not, however, without providing for his relations
?nd dependents, *
. CHAMPAGNE (Philip de), a celebrated painter, was
bori^ at Brussels in 1602. I}e discovered an inclination to
painting from his youth ;, and owed but little to masters for
the perfection be attained in it, excepting that he learned
landscape from Fouquiere. In all other branches of his art
nature was his master, and he is said to have followed. her
very faithfully. At nineteen years of age he set off foe
Italy, taking prance in his way.; bpt be pro9eede(j, a^ it
happened, no faii-ther ^han Paris, and Iqdged in, the college
of L?iop, \yhere foussin also dwejt; and these tvvo painter*
liecame very gpod friends. Du Chesne,- painter to queen
^lary of Medicis, was emplpyed about the paintings in the
palace of Luxembourg, and set Poussin and Champagne at
work under him. Poussin did a few. small pieqes in the
cieling, and Champagne drew some sipall pictures in the
flueen's apartment. Her majesty liked them so well, th^t
du Chesrie grew jealous of him ; upon- which Champagne,
|vho loved peace, returned to Brussels, with an intent tq
go through Germany into Italy. He was scarcely gat
there, when a letter came to him from the abbot of 8t.
Ambrose, who was surveyor of the buildings, to advertlW
Jiim of du Chesqe's death, and to invite him back to France.
He accordingly returned thither, and was presently made
director of fhe queen's paintings, vyho settled on him a
yearly pension of 12Q0 livres, and allowed him lodgings in
the palace of Luxembourg. Being a lover of his business^
he went through a great deal of it. There are a vast nuna-
ber of his pieces at Paris, and other parts of the. kingdoca i
and among other places, some of his pictures are to be
seen ip the chapter-house of Notre-dauie at Paris, and in
several churches in that city; without reckoning an in-»>
finity of portraits, which are noted for their likeness, 9,^
^ell as for being finished to a very high degree. The
queen also ordered him to paint the vault, of the Carmelites
church in the suburbs of St. James, where his crucitix is
much esteemed : but the best of his works is thousrht to be
his cieling in th<^ king's apartment at Vincennes, composed
pn the subject of the pes^ce in 1659. After this he yva,$
1 Last edition of this Dictionaryi-^Dict. ](iist. '
.CHAMPA G N E. lOS
made rector of tbe royal academy of painting, which office
he exercised many years.
He had been a long while famous in his profession, when
le Brun arrived at Paris from Italy ; and, thotigh le Brun
was soon at the head of the art, and made principal painter
to tbe king, he shewed no disgust at the preference that
was given to his detriment and loss. There is another in-
stance upon record of Champagne's goodness of disposition
and integrity. Cardinal Richelieu had offered to make his
fortune, if he would quit the queen-mother's service ; but
Champagne refused. The cardinal's chief valet-de-cham-
bre assured him farther, that whatever be would ask, bis
eminency would grant him : to which Champagne replied^
^' if the cardinal could make me a better painter^ the only
thing I am ambitious of, it would be something ; but since
that was impossible, the only honour be begged of his
eminency was the continuance of his good graces." It is
said, tbe cardinal was highly aflPected with the integrity of
the painter ; who, thougii he refused to enter into his ser-
vice, did not however refuse to work for him. Among
other things he drew his picture, and it is supposed to be
one of the best pieces he ever painted. Sir Robert Strange
had his portrait of Colbert, which he thought claimed a
rank with the finest of Vandyke's.
Champagne died in 1674, having been much beloved
by all that knew him, both as a good painter and a good
man. He liad a son and two daughters by bis wife, da
Chesne's daughter, whom he married after her father's
death : but two of these children dying before him, and the
third retiring to a nunnery (for she was a daughter), he left
)iis substance to John Baptiste de Champagne, his nephew.
John Baptiste was also born at Brussels, and bred up in
^be profession of painting under his uncle; whose mannelr
And gusto he always followed, though he spent fifteen
ffionths in Italy. He lived in the most friendly and: affec-
tionate manner with his uncle, and died professor. of the
ficademy of painting at Paris, in 1688, aged 42 years.*
CHAMPEAUX (William de), in Latin Campellensis,
^^ a native of the village of Cbampeaux near Melon, in
the province of Brie, and flourished in the eleventh and
twelftjj centuries. After studying law under Anselm, dean
of t)ie catl^edral church of Melun, he was ordained archr
* piJ Plles.-7Ar2ei^¥ille— Descainpf .r»l^ilKiB^<'n. — ^Strang^'^ Cati^ogue, p. 24,
106 CHAMPEAUX.
deacon of Paris, and appointed to read lectures on logic ih
the schools of that church. Some time after be retired
with some of his pupils to a monastery, in which was St.
Victor's chapel, near Paris, and there founded the abbey
of regular canons. He continued to teach in that convent,
and, as generally supposed, was the first public professor of
scholastic divinity. He was made bishop of Chalons in
1113, and died in Jan. 1121. None of his works are ex»
tant, for the *' Dialogue between a Christian and a Jew,**
printed under his name in the *^ Bibliotheca Patrum,**
belongs to Gilbert of Westminster. It is thought that be
wrote a book of sentences before Peter Lombard, of which
a MS copy was in the library of Notre^dame at Paris. He
maintained the doctrine of the Realists, who held that all
individual things partake of the one essence of their spe*
cies, and are only modified by accident. He had the ap-
pellation of the Venerable Doctor. Brucker has given a
long account of his disputes with Abelard, who was One of
his scholars, and who ventured to question the opinions of
his master, and leaving him, opened a school of his own at
Melun, where the splendour of his superior talents in dispu-
tation attracted general admiration,- and eclipsed the fame
of Cbampeaux. *
CHAMPIER (Benedict Curtius Symphorien), a most
voluminous medical and historical writer, was born in 1472>
After studying medicine he took his degree of doctor at
Pavia in 1515, and in 1520 was made consul at Lyons, an
honour which he again enjoyed in 1533, on returning
from Italy, whither he had accompanied Anthony duke of
Lorrain as bis army physician, and by whom he was
knighted for his bravery as well as skill. He died in 1 539
or 1540, after having founded the college of physicians at
Lyons. His works amount to twenty-four volumes, mostly
quarto, of which a list may be seen in our authorities, but
there is not one of them that can be noticed for excellence
fiither of niatter or style. Perhaps the' best of his histori-
cal compilations is, ** Les Grandes Chroniques des dues
de Savoie,v Paris, 1516, fol.'
CHAMPION (Anthony), a miscellaneous writer, was
the son of Peter Champion, a gentleman of an ancient and
respectal>le family, seated at St. Columb in Cornwall, who
acquired a considerable fortune as a merchant at Leghorn t
' DupiD.^Brucker. • Morcri.— Pict^ Hist.-. Saxli Oaomasticdii.
CHAMPION. lOT
he was bom February 5, 1724*5, at Groydon, m Surrey^
and received his first instruction in the Greek and Latin
languages at Cheam school in that couilty ; from whence^
in 1739, be was removed to Eton, and in Februfiry 1742,
became a member of the university of Oxford; having
been placed at St. Mary-hall, under the care of the rev*
Walter Harte, a celebrated tutor, who was selected at sc
later period by the earl of Chesterfield to finish his soii
Mr. Stanhope's education in classical literature. After
kaviog passed two years at Oxford, be was entered as a
student of law at the Middle^emple, where he continued
to reside to the day of his decease ; and was a bencher of
that society, to which he bequeathed one thousand pounds;
He served in two parliaments, having been elected in
1754 for the borough of St. Germain's, and in 1761 for
liskard in Cornwall ; but the same great modesty and re-
serve restrained him from displaying the powers of his very
discerning and enlightened mind in that illustrious assem*
Uy, which prevented him also from communicating to the
world his poetical effusions, a collection of which wai
published in an elegant volume in 1801, by William Henry
lord Lyttelton, who prefixed a biographical article, from
which the above account is taken. He died Feb. 22, 1801,
beloved and lamented, as his noble friend says, by all
who were acquainted with the* brightness of his genius, his
taste for the finer arts, his various and extensive learning,
and the still more valuable qualities of his warm and bene-
volent heart. From his *^ Miscellanies in prose and verse,j
English and Latin," it is discernible that he was a polite
acholar, and had many qualities of a poet, but not unmixed
with a love for those disgusting images in which Swift
delighted. *
CHAMPION (Joseph), a celebrated English penman,
was born at Chatham in 1709, and received his education
chiefly under Snell, who kept sir John Johnson's firee
writing-school in Foster-lane, Cheapside, and with whom
he served a regular clerkship; He kept a boaraing«-school
in St Paul's church-yard, and taught many of the nobility
and gentry privately. He was several years settled in the
New academy, in Bedford-street, where he had a good
number of scholars, whoca he instructed with great success;
iK^d he has x|ot hitherto been ejccelled in his art. Tha
108 CHAMPION.
year of his deftth we cannot preciaely ascertain. Hta firrt
performance appears to have been his ^^ Practical Arith-
metic/* 1733, 8vo; and in 1747 he publislied his <* Tutor's
assistant in teaching arithmetic/' in 40 plates, 4to. But
bis most elaborate and curious performance is bis ^^ Com*
parative Penmanship," 24 oblong folio plates, 1750. It is
engraved by Tborowgood, and is an honour to British pen*
manship in general. His '^ New and complete alphabets,'*
Mrjth the Hebrew, Greek, and German characters, in. 21
plates oblong folio, engraved by Bickham, . came out in
1754, and in 1758 he began to publish bis ^^ Living-^
hands," or several copy-books of the di^erent hands, in
common use, upwards of 40 plates, 4to. He contributed
47 folio pieces for Bickham's ^< Universal Penman," in
which he displays a beautiful variety, of writing, both for
use and, ornament. His principal pieces besides are ^' En*
grossing bands for young clerks," 1757. *^ The young
Penman's practice," . 1 760. " The Penman's employment,"
folio, 1759 — 1762. In 1754 he addressed and presented
to the Royal Society a large body of penmanship, in 20
leaves, folio, which remains in MS. ^
CHAMPLAIN (Samu£L de), born in Saintopge, waa
jient by Henry IV. on a voyage to the newly-discovered
continent of America, in quality of captain of a man of
war. In this expedition he signalized himself not less by
his courage than his prudence, and may be considered as
the founder of New France. It was he who caused the
town of Quebec to be built ; he was the first governor of
that colony, and greatly exerted himself in the settling of
a new commercial company at Canada. This company,
established in 1628, was called the company pf associates,
and the cardinal de Richelieu put himself at their head.
He published: "Voyages de la Nouyelle France, dite
Canada," 1632, 4to. He goes back to the first discoveries
^ade by Verazaiii, coming down to the year 1631. This
work is excellent in regard to ma.terial points, and the
simple and natural manner in which they are exhibited. If
he is censurable for any thing, it is for rather too much,
credulity. The author seems to be a person of sound,
judgment and strong resolution ; disinterested, and zealous
for the religion and interests of bis country. He was ex->
polled, with the French, from the colony in 1631^ huX
} Maisey't Qufum and Pfogreisof Lcttem
<<*
C H A M P L A I N. 109
when restored at the peace, be returned again in 1634,
afid was appointed governor-generaL He died about 1635.
Lake Champlain in North America bad its name from him.
He di>icovered it in 1608, and before his time it was called
CorIaer*s lake. ^
CHANDLER (Edward), a learned English prelate, was
the son of Samuel Chandler, esq, of the city of Dublin,
by bis wife Elizabeth, whose maiden name was Calvert.
Our prelate was probably born in that city, but received
bis academical education at Emanuel college, Cambridge,
where at the age of twenty-^five^ he commenced M. A. was.
ordained priest, and made chaplain to Lloyd, bishop of
Winchester, in 1693. He was prebendary of Pipa Minor,
April 27, 1697, and afterwards canon of Lichfield and
Worcester, He was nominated to the bishopric of Lich«
field, Sept 5, 1717, and consecrated at Lambeth, Nov. 17.
From that see he was translated to Durham^ Nov«.5, 1730 ;
and it was then publicly said that he gave 9000^. for that
opulent see, which is scarcely credible. He was, it is uni-
versally acknowledged, a prelate of great erudition, 'having
rendered himself justly valued and esteemed as a worthy
father of the church of England, and patron of the truth,
by his learning and convincing writings^ particularly *^ A
Defence of Christianity from the prophecies of the Old
Testament, wherein are considered all the objections
against this kind of proof advanced in a late Discourse on
the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion," Lon-
don, 1725, 8vo. This was reckoned a very learned and
daborate work, and compelled Collins to produce in 1 727
a second book, particularly in answer to the bishop of
Lichfield, which rank our author then held : this was en-
titled " The Scheme of Literal Prophecy considered," and
this occasioned a second antswer from the learned bishop,
entitled " A Vindication of the Defence of Christianity,:
from the prophecies of the Old Testament," published ii^
1728 : in this he largely and very solidly vindicates the
antkjuity and authority of the book of Daniel, and. the ap- .
plication of the prophecies there contained to the Messiah^ :
against Collins's objections; and also fully obviates v what i
he had farther advanced against the antiquity and univer-
sality of the tradition and expectation among the Jews .
ci*^cerning the Messiah. His other -publications were
•
* Moreri.— Diet. Hist.
no CHANDLER.
eight occasional Sermons, the *' Chronological Disserta*
tion^' prefixed to Aroald^s Ecclesiasticns, and a preface to a
posthumous work of Dr. Ralph Cadwortli% entitled ** A
Treatise concerning eternal and immutable Morality.^' He
died at his house in Grosvenor-square July 20, 1750, of
the stone, several large ones being found in his body,
when opened, and was buried .dt Farnham Royal^ in the
county of Bucks. Whilst he was bishop of Durham, he
gave 50L towards augmenting Monkwearmouth living, also
200/. to purchase a house for the minister of Stockton, and
2000/. to be laid out in a purchase for the benefit of cler-
gymen's widows in the diocese of Durham ; and it is re-
corded, much to his honour, tbat he nevex sold any of his
patent offices. ^
CHANDLER (Mary), an ingenious English lady^ sister
to the subject of the following article, was borii at Malms^
bury, in.Wiltshi/e, in 1687, and was carefully trained up
in the principles, of religion and virtue. As her father's
circumstances rendered it necessary tbat she should apply
herself to some business, she was brought up to that of a
milliner. But, as she had a propensity to literature, she
employed her leisure hours in perusitig the best modern
writers, and as many as she could of the antient ones,
especially the poets, as far as the best translations could
assist her. Amongst these, Horace was her particul:^ fa-
vourite, and she greatly regretted that she could not read
him in the original. She was somewhat deformed in her
person, in consequence of an accident in her childhood.
This unfavourable circumstance she occasionally made a
subject of her own pleasantry, and used to s&y, *^ That as
her person would not recommend her, she ttiust endeavour
to cultivate her mind, to make herself agreeable." This
she did with the greatest care, being an admirable oecono-
mist of her time ; and it is said, that she had so tnany ex-
cellent qualities in her, that though her first appearance
could create no prejudice in her favour, yet it was iitipos-t
sible to know her without valuing and esteeming her. ' She
thought the disadvantages of her shape were such, as gave
ber no reasonable prospect of being happy in the married
state, and therefore chose to remain single. She had,
however, an honourable offer from a worthy country gen-
1 Shaw's Hist, of Staffordshire. — Hutchinscn^s Durham. — Leland's View of
Dteisttcal Writers. — Gent Mag* vol. LXIII. in which there is an account of bis
family and descendants,— -Whiston's Life.— Nichols's Bowyer.
CHANDLER. lU
tleman, of considerable fortune, who, attracted merely bj
the goodness of her character, took a journey of an bun^-
dred miles to visit her at Bath, where she kept a milliner^9
shop, and where he paid her his acldresses. But she de*
dined his offers, and is said to have convinced him that
such a match could neither be for his happiness, nor her
own. She pi^blished several poems in an 8vo volume,
but that which she wrote upon '^ Bath'* was the best re-
ceived. It passed through several editions. She intended
to have written a large poeoi upon the being and attributes
of God, and did execute some parts of it, but did not live
to finish it. It was irksome to her to be so much confined
to her business, and the bustle of Bath was sometimes dis«
agreeable to her. She often languished for more leisure
and solitude : but the dictates of prudence, and a desire
to be useful to her relations, whom she regarded with the
warmest affection, brought her to submit to the fatigues
of ber business for thirty-five years. She did, however,
sometimes enjoy occasional retirements to the country
seats of some of her acquaintance; and was then extremely
delighted with the pleasures of solitude, on which she
wrote some beautiful, verses, and the contemplation of
the works of nature. She was honoured with the esteem
and regard of the countess of Hertford, afterwards
duchess of Somerset, who several times visited her._ Mr*
Pope also visited her at Bath, and complimented ber
for her poem on that place, and the celebrated Mrs. Rowe
was one of her particular friends. She bad the misfortune
of a very valetudinary constitution, which was supposed
to be, in some, measu/e, owing to the irregularity of her
form. By the advice of- Dr. Cheyne, she entered on a
vegetable diet, and adhered to it even to an extreme. She
died on the litb of September, 1745, in the fifty -eighth
year of her age, after about two days illness. *
CHANDLER (SaMU£L), an eminent dissenting minister,
was born at Hungerford, in Berkshire, in 1693, where bis
father was then pastor of a congregation of protestant dis-
senters. He early discovered a genius for literature, which
was carefuily cultivated ; and being placed under proper
masters, he^ made a very uncommon progress in clafisicel
learning, and especially in the Greek tongue. As it was
intended by his friends to bring him up for the ministry,
*' Cibber'B Lives* written by her brother.-^o|;. Brit
112 C H A N C L i: IL
he was sent to an academy at firidgewater ; l>ut was soon
removed to Gloucester, that he might becoihe a pupil to
Mr. Samuel Jones, a dissenting minister of great eriiditioii
and abilities, who had opened an academy in that city,!
afterwards transferred to Tewkesbury. Such was the at-
tenttonof that gentleman to the morals of bis pupils, and
to their progress in literature, and such the skill and dis-
cernment with which be directed their studies, that it was
a singular advantage to be placed under so able and ac-
complished a tutor. ' Chandler 'made the proper use of so
happy a situation, applying himself to his studies with
great assiduity, and particularly to critical, biblical, and
oriental learning. Among the pupils of Mr. Jones, were
Mr. Joseph Butler, afterwards bishop of Durham, and Mr.
Thomas Seeker, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury,
with whom he contracted a friendship that continued to the
end of their lives, notwithstanding the different views by
which their conduct was afterwards directed, and the dif-
ferent situations in which they were placed.
On leaving the academy, he continued bis studies at
Leyden, and these being finished, he began to preach
about July 1714; and being soon distinguished by his ta-
lents in the pulpit, he was chosen, in 1716, minister of
the presbyterian congregation at Peckham, near London,
in which station he continued some years. Here he en«
tered into the matrimonial state, and began to have an in-
creasing family, when, by the fatal South-sea scheme of
1720, be unfortunately lost the whole fortune which he
had received with bis wife. His circumstances being
thereby embarrassed, and his income as a ministef being^
inadequate to bis expences, he engaged in the trade of a
bookseller, and kept a shop in the Poultry, London, in
partnership with John Gray, who afterwards became a dis-
senting minister, but conformed, and had a living in York-
shire. Mr. Chandler continued this trade for about two
or three years, still continuing to discharge the duties of
tlie pastoral office. It may not be improper to observe,
that in the earlier part of his life Mr. Chandler was subject
to frequent and dangerous fevers; one of which confined
him more than three months, and threatened by its effects
to disable him for public service. He was, therefore, ad-
vised to confine himself to a vegetable diet, which he ac^
cordingly did, ai\d adhered to it for twelve years. Thia
produced so happy an alteration in his constitatioh; tha^
CHANDLER. 113
tbougli he tdPterwards returned t6 Ae usual way of living,
he enjoyed art uncommon share of^ spirits and vigour till
seventy; •
While Mr. Chandler was minister of the congregation at
Peckham, some gentlemen of the several denominations
of dissenters in the city, came to a resolution to set up and
support a weekly evening lectiite at the Old Jewry, for the
winter half year. The subjects to be treated in this lec-
ture were the evidences of natural and revealed religion,
and answers to the principal objections against them. Two
of the most eminent yoiuig ministers among the dissenters
were appointed for the execution of this design, of which
Mr. Chandler was One, and Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Lardner,
who is so justly celebrated for his learned writings, was
Another. But after some time this lecture was dropped,
and another of the same kind set up, to be preached by
eoe person only, it being judged that ip might then be
conducted with m6re consistency of reason and uniformity
of design; and Mr. Chandler was appointed for this ser-
vice. In the course of this lecture he preached some
sermons on the confirtnation which miracles gave to the
divhie mission of Christ, and the truth of his religion; and
vindicated the argument against th6 objections of Collins,
ill his ** Discourse of the grounds and reasons' of the
Christian religion;" These sermons, by the advice of a
friend, he enlarged, and threw into the forhi of a con-
tinued treatise, Tuid published in 17;25, 8vo, under the
following title: " A Vindication of the Christian Religion,
in two parts, I. A discburse on the nature and use of Mi-
racles ;* II. An answer to a late book, entitled a Discourse
on the grounds and reasons, of the Christian religion."
Having presented A copy of this book to archbishop Wake,
his grace expressed his sense of the value of the favour,
in a letter, which is sLn honourable testimony to Mr.
Chandler's merit. * It appears from the lietter, that the
archbishop did not then know that the author was any other
than a bookseller ; for he says r " I cannot but own myself
to be surprised to see so much good learning and just rea-
soning in a person of your profession ; and do thmk it a
pity you should not rather spend your time in writing books
than in selling them. But I am glad, since your circum-
stances oblige you to the latter, that you do not wholly
omit the former." Besides gaining the archbishop's ap-
. VpL. Dj;, . : I
I
114 C H A N D L E It
probation, Mr. Chandler^s performance considerably a^-^
vanced his reputation in general, and contributed to Iiis
receiving an invitation, about 1726, to settle as a minister
with the congregation in the Old Jewry, which was one of
the most respectable in London. 'Here he continued, first
as assistant, and afterwards as pastor, for the space of forty
years, and discharged the duties of the ministerial office
with great assiduity and ability, being much estecQied and
regarded by his own congregation, and acquiring a dis-
tinguished reputation, both as a preacher and a. writer*
His writings having procured him a high reputation for
learning and abilities, he might easily have obtained the
degree of D. D. and offers of that kind were made him ;
but for some time he declined the acceptance of a diploma,
and, as he once said in the pleasantness of conversation, " be-
cause so many blockheads had been made doctors.'' How-
ever, upon making a visit to Scotland, in company with his
friend the earl of Finlater and Seafield, he with great pro-
priety accepted of this honour, which was conferred upoa
him without solicitation, and with every mark of respect, by
the two universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow. He had
likewise the honour of being afterwards elected F. R. and
A. SS. the former in 1754. On the death of George II.
in 1760, Dr. Chandler published a sermon on that event,
in which he compared that prince to king David. This
gave rise to a pamphlet, which was printed in 1761, en-
titled " The History of the Man after God's own Heart ;'*
in which the author ventured to exhibit king David as an
example of perfidy, lust, and cruelty, fit only to be
ranked with a Nero or a Caligula; and complained. of the
insult that had been offered to the memory of the late
British monarch, by Dr. Chandler^s parallel between him
and the king of Israel. This attack occasioned Dr.
Chandler to publish, in the following year, " A Review of
the History of the Man after God's own Heart ;" in whiclji
the falsehoods and misrepresentations of the historian are
exposed and corrected. He also prepared for th^ press a.
more elaborate work, which was afterwards published in
2 vols. 8vo, under the following title : ". A Critical His-
tory of the Life of David ; in which the principal events
are ranged in order of time ; the chief objections of Mr.
£ayle, and others, against the character of t|iis prince^
a^d the scripture account of him, and the occurrences of
G H AN D L E R. US
biis reign^ af e examined and refuted ; and the psalms which
refer to him explained.^^ As this was the last, it was^
IScewise, one of the best of Dr. Chandler's productions.
The greatest part of this work was printed off at the time
of our author's death, which happened May 8, it 66, aged
seventy-three. During the last year of his life, he was
visited with frequent returns of a very painful disorder,
which he endured with great resignation and Christian for->
titude. He was interred in the burying-ground at Bun-
bill-fields, on the 16th of the month; and his funeral was
very honourably attended by ministers and other gentle-
men. He expressly desired, by his last will, that no de-
lineation of his character might be given in his funeral
sermon, which was preached by Dr. Amory. He had
several children ; two sons and a daughter who 'died before
him, and three daughters who survived him. His library
was sold the same year. ' «
Dr. Chandler was a man of very extensive learning and
eminent abilities; his apprehension was quick and his
jadgment penetrating ; he had a warm and vigorous ima-
gination ; he was a very instructive and animated preacher;
and his talents in the pulpit, and as a writer, procured him
very great and general esteem, not only among the dis-
senters, but among large numbers of the established
church. He was well known and much respected by many
persons of the highest rank, and was offered considerable
preferment in the church; but he steadily rejected every
proposition of that kind. He was principally instrumental
in the establishment of the fund for relieving the widows
aod orphans of poor protestant dissenting ministers : the
plan of it was first formed by him ; and it was by his in-
terest and application to his friends that many of the sub-
scriptions for its support were procured.
Dr. Chandler's other works were: 1. " Reflections on
the Conduct of the Modern Deists, in their late writings
against Christianity,*' 1727. 2. " A^ Vindication of the
Antiquity and Authority of Daniel's Prophecies," 1723.
3^ A translation of Limborch's " History of the Inquisi-
tion,'* 173!, 2^vols. 4to. To this he prefixed ** A lisirge
iisiiroductioti, concerning the rise and progress of perse-
cution, and the real and pretended causes of it." This
W4tt^ attacked by Dr. Berriman, in a pamphlet entitled
^' Brief Remarks on Mr. Chandler's Introduction to t!^^
Ilistory of the Inquisition." Our author published, in the
I 2
Hi C H A.N D L E R.
form of a letter, an answer to these ^^ Remarks/- which
engaged Dr. Berriman to write " A Review of hb Re-
marks,'* to which Mr. Chandler replied in " A second
Letter to William Berriman, D. D. &c. in which his Re-
view of his Remarks on the Introduction to the History of
the Inquisition is considered, and the Characters of St.
Athanasiusy and Martyr Laud, are farther stated^nd sup-
ported." This publication was soon followed by another,
entitled ** A Vindication of a passage of the Right Reve-
rend the Lord Bishop of London, in his second Pastoral
Letter, against the misrepresentations of William Berri-
man, D. D. in a Letter to his Lordship ;" and here the
controversy ended. 4. " The Dispute better adjusted
about the proper time of applying for a repeal of the Cor-
poration and Test Acts," &c." 1732, 8vo. 5» " A Para-
phrase and critical Commentary on the prophecy of Joel,"
1735, 4to. This was. part of a commentary on the whole
of the prophets, which he did' not live to finish. 6. " The
History of Persecution," 1736, 8vo. 7. " A Vindication
of the History of the Old Testament," in answer to Mor-
gan's " Moral Philosopher," 1741, 8vo. 8. " A Defence
of the Prime Ministry and Character of Joseph," 1742, 8vo.
9. " The Witjiesses of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ
re-examined, and their Testimony proved consistent,"
1744, 8vo. 10. " The Case of Subscription to explana-
tory articles of faith, &c. calmly considered," 1745, 8vo.
11. "A Letter to the rev. Mr. John Guyse, occasioned by
his two sermons on Acts ix. 20. in which the scripture no-
tion of pleaching Christ is stated and defended, and Mr.
Guyse's charges against his brethren ar<e considered and
proved groundless," 1729, 8vo. 12. " A second Letter
to the rev. Mr. John Guyse, in which Mr. Guys^'s latitude
and restrictive ways of preaching Christ are proved to be
entirely the same; the notion of preaching Christ is far-
ther cleared and defended ; the charge alledged against
him of defaming his brethren is maintained and supported ;
and his solemn arts in controversy are considered and ex-
posed," 1730, 8vo. 13. ^'A Letter to the right hon. the
Lord Mayor ; occasioned oy his lordship's noQiination of
five persons, disqualified by act of parliament, as fit and
proper persons to serve the office of Sheriffs, in which the
nature and design of the corporation act is impartially con-
sidered and stated," 1738, Svo. 14. "An Account of
the Conferences held in Nicholas-lane, Feb, JS, 17.34, be-
C H A N D L E ft. 117
tween two Romish priests and some protestant divines ;
with some remarks on a pamphlet entitled The Confer-
ences, &c. truly stated," 173r», 8vo. 15. " Cassiodori
Senatoris Complexiones in Epistolas, Acta Apostolorum,
& Apocalypsin, e vetustissimis Canonicoriim Veronensium
membranis nnper enitaj. Editio altera ad Florentinam
fideliter expressa, opera & cura Samuelis Chandleri,"
1722, 12mo. 16. "A short and plain Catechism, being,
an explanation of the Creed, Ten Commandments, and
the Lord's Prayer, by way of question and answer," 1742,
12mo. 17. ** Great Britain's Memorial against the Pre-
tender and Popery ; to which is annexed, the method of
dragooning the French protestants after the revocation of
the edict of Nantes," 1745, li2mo. This piece was thought
so seasonable at the time of the rebellion, that it passed
through ten editions. 18. "Many occasional sermons."
Dr. Chandler also wrote about fifty papers in the weekly
publication called " The Old Whig, or Consistent Pro-
testant." In 1768, 4 vols, of his sermons were published
by Dr. Amory, according to his own directions in his last
will ; to which was prefixed a neat engraving of him, from
an excellent portrait by Mr. Cbamberlin. He also ex-
pressed a desire to have some of his principal pieces re-
printed in 4 vols. 8vo ; proposals were accordingly pub-
lished for that purpose, but did not meet with sufficient
encouragement. But in 1777, another work of our author
was published, in 1 vol. 4to, " A Paraphrase and Notes
on the Epistles of St. Paul to the Galatians and Ephesians,
with doctrinal and practical Observations ; together with
a critical and practical Commentary on the two Epistles of
St. Paul to the Thessalonians." In this there are some
valuable criticisms, but all are not entitled to that praise.
Dr. Chandler also left in his interleaved Bible, a large
number of critical notes, chiefly in Latin, and which were
intended to be published ; but the design has not yet been
executed, and the four gentlemen to whom they were in-
trusted, Dr, Kippis, Mr. Fanfeer, Dr. Price, and Dr. Sa-
vage, are all dead, nor have we heard in what manner they
disposed of the copy. '
CHANDLER (Richard), D.D. an eminent scholar and
antiquary, was born in 1738, and educated at Magdalen-
college, Oxford, of which he was some time fellow. He
1 Biog. Brit— Nichols's Bowyar. — ^Lelaad'fl Deistical Writers.
1
118 CHANDLER.
took his degree of M. A. Oct 15, 1761, that of B. D. April
23, 1773, and in December of the same year that of D,D.
Having entered into holy orders, he had the college living
of Worldlyham, in Hampshire, and was afterwards rector
of Tilehurst, in Berkshire. His first appearance in the
republic of letters was as editor of the " Oxford Marbles,'*
in which capacity he was employed by the university. The
** Marmora Oxoniensia" were accordingly printed at the
Clarendon press, in a magnificent folio,, in 1763, with an
elegant Latin preface by the editor, and a very copious
index by his friend Mr. Loveday. Mr. Chandler also cof-
r^cted the mistakes of the former editors, and in some of
the inscriptions, particularly that of the Parian Chronicle,
supplied the lacuna by many ingenious conjectures.
His next publication arose from his connection with the
Dilletanti, a society so called, composed originally (in
1734) of some gentlemen who had travelled in Italy, and
were desirous of encouraging at home a taste for those ob-^
jects which had contributed so much to their entertainment
abroad. On a report of the state of this society's finances
in 1764, it appeared that they were in possession of a con-
siderable sum above what their current services required.
Various schemes were proposed for applying part of this
money to some purpose which might promote taste, and
do honour to the society ; ^.nd after some consideration it
was resolved, that persons properly qualified should be
$ent, with sufficient appointments, to certain parts of the
eas^, to collect information relative to the former state of
those countries^ and particularly to procure exact descrip-
tions of the ruins of such monuments of antiquity as are
yet to be seen in those parts. Three persons were accor-
dingly selected for this undertaking ; Mr. Chandler was
appointed to execute the classical part of the plan; the
province of architecture was assigned to Mr. Revett ; and
the choice of a proper person for taking views and copying
bas-reliefs, fell upon Mr. Pars, a young painter of pro-
mising talents.
These gentlemen embarked June 9, 1764, on board a ship
bound for Constantinople ; and were landed ^at the Darda-
nelles on the 25th of August. Having visited the Sigean
promontory, the ruins qf Troas, with the islands of Tenedos
and Scio, they arrived at* Smyrna on the 1 1th of September,
and from that city, as their head-quarters, they made seve-
ral excursions. In August 1765, they arrive^ at Athens;
CHANDLER. 119
vhere they sUid till June 1766"; visiting Marathon, Eleasis,
Salamisi Megara, and other places in the neighbourhood.
Leaving Athens, they proceeded by the little island of
Catauria, to Trsezene, Epidaurus, Argos, and Corinth.
Thence they visited Delphi, Patrae, Elis, and Zante ; and
OQ the 31st of August they set sail for Bristol, and arrived
in England November 2, following. The result of this
tour was published in 1769, under the title of " Ionian
Antiquities, published with permission of the society of
Dilletanti. By R. Chandler, M. A. F. S. A. N. Revett,
arcliitect, and W. Pars, painter.'* Imp. fol. a volume which
while ic did honour to the society, amply justified the ex-
pectations formed of the talents employed.
In 1774, Mr. (now Dr.) Chandler, published what maybe
considered as a valuable supplement to the collections of
ancient inscriptions by Oruter, Muratori, &c. under the
title of ^^ Inscriptiones antiquse, plerasc^ue nondum edita;,
in Asia Minore et Graecia, fMrgesertim Athenis collectae,"
fol. Clarendon press. The year following he g'*?»tified a
much larger proportion of the public by his " Travels in
Asia Minor 5 or an Account of a Tour made at the expence
of the Society of Dilletanti," 4to, a work of considerable
learning, and replete with curious information. This was
immediately followed by his "Travels in Greece," 1776,
4to : the principal part of this volume consists of a descrip-
tion of Attica and its celebrated capital Athens, which is
highly interesting, although, both in this and the preceding
volume of travels, there are marks of carelessness ^nd haste
which frequently obscure the author's meaning.
Id 1802, he published " The History of Ilium or Troy:
including the adjacent Country^ and the opposite Coast of
the Chersonesus of Thrace.''
After his return from his travels, Dr^ Chandler, if we are
not mistaken, resided chiefly on his living at Tileburst, where
he undertook, at the instance of the late Mr. Loveday of Ca-
versham, to collect materials for a life of William Waynflete,
founder of Magdalen college. These he had put together in
a state fit for the press as early as 1791, but why he did not
then publish them does not appear. Before his death he
gave the MS. to the late Charles Lambert, esq. F. S. A. of
the Inner Temple, with a request that he would arrange
the notes and prepare the whole for publication in the best
and speediest manner possible. The notes, however, ivere
found in a very confused state, and we suspect that, if th^
learned author had himself revised the work; he would
120 C H A N'D L E R.
have discovered other imperfections. It itas, hOwevei*^
published in an elegant volunae in 1811, 8vo, and jnay be,
considered as a very valuable addition to collegiate history.
Dr. Chandler died at Tilehurst-house, Feb. 9, 1810, leav-
ing by h^s wife Miss Dorrien, whom he piarried in 1785, a
son and daughtfer..*
CHANTEREAU-LE-FEBURE, or LE FEVRE(Loui$),
a learned French antiquary, was born at Paris, Sept. 12,
1588, and became highly distinguished for general erudi-
tion, and especially for his knowledge of civil and canon
law, history, politics, and the belles lettres. Nor was he
less admired for the excellence of his private character.
Louis XIII. made him intendant of the fortifications of the
gabelles, or excise on salt, &c. in the principality of Sedan,
and lastly intendant of the finances of the duchies of Bar-
and Lorrain. He compiled, from original records, " His-
torical Memoirs of the Houses of Lorrain and Bar f ^ the
first part of which only was published at Paris,. 1642, folio.
He also published other works on detached parts of French,
history ; and after his death, his son published his " Trea-
tise on Fiefs,'' 1662, folio, in which he m^ntains an opi-
nion, which has been thought to be erroneous, viz. that
hereditary fiefs commenced only after the time of Hugh
Capet. He died at Paris in 1^358.*
CHANTREAU (Peter Nicholas), an ingenious French
writer, the son of an advocate, was born at Paris in 1741,
and became teacher of the French language- in a military
school in Spain, where he published a French grammar,
entitled "Arte de Hablar bien Frances," Madrid, 4to,
which went through six editions. On his return, to France
he was appointed pfolessor of history in the central school
of Gers, and afterwards in the imperial school at Fountain-
bleau. He died at Auch, Oct. 15, 1808. His works were,
1. ** Dictionnaire des mots et usages introduits par la revo-
lution,*' 8vo, a curious medley of cant phrases, which he
published under the name of M. L'Epithete of Politicopolis.
2. "Voyage dans les troisrOyaumesd'Angleterre, d'Ecosse,
et d'Irlande:" this journey he took in 1788 and 1789, and
the work appeared in 1792, 3 vols. 8vo. 3. " Lettres
ecrites de Barcelonne a un zelateur de la libert6 qui voyage
en Allemande," 1792, 8vo. 4. "Voyage philosophique,
politique, et litteraire, fait en Russie pendant les ann^es
» Gfnt. Mag. 1810 Month. Rev. vols. XUI. LIT. LIV. and LV.— Nichols's
lowyer. * Morcri. — Diet. Hl«t.
C H A N T ,R E A U. 121
1788 and 1789, &c.'' 2 vOi)s. SrOj replete with curious and
original informaiioTi. 5. >' Essai didactique sur la forme
que doivent avoir les livres eiementaires 'faits pour lea
ecotes nationaies/' 1795, 8vo. 6. " Tables chronolo-
giqaes,*' a translation of Blair's Chronology, 1797, 4to.
7. The Index to Beaumarchais's edition of Voltaire's works^
which forms the 71st and 72d voluTne of that edition. S«
'' Rudimens de Thistoire," a work of very considerable
merit 9. " La Science de Thistoire,*' 1803, et seqq. 4 vols.
4to. This work is peculiarly happy in the plan, and judi-
citus and accurate in its execation. 10. ^^ Histoire de
France abreg^e et chronologique depuis les Gaulois et les
Francs jusqu'en 1808," 2 vols. 8vo. *
CHAPELAIN (John), a celebrated French poet, was*
born at Paris Dec. 4, 1595, and having been educated
under Frederic Morel, Nicholas Bonrbon, and other emi-
nent masters, became tutor to the children of the marquis
delaTronsse, grand marshal of France, and afterwards-
steward to this nobleman. Puring an abode of seventeen
years in this family, be translated " Guzman d'Alfarache,"
from the Spanish, and directed his particular attention to
poetiy. He wrote odes, sonnets, the last words of cardinal
Richelieu, and other pieces of poetry ; and at length dis*
tioguished himself by bis heroic poem called ^' La Pucelle,''
Or " France delivr6e." Chapelain was thought to have
succeeded to the reputation of Malherbe, and after his'
death was reckoned the prince of the French poets. Gras-'
sendi, who was his frielid, has considered him in this light;
and says, that ^Hhe French muses have found some com-
fort and reparation for the loss they have sustained by the
death of Malherbe, in the person of Chagelain, who has
now taken the place of the defunct, and is become the
arbiter of the French language and poetry.^' Sorbiete has
tiot scrupled to say, that Chapelain '^ reached ^ven Virgil
himself in heroic poetry ;'' and adds, that *^ he was a man of'
great erudition as well as modesty." He possessed this
glorious reputation for thirty years ; and, perhaps, might
have possessed it now, if he had suppressed the " Pucelle,:'*
but the publication of this poem id 1656, ruined his
poetical character, in spite of all attempts of his friends to
support it. He had employed a great many years about it;
die expectation of the public, was raised to the utmost;
and, as is usual in such cases, disappointed* The conse*
1 Diet. Hist.
JS5J e H A P E L A I N.
quence of this was, that he was afterwards set as mach too
low in his poetical capacity as perhaps before be was too
high.
Cbapelain died at Paris, Feb. 22, 1674, aged seventy^
i>ine. He was of the king's counsellors ; very ricb, and
had some amiable qualities, but was covetous. '^ Pelisson
and I,^' says Menage, ^^ had been at variance a long time
with Chapelain ; but, in a fit of humility, he called upon
me and insisted that we should go and offer a reconciliation
to him, for that it was his intention, *^ as much as possible^
to live in peace with all men." We went, and I protest I
saw the very same billets of wood in the chimney which I
had observed there twelve years before. He < had 50,000
crowns in ready cash by him ; and bis supreme delight was
to have his strong box opened and the bags taken out^
that he might contemplate his treasure. In this manner
were his bags about him when he died ; which gave occa-
sion to a certain academician to say, " there is our friend
Chapelain just dead, like a miller among his bags." He
had no occasion therefore to accept of cardinal Richelieu's
offer. Being at the height of his reputation, Richelieu,
who was fond of being thought a wit lis well as a statesman,
and was going to publish something which he would have-
pass for an excellent performance, could not devise a bet*
ter expedient than prefixing Chapelain's name to it.
" Chapelain," says he, " lend me your name on this oc-
casion,^ and I will lend you my purse on any other." The
learned Huet endeavoured to vindicate bis great poem,
bi^t could not succeed against the repeated attacks of
Boileau, Racine, and Fontaine. Chapelain, however, was
a man of learning, and a good critic, and he has found an
able defender in the abb^ d' Olivet, in his History of the
French Academy. It was at the desire of Malberbe and
Vaugelas that Chapelain wrote the famous preface to the
'^ Adone" of Marino; audit was he who corrected the
very first poetical composition of Racine, his *^ Ode to the
Queen," who introduced Racine to Colbert, and procured
him a pension, for which Racine repaid him by joining
the wits in decrying his poem.^
CHAPELLE (Armand de la), minister of the Walloon
church at the Hague, died in that city in 1746. He was
reputed a man of great piety and learning, and deserves.
1 Moreri. — Diet Hist — Biographic Gallica.
G H A P E L L 5- 128
jftotice here as the editor of the " Bibliothcqnc Anglaise,''
a species of Review, which he carried on from 1716 to
1727, making 15 vols. 12mo, and of the ** Bihliotheque
raisonn^ des Ouvrages des Savans/' from July 1728 to
June 1735, 14 vols. In these he bad the occasional as-
sistance of other literary men, and they contain many va-»
luable pieces of criticism. He also translated Ditton on
the " Resurrection," and a treatise on the ** Necessity of
public Worship," the latter in favour of the protestants of
Langaedoc. *
CHAPELLE (Claude Emanuel Lullier), a celebrated
French poet, called Chapelle from the place of his nativity,
a village between Paris and St. Denys, was born in 1621.
He was the natural son of Francis Lullier, a man of con-
siderable rank and fortune, who was extremely tender of
him, and gave him a liberal education. He had the cele-*
brated Gassendi for his master in philosophy ; but he dis-
tinguished himself chiefly by his poetical attempts. There
was an uncommon ease in all he wrote ; and he was ex-
cellent in composing with double rhymes. We are obliged
to him for that ingenious work in verse and prose, called
" Voyage de Bachaumont," which he wrote in conjunc-
tion with Bachaumont. Many of the most shining parts
in Moliere's comedies it is but reasonable to ascribe to
him : for Moliere consulted him upon all occasions, and
paid the highest deference to his taste and judgment. He
was intimately acquainted with all the wits of his time, and
with many persons of quality, who used to seek his com-
pany : and we learn from one of his own letters to the
marquis of Chilly, that he had no small share in the favour
of the king, and enjoyed, probably from court, an annuity
of 8000 livres. He is said to have been a very pleasant,
but withal a very voluptuous man. Among other stories
in the Biographia Gallica, we are told that Boileau met-
him one day ; and as be had a great value for ChapAle,
ventured to tell him, in a very friendly manner, that " bis
inordinate love of the bottle would certainly hurt him."
Chapelle seemed very seriously affected ; but this meeting
happening unluckily by a tavern, " Come," says he, " let
us turn in here, and I promise to attend with patience to
all that you shall say." Boileau led the way, in hopes
q{ coQverting him> but both preacher and hearer became
1 Diet. Hist.
124 C H A P £ L L E.
so intoxicated that they were obliged to be sent home in
separate coaches. Chapelle died in 1686, and his poetical
works and " Voyage** were reprinted with additions at the
Hague in 1732, and again in 17 5^, 2 vols. 12mo.^
CHAPELLE (John de la), the descendant of a noble
family, was born at Bourges in 1655, and came to Paris in
his youth, where he was trained up to business, and ob-
tained the place of receiver-general of the finances at
Rochelle. During this employment he found leisure to
indulge his taste for polite literature, and the prince of
Conti having heard of his merits made him one of his se-
cretaries in 1687. The prince also sent him into Swisser-
land on political business, and the king being afterwards
informed of his talents, employed him in the same capa-
city. La Chapelle disclosed his knowledge of the politics
of Europe in a work printed at Paris in 1703, under the
disguise of Basil, in 8 vols. 12mo, entitled " Lettres d'un
Suisse a tin Frangois," explaining the relativp interest of
the powers at war. He wrote also " Memoires historiques
sur la Vie d'Armand de Bourbon, prince de Conti," 1659,
4to, and, if we are not mistaken, translated and published
in English in 1711, 8vo. He also wrote poetry, and some
dramas, in which last he was an unsuccessful imitator of
Kacine. In 1688 he was admitted a member of the French
academy. He died at Paris in 1723.*
CHAPMAN (George), a dramatic poet, and translator
of Homer, was born in. 1557, as generally supposed, in
Kent, but we have no account at what school he was edu-
cated : he was, however, sent to the university when he
was about seventeen years of age, and spent about two
years at Trinity college, Oxford, where he paid little at-
tention to logic or philosophy, but was eminently distin-
guished for his knowledge in the Greek and Roman clas-
sics. About the year 1576 he quitted the university, and
repaired to the metropolis, where he commenced a friend-
ship with Shakspeare, Spenser, Daniel, Marlow, and other
celebrated wits. In 15^5 he published, in 4to, a poent
entitled ** Ovid's Banquet of Sauce, a coronet for his
mistress philosophy, and his amorous zodiac f to which
he added, a translation of a poem into English, called
** The amorbus cdntention of Phillis and Flora," written in
Latin by a friar in 1400. The following year he published
* Moreri. — ^Dict. Hiit.— Bioyraphia Gallica. * Moreri. — Diet. Hist,
CHAPMAN. 125
i» 4io, ** Tbe Shield of Achilles,^ from Homer ; and soon
after, in the same yesvr^ a translation of seven books of the
Iliad, in.4to. In 1600, fifteen books were printed in a
thin folio ; and lastly, without date, an entire translation
of the Ili^d, in folio, under the follo'wing title: ^'The
Iliads of Homer, Prince of Poets. Never before in any
language truly translated. With a comment upon some
of his chief places: done according to the Greek by
Qeorge Chapman. At London, printed by Nathaniel
Butter."
. In 1598 he produced a comedy entitled '^ The Blind
Beggar of Alexandria, most pleasantly discoursing his va- .
rious humours, in disguised shapes, full of conceit and
pleasure,'' 4to, biit hot divided either into acts or scenes,
and dedicated to the earl of Nottingham, lord high ad-
miral. The following year he published another comedy
in 4to, called ^* Humorous Day's Mirth," which was acted
by the earl of Nottingham's servants. He is said to have
bjeen much countenanced and encouraged by sir Thomas
Walsingham, who, as Wood informs us, had a son of the
same name, ^' whom Chapman loved from his birth."
Henry, prince of Wales, and Carr, earl of Somerset, also
patronized him; but the former dying, and tbe lat^r be*
ii^g disgraced, Chapman's hopes of preferment oy their
means were frustrated. His interest at court was likewise
probably lessened by the umbrage taken by king James at
some reflections cast. on the Scotch nation- in a comedy
called <^ Eastward Hoe," written by Chapman, in con«
junction with Ben Jonson and John Marston. He is sup*
posed, however, to have had some place at court, either
under king James, or his queen Anne.
In 1 605 he published a comedy in 4to, called '^ All
Fools," the plot of which is founded on Terence's Heauton«>
titnorumenos, and which was performed at Black Friars.
Jacob says that ^< it was accounted an escellent play in
those days, aiKi was acted before king James." The foU
lowing year be produced two other comedies ; one called
*^ The Gentleman Usher," and the other '^ Monsieur
D'Olivc." They were btfth printed in quaito: it is un-
certain whether the first was ever performed ; but tbe latter
was often acted with success at Black Friars. In 1607 he*
published in 4to, " Bussy d' Amboise, a Tragedy," which'
was often exhibited at St. Paul's in the reign of James I.
and after tbe Restoration was revived with success. The
126 CHAPMAN.
I
sume year he publidied in 4to, ** Caeaar and Pompey^ s
Roman Tragedy^ declaxing' their wars, out of whose events
is evicted this proposition, Only a just nian is a free nian.''
The following year he produced *^ The Conspiracy and
Tragedy of Charles, duke of Biron, marshal of France,"
4to, performed at Black Friars, in two parts. In 1611 he
published in 4to, " May-day," which is styled a witty
comedy, and. which was acted at Black Friars ; and in 1612
another comedy, called *f The Widow'^ Tears ;" acted
both at Black and White Friars. It has been observed,
that ^^ some parts of this play are very fine, and the inci*
dents affecting and interesting:" but the catastrophe is
thought exceptionable.
About this time he published an *^ Epicede, or Funeral
S9ng on prince. Henry ;" and when the societies of Lin-
coln's Inn and the Middle Temple, in 1613, had resolved
to exhibit a splendid masque at Whitehall, in honour of
the nuptials of the Palsgrave and the princess Elizabeth,
Chapman was employed for the poetry, and Inigo Jones
for the machinery. The same year he published, in 4to,
a tragedy entitled ^ Bussy d'Amboise his Revenge," not
acted with much applause. In 1714 he published in 4to^
'^ Andromeda liberata; or, the Nuptials of Perseus and-
Andromeda,'' dedicated, in a poetical epistle, to Robert, -
earl of Soolerset, and Frances, his countess. The same -
year he printed his version of the " Odyssey," which he -
also dedicated to the earl of Somerset. This was soon fol- -
lowed by the " Batrachomuomachy," and the " Hymns,'*"
and ^^ Epigrams." In 1616 he published in 12mo, a trans*
lation of *^ Musaeus," with a dedication to Inigo Jones, iiv •
which he is addressed as the most skilful and ingenious
architect that England had yet seen. Mr. Warton re-
marks, that *^ there was an intimate friendship between our -
author and this celebrated restorer of Grecian palaces.**
Chapman also published a paraphrastic translation, in
ver^, of Petrarch's " Seven Penitential Psalms," with " A
Hymn to Christ upon the Cross;" " The Tragedy of Al-
phonsus, emperor of Germany ;" " Revenge for Honour,'*
a tragedy ; and some attribute to him the *^ Two Wise ^
Men," a comedy. He is also supposed to have translated -
^' Hesiod," but it does not appear to have been printed.
He died in 1634, at the age of seventy-seven, and was •
buried on the south side of St. Giles's church in the Fields^ ^
His friend Inigo Jones planned and erected a monument
CHAPMAN. 127
lo his memory, which was unfortunately destroyed with
the old church. He appears to have been much respected
Id his own time ; and, indeed, the man who communicated
Homer to his countrymen, even in such language as that
of Chapman, might justly be considered as their benefac-«
tor; and in > estimating the merit of his version, candid
allowance ought to be made for the age in which he lived,
and the then unimproved state of our language. Of this
translation Mr. Warton says, Chapman ^' is sometimes
paraphrastic and redundant, but more frequently retrenches
or impoverishes what he could not feel and express. In
the mean time be labours with the inconvenience of an'
aukward, inharmonious, and unheroic measure^ imposed
by custom, but disgustful to modern ears. Yet he is not
always without strength or spirit. He has enriched our
language with many compound epithets, much in the
manner of Homer, such as the stiver-footed Thetis, the
silver-thomed Juno, the triplet-feathered helme, the high^
walled Thebes, thefair^fiaired boy, the siher-Jiomng floods, .
the hugely-peopled towns, the Grecians navy^bound, the
strong-winged lance, and many more which might be col-
lected. Dryden reports, that Waller never could read
Chapman^s Homer without a degree of transport. Pope is
of opinion that Chapman covers his defects ^ by a daring
fiery spirit, that animates his translation, which is some-
thing like what one might imagine Homer himself to have
written before he arrived to years of discretion.' But his
fire is too frequently darkened by that sort of fustiaii which
now disfigured the face of our tragedy." Mr. Warton's
copy once belonged to Pope ; in which he has noted many
of Chapman's absolute interpolations, extending sometimes
to the length of a paragraph of twelve lines. A diligent
observer will easily discern that. Pope was no careless
reader of his rude predecessor. Pope complains that
Chapman took advantage of an unmeasureable length of
line : but in reality. Pope's lines are longer than Chap-
nan's. If Chapman affected the reputation of rendering
line for line, the specious expedient of chusing a pro-
tracted .measure which concatenated two lines together,
UQdoiibtedly favoured his usual propensity to periphrasis.
— As a dramatic writer, he had considerable reputation
among his contemporaries, and was justly esteemed for the
escelteoce of his moral character. Wood says that he was
128 CHAPMAN.
a person of most reverend aspect, religious and temperate,
qualities rarely meeting in a poet.'' ^
CHAPMAN (George), LL. D. a learned schoolmaster
in Scotland, was born at Alvab in the county of Banff, in
August 1723, and educated at the grammar-school of Banff,
whence in 1737 he removed to King's college, Aberdeen,
puring the academical vacation, which lasts from April
to October, he engaged as a private tutor ill the family of
a gentleman, by whose interest he was appointed master
of the school of Alvah, and bein^ indulged w;th a substi-
tute, he continued his academical course until April 174!,
when he took the degree of master of arts. Feeling now a
strong propensity to tuition, in order to qualify himself for
conducting some respectable establishment of that kind,
and in a situation of great publicity, he became assistant
teacher in the grammar-school of Dalkeith. On the re-
commendation of his friend and patron Dr. George Stewart,
professor of humanity in the university of Edinburgh, he
was in February 1747 admitted joint master of the gram-
mar-school, of Dumfries with Mr. Robert Trotter, on whose
resignation from age and infirmity, three years after, Mr.
Chapman was promoted to be rector or head-master ; and
in this laborious office he continued with increasing reputa-
tion and success, until Martinmas 1774. A few years after
he had formed and experienced the good effects of the
plan of education which he adopted in this seminary, he
committed it to writing, and occasionally submitted it, in
die various stages of progression, to the inspection and ob-
servations of his particular friends, of whose animadversions
he availed himself by subjecting them to the test of atten-
tive experiment. In the autumn of 1774, desirous of some
relief from his accumulated labours, the consequence of his
extensive fame as a teacher, be resigned his office in the
achool, and confined himself to the instruction pf a few
pupils who boarded in his house, until conceiving that this
limited kind of academy, which parents were often solicit-
ing him to enlarge, might affect the interest of his succes-
sor in the school, he removed, in ISOi, to Inchdrewer near
Banff, a farm that had long been occupied by his father,
and to the lease of which he had succeeded on his death.
^ Bio;. Brit. — Wartoa's Hist, of Pbetry, see luclex.— Bifg. Dram.^r^Cibb^iH
Lives. — Ellis's Specimens.— Malone's Drydea^ vol. III. p. 5^. IV. p. 2b7. —
Nichols's Miscellany Poems. -
CHAPMAN; 129
On this he erected a handsome dwelIing-bouse> capable
of accommodating: a considerable number of boarders for
tuition, an employment he could never relinquish, and for
which few men were better qualified. He afterwards re-
ceived the degree of LL. D. from the Marischal college of
Aberdeen^ and about the same time removed to Edinburgh
to superintend a printing-house for the benefit of a rela-
tioa, and occasionally gave his assistance to the students of
the university. He died at his house in Rose-street, Edin-
burgh, Feb. 22, 1 806, in the eighty-third year of his age,
leaving a character, as a schoolmaster and a gentleman,
which will not soon be forgotten by his numerous pupils
and friends. His publications were; 1. ^^A treatise oa
Education," 1773, 8vo, already noticed, and which added
much to his reputation. It is now in the fifth edition.
2. << Hints on the Education of the Lower Ranks of the
People, and the appointment of Parochial Schoolmasters.*'
3. " Advantages of a Classical Education, &c." 4. " An
abridgment of Mr. Ruddiman^s Rudiments and Latin
Grammar." 5. *^ East India Tracts ; viz. Collegium Ben-
galense, a Latin poem. Translation and Dissertation."
This Latin poem, in Sapphic verse, and in which there is
a considerable portion of fancy, with correct versification^
may be considered as a very uncommon instance of vigouif
of mind at the advanced age of eighty-two. A new edi-
tion of his works, for the benefit of his family, was an-»
nounced soon after his death, in a ^^ Sketch of his Life,**
published in 1808, 8vo, and was^to have been sent to press
as soon as a requisite number of subscriptions were receiv-
ed, but we are sorry to find that this undertaking has not
been so liberally patronized as might have been expected..^;
CHAPMAN (John), D. D. was the son of the rev, Wil-
liam Chapman, rector of Stratfield-sjly in Hampshire^
where he was probably born in 1704. He. was educated at
King's college, Cambridge, A. B. 1727, and A. M. 1731*
His first promotion was the rectory of Mersham in Kent^
and of Alderton, with the chapel of Smeeth ; to which he
>as appointed in 1739 and 1744, being then domestic
chaplain to archbishop Potter. He was also archdeacon
of Sudbury, and treasurer of Chichester, two options.
Being educated at Eton, he was a candidate for the pro^
vostship of that college, and lost it by a small majority^
i Sketch as above,
V0L,iX. K
130 (5 S A P M A T^;
And after a most severe contest with Dr. George. Among
bis papils he had the honour to class the first lord Cam-
den, Ur, Ashton, Horace Walpole, Jacob Bryant, sir W.
Draper, sir George Baker, and others who afterwards at-
tained to considerable distinction in literature. His first
publication was entitled " The Objections of a late anony-
mious writer (Collins) against the book of Daniel, consi-
dered," Cambridge, 1728, 8vo. This was followed by his
" Remarks on Dr. Middleton's celebrated Letter to Dr.
Waterland," published in 1731, and which has passed
through three editions. In his " Eusebius," 2 vols. 8vo,
he defended Christianity against the objections of Mor-
gan, and against those of Tindal in his " Primitive Anti-
quity explained and vindicated." The first volume of
Eusebius, published in 1739, was dedicated to archbishop
Potter ; and when the second appeared, in 1741, Mr.
Chapman styled himself chaplain to his grace. In the
fame year he was made archdeacon of Sudbury, and was
honoured ^itb the diploma of D. D. by the university of
Oxford. He is at this time said to have published the
'* History of the ancient Hebrews vindicated, by Theo-
phanes'Cantabrigiensis," 8vo ; but this was the production
0f Dr. Squire. He published two tracts relating to
** Phlegon," in answer to Dr. Sykes, who had maintained
that the eclipse mentioned by thsit writer had no relation to
the wonderful darkness that happened at our Saviour's Cru-
cifixion. In 1733 Dv. Chapman published a sermon
preached at the consecration of bishop Mawson, and four
other single sermons, 1739, 1743, 1748, and 1752. In a
dissertation written in elegant Latin, and addressed to
Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Tunstall, then public orator of the
urtiversity of Cambridge, and published with bis Latin
€^pistle to Dr. Middleton concerning the genuineness of
some of Cicero's epistles, 1741, Dr. Chapman proved that
Cicero published two Editions of his Academics ; an ori-
ginal thought that bad escaped all former commentators,
and which has been applauded by Dr. Ross, bishop of Exe-
ter, in his edition of Cicero's " Epistolae ad famiiiares,'*
1749. In 1744 Mr. Tunstall published "Observations on
the present Collection of Epistles betvveen Cicero and M.
Brutus^ representing several evident marks of foi^ery in
those epistles," &c. to which iivas added a *^ Letter from
D^r. Chapman, on the ancient numeral characters of the
Koman legions." Dr. Middleton had asserted, that the
CHAPMAN*
131
Roman getieraU, when they had occasion to raise new
legions in distant parts of the empire, used to name them
according to the order in which they themselves had raised
them, without regard to any other legions whatever. This
notion Dr. Chapman controverts and confutes. According
to Dr. Middleton there might have been two thirtieth le-
gions in the empire. This Dr. Chapman denies to have
been customar}' from the foundation of the city to the time
when Brutus was acting against Anthony, but affirms no-
thing of the practice after the death of Brutus. To this
Dr. Middleton made no reply. In 1745 Dr. Chapman was
employed in assisting Dr. Pearce, afterwards bishop of
Rochester, in his edition of ^^ Cicero de Officiis*." About
this time Dr. Chapman introduced Mr. Tunstall and Mn
Hall to archbishop Potter, the one as his librarian, the
other as his chaplain, and therefore bad some reason to
resent their taking an active part against him in the option
cause, though they both afterwards dropped it. Dr. Chap*
man's aboVe-mentioned attack on Dr. Middleton, which be
could not parry, and his interposition in defence of his
much-esteemed friend Dr. Waterland, provoked Dr. Mid-
dleton to retaliate in 1746, by assailing him in what he
thought a much more vulnerable part, in his Charge to the
archdeaconry of Sudbury, entitled " Popery the true bane
of letters." In 1747, to Mr. Mounteney's edition of some
•elect orations of Demosthenes, Dr. Chapman prefixed in
Latin, without his name, observations on the Commenta*
ries commonly ascribed to Ulpian, and a map of aneient
Greece adapted to Demosthenes. Mr. Mounteney had
been schoolfellow with Dr. Chapman at Eton, and was
afterwards a baron of the exchequer in Ireland. If arch-
bishop Potter had lived to another election, Dr. Chapman
was intended for prolocutor. As executor and surviving
trustee to that prelate, his conduct in that trust, particularly
his presenting himself to the precentorship of Lincoln, void
* This Dr. Chapman always called
''our edition." Its excellence was
MBaUoDed with high eBComiutn by a-
cardinal at Rome to Mr. Guthrie.
Our author's aisistance was thus
acknowledged in the preface : " Ne
qaid rero huic editioni deesset quod
^ me parari posset a doctis&imis
quibusdam viris, amicis meis, im-
petraTi, ut bos libros de officiis rele-
garent, et mecum sua <]uisque anno-
taU Gonunuaicarent. Gratis igituv
tibi, lector, ill is referendss sunt; in
primis eruditissimo Job. Chapmanno,
cujus non paucas notas & utiles fc
doctas meis adjunxi, ejus nomine ad
finem uniusicujusque apposito. Mulr
turn debet illi viro respublica literaria;
qui nonnuUa alia lectu dignissima jam
in lucem protuUt, plura (ut spero)
prolaturus, cum omni fere doctrinsi
generi se tradit, incredibili pene Ak
eadem felici diligentia.''
K 2
132 CHAPMAN.
by the death of Dr. Trimnell (one of his grace's options)^
was brought into chancery by the late Dr. Richardson^
when lord keeper Henley in 1760 made a decree in Dr.
Chapman's favour ; but, on an appeal to the house of lords,
the decree was reverse'd, and Dr. Richardson ordered to be
presented. . When Mr. Yorke had finished his argument,
in which he was very severe on Dr. Chapman, Mr, Pratt,
afterwards lord Camden, who had been his pupil, and Was
then his counsel, desired him, by a friend, not to be un-
easy, for that the next day he ^' would wash him as whit^
as snow." Thinking his case partially stated by Dr. Burn,
in his ^' Ecclesiastical Law," vol. I. (article Bishops), a»
it was taken from the briefs of his adversaries, he expostu-
lated with him on the subject by letter, to which the doctor
candidly replied, " that he by no means thought him ci-imr-
nal, and in the next edition of bis work would certainly
add his own representation." On this affair, however. Dr.
Hurd passes a very severe sentence in his correspondence
with Warburton lately published. Dr. Chapman died the
J 4th of October, 1784, in the 80th year of his age.*
CHAPMAN (Thomas), D. D. the son of John Chap-
man, of Billinghagn, in the county of Durham, was born at
that place in 1717, aud educated at Richmond school in
Yorkshire. He afterwards entered of Christ college,
Cambridge, where he took his degrees of A. B. 1737, A.M.
174], and obtained a fellowship. In 1746 he was chosen
master of Magdalen college, and had the degree of LL. D.
conferred on him in 1748, and that of D. D. in 1749. In
1748 he served the office of Tice- chancellor, and was ap-
pointed one of his majesty's chaplains. In 1749, he was
rector of Kirby-over-blbwer in Yorkshire, in 1750 he was
presented by the king to a prebendal stall in the cathedral
of Durham; and in 1758^ was appointed official to the
dean and chapter. He died sCt Cambridge, June 9, 1760,
in his forty-third year, and was. interred iu the chapel of
Magdalen college. " He died," says bishop Hurd, " in the
flower of his life and fortune ; I knew him formerly very well.
He was in bis nature a vain and busy man." t)r. Chap-
man is now known only by his ^' Essay on the Roman Se*-
nate," 1750, in which he coincides with Dr. Middleton's
opinion on the same subject. They were both animad-
1 Bibl. Topog. Dritan. — Harwood's AlunnDi Etonenseii.— Nichols's Bowyer.'-^
Lcland's Deistical Writers.
C H A P O N E. 133
verted on by Mr. Hooke^ the Roman historian^ in his
"Observations, &c." published in 1758, 4to. *
CHAPONE (Hester), an ingenious English lady, was
the daughter of Thomas Mulso, esq. of Twy well in North-
amptonshire, and was born Oct. 27, 1727. At a very
early age she exhibited proofs of a lively imagination and
superior understanding. - It is said that at nnie years of
age she composed a romance, entitled " The Loves of
Amoret and Melissa,*' which, we. are told, exhibited "fer-
tility of invention, and extraordinary specimens of genius."
Her mother was a beauty, with ail the vanity that unhap-
pily attaches to beauty, and fearing that her daughter's
understanding might become a more attractive object than
the personal charms on which she valued* herself, she took
no pleasure in the progress which Hester seemed to make,
and if she did not obstruct, employed at least no extraor-
dinary pains in promoting her education. This mother,
however, died when her daughter was yet young, and a
circanistance which otherwise might have been of serious
consequence, seemed to strengthen the inclination miss
Mulso bad shewn to cultivate her mind. She studied the
French and Italian languages, and made some progress in
the Latin. She read the best authors, especially those
who treat of morals and philosophy. To these she added
a critical perusal of the Holy Scriptures, but history, we
are told, made no part of her studies until the latter part
of her life. Her acquaintance with Riciiardson, whose
novels were the favourites of her sex, introduced her to
Mn Chapone, a young gentleman then practisuig law in
the Temple. Their attachment was mutual, but not hasty,
or imprudent. She obtained her fatner's consent, and a
social intimacy continued lor a considerable period, before
it ended in marriage. In the mean time, miss Mulso be^
came acquainted with the celebrated miss Carter ; a cor-
respondence took place between them, which increased
their mutual esteem, and a friendship was thus cemented,
which lasted during a course of more than fifty years.
Miss Mulso's first production appears to have been the
Ode to Peace, and that addressed to miss Carter on her
intended publication of the ti'anslation of Epictetus. About
the same time she wrote the story of Fidelia, which misB
* Hutchiason's Durham, vol II. p. 182. — Hurd and Warburton's Lelterf,
•p. ^?5, 226, 4to» .
1S4 C H A P O N E.
Carter and her other friends virho had read it, persuaded
her to send to the editor of the " Adventurer."
In 1^760 she was married to Mr. Chapone, removed to
London, and for some time lived with her husband in
lodgings in Carey-street, and afterwards in A run del- street.
She enjoyed every degree of happiness which mutual at-
tachment could confer, but it was of short duration. In
less than ten months after they were married, Mr. Chapone
was seized with a fever which terminated his life, after
about a week's illness. At fir^t Mrs. Chapone seemed £o
bear this calamity with fortitude, but it preyed on her
health, and for some time her life was despaired of. She
recovered, however, gradually, and resigned herself to a
state of life in which she yet found many friends and many
consolations. Most of her time was passed in London, or
in occasional visits to her friends, among whom she had the
happiness to number many distinguished characters of both
sexes, lord Ly ttelton, Mrs. Montague, and the circle who
usually visited her house. In 1770 she accompanied Mrs.
Montague into Scotland. In 1773 she published her " Let-
ters on the Improvement of the Mind," originally in-
tended for the use of her niece, but given to the world at
the request of Mrs. Montague, and her other literary friends.
As this was her first avowed publication, it made her name
more generally known, and increased the number of her
admirers. This work was followed by a " Volume of Mis-
cellanies,'^ including some pieces formerly published with-
out her name.
The latter years of her life were embittered by the loss
of the greater part of the friends of her youth ; and after
the death of her brother in 1799, as London had no more
charms for her, she determined to settle at Winchester,
where her favourite niece was married to the rev. Ben.
Jeffreys; but the death of this young lady in child-bed,
made her relinquish the design, and remain in her cheerless
lodgings in London. So many privations had now begun
to affect her mind, and her sympathizing friends persuaded
her to remove to Hadley, where she died Dec. 25, 1801,
in the seventy- fourth year of her age. In 1807, her whole
works were published in 2 vols. 12mo, with a portion of her
literary correspondence, and an interesting memoir of her
life, to which we are indebted for the above sketch. *
1 Life as abOTCw-Biitlfb Essayist!^ vol, XXIII. Preface to th« Adrenturer,
p. 33.
C H A P P E- 13^
CHAPPE D'AUTEROCHE (John), an eminent French
astronomer, was born at Mauriac, a town in Upper Au-
vergne, on the 23d of Ma}% 1728, o( John Chappe, lord
of the barony of Auteroche, and Magdalen de la Farge,
daughter of Peter de la Farge, lord of la Pierre. From
bis birth he enjoyed the valuable advantage of not being
under the necessity of struggling, like many men of genius,
with adversity and penury. Tlie distinguished rank which
his parents held in their province, added to their wealth
and ppulence, enabled them to bestow upon their son an
excellent education, the foundation of which was laid at
Maui^iac, where he began bis studies. Having made con-
siderable progress here, he went afterwards to finish them
at the college de Louis le Grand. M. Chappe, from his
earliest infancy, shewed a surprising turn for drawing and
the mathematiqs. Descartes was scarcely eight years of
9ge when be was styled a philosopher, and Chappe at
that age might have been called a mathematician. An
irresistible impulse, and singular disposition, as if innate,
led him to draw plans and make calculations ; but these
pursuits, quite foreign to the studies in which he was then
engaged, occupied no part of that time which was allotted
for them. He applied to the former only at those mo-
ments which the regulations of the college suffered him to
call his own.
His active genius discovered to him in the silence and
soUtude of the cloister resources which he had little ex-*
pected. During his course of philosophy, he formed an
acquaintance with a carthusian, named Dom Germain,
from whom he learned the elements of the mathematics
and of astronomy. In these two sciences he made a- rapid
progress ; for the zeal of the master was well seconded by
the diligence of the scholar, ^;ho followed his literary pur-
suits with the same ardour and enthusiasm as the generality
of young men follow dissipation and pleasure. So singular
a phenomenon could not long remain unknown. Fathev
de la Tour, then principal of the college, being struck
with young Chappe, mentioned him to M. Cassini, and
spoke of the progress he had made tn such high terms, thai
tbe latter became very desirous to see some of his works*
After causing him to make a few experiments in his pre-*
sence, that celebrated academician could not help admir-
ing his happy disposition ; but he did not confine himself
tf> praises only. Being a warm patron and protec^tor of merits
136 C H A P P E.
he from that moment resolved to cultivate young Chappe^s
talents, and to endeavour to render them useful to society.
With this view he employed him in taking plans of several
of the royal buildings, and made him assist in delineating
the general map of France.
The abb£ Chappe, however, made himself known in the
astronomical world by a work of much greater importance.
This was a translation of the works of Dr. Halley from the
English. This translation appeared in 1752 ; and the ad-
ditions made by the translator, and the new inferences he
drew from the labours of the English astronomer, placed
bim almost on a level with the author. The abb6 Chappe
had now given too striking a specimen of his talents not to
attract the notice of government. The king having ordered
plans of several places in the district at Bitche in Lorraine
to be taken, and the forest in the neighbourhood of the
town of that name to be surveyed, the abbe Chappe's
merit procured him the superintendance and direction of
this business ; and the event shewed, that the ministry
could not have chosen a person more deserving of their
confidence. On his return from this expedition he was
elected a member of the royal academy of sciences ; and
on the 17th of January 1759, he obtained the place of
assistant astronomer, vacant by the promotion of M . de la
Lande to that of associate.
The two comets which appeared in 1760 gave the abb6
an opportunity of shewing that he was not unworthy of the
honour conferred on him ; he observed them both with the
greatest assiduity and attention, and the result of bis ob-
servations was published in the memoirs of that year, with
refiections on the zodiacal light, and an aurora borealis
which appeared about the same period. As the transit of
Venus over the sun's disk, which Halley announced would
happen (?n the 6th of June 176 1,, seemed to promise great
advantage to astronomy, it very much excited the curiosity
of the learned throughout all Europe. It was necessslry,
however, in order to derive benefit from it, that it should
be observed in some very remote places ; and as Tobolsk,
the capital of Siberia, find the island of Roderigo in the
East- Indies, were thought to be the properest, the diflSl-
eulty was to find astronomers bold enough to transport
themselves thither. But what will not the love of science
prompt men to do ? M. Pinge offered to go to the island
gf Roderigo^ and Tohokk remained to the abb^ Cbapge^
C H A P P E. 137
irfio, had the matter been left to himself, would have made
no other choice.
The abb^ set out for the place of his destination in the
month of November 1760. After encountering a variety
of almost incredible difficulties,, he arrived at Tobolsk,
where ignorance and superstition prepared new danger for
him. The simple Russians, attentive to all his actions,
beheld his preparations with the utmost terror ; the obser-
vatory which he caused to be erected, and the instruments
he transported thither, increased their alarm; and the
overflowing of the river Irtish, which inundated part of the
city, a natural consequence of the thaw that took place,
served still more to confirm them in their suspicions. The
governor of Tobolsk, a man of education, to whom the
world is indebted for a correct chart of the Caspian, was
obliged to give the abb^ a guard for his protection. The
moment so long wished for, and purchased by such fatigue
and peril, being at length arrived, the abb^, on the 5th of
June, inade every necessary preparation for observing the
transit; but the pleasure which he anticipated from the
success of his expedition was not free from a mixture of
pain, for the sky, during the night, became quite overcast.
This was a new source of uneasiness to the abb^ ; but
luckily for science, a favourable wind, which sprung up at
sun-rise, revived his hopes, by withdrawing the veil that
obscured the object of his researches. The observation
was made with the necessary precision, in presence of M.
Ismailof, count Poushkin, and the archbishop of Tobolsk :
and the academy of sciences at Paris, as well as that of
Petersburg^ received the particulars of this event «oon after
by a courier whom M. Ismailof immediately dispatched*
The glory of this observation had preceded the abb6, and
prepared new honours for htm at St Petersburg. The
empress, with a view of inducing him to settle there, made
bim an offer, by means of baron de Breteuil, of the distin-
guished place which had been occupied by M. Delisle;
But choosing rather to pass his days at home, he rejected
the offers made him. On his arrival in France he began
to prepare an account of his journey, which was published
in 1768, in 3 vols. 4to, elegantly printed and adorned
with engravings. Besides the account of the particular
object of his journey, the philosopher finds in it the history
of mankind and of nature ; and the statesman the political
system ancl interest of nations. The great labour required
ns . C H A P P E,
to prepare this work for publicatipa did not interrupt this
abba's astronomical pursuits. , He enriched the memoiry
of the academy with several instructive pieces; and that
which he presented in 1767 is the more valuable^ as it
confirms the experiments made upon electricity at To-
bolsk^ and demonstrates the identity of the electric fluid
with lightning.
Another transit of VeDUs, which, according to astrono-
mical calculation, was to happen pn the 3d of June 1769,
afforded the abb6 Cbappe a new opportunity of manifest-
ing his zeal for the advancement of astronomy. California
was pointed out as the properest place in that quarter for
observing this phaenomenon; and the abb^, who had tri-'
umphed over the' rigoui-s of the north, thought be could
Inrave. also the ardours of the torrid zone. He departed
therefore from Paris in 1768, in company with M. PauH^
an engineer, and M. Noel, a draftsman, whose talents
gave reason to hope, that he might contribute to render
the expedition interesting in more respects than one. He
carried with him also a watchmaker, to take care of his
instruments, and to keep them in proper repair. On his
arrival at Cadiz, the.vessfel belonging to the Spanish fiota,
in which he was to embark for Vera Cruz, not being ready
in time, he obtained an order for equipping a brigantin4&,
which carried twelve men. The fragility of this vessel,
which would have alarmed any other person, appeared to
the abbe as adding to the merit of the enterprise. Judging
of its velocity by its lightness, he considered it as better
calculated to gratify his impatience; and in this he was
not deceived : for he arrived safe at the capital of New
Spain, where he met with no delay. The marquis de
Croix, governor of Mexico, seconded his activity so well,
that he reached St. Joseph nineteen days before the tiixie
caarbed out for the observation. The village of St. Joseph,
where the abb^ landed, was desolated by an infectious
joUsorder, which had raged for some time, and destroyed
great numbers of the inhabitants. In vain did his friends,
from a tender solicitude for his preserv^^tion, urge him to
remove from the infection, not to expose himself impru^
dently, and to take his station at some distance towards
Cape San Lucar. His lively and ardent zeal for the pro«
mo^n of science, shut his ears against all these remonr
fitrances; and the only danger he dreaded was, that of
losing the opportunity of accomplishing the object of hU
C H A P P E. ' IM
t^isfaes. He had the good fortune, however, to tniake hit
observation in the completest manner on the 3d of June t
but, becoming a victim to his resolution, he was three
days after attacked by the distemper whi€h seemed hitherti^
to have respected him. Surrounded by his acquaintanceit
either sick or dying, and destitute of that assistance which
he had given them as long as health remained, the abbA
was struggling between life and death, when by his own
imprudence he destroyed every ray of hope, and hastened
that fatal period which deprived the world of this valuable
member of society. The very day he had taken physic be
insisted upon observing an eclipse of the moon ; but^
scarcely had he finished his observation, when bis disorder
grew considerably worse, and the remedies administered
not being able to check its progress, he died on the 1st of
August 1769, in the 42d year of his age.
Had it not been for the care of a very respectable French
academician, the fruits of this observation would have,
been entirely lost to the learned. The abb^ Chappe haV'^
ing at bis death committed his papers to the care of M«
Pauli, they were afterwards arranged and published by
M. Cassini, the son, who at an age when others only afford
hopes of their future celebrity, had acquired the highest
reputation ; and if any thing could console the public for
the loss occasioned by the abb6 being prevented from put-
ting the last band to his work, it certainly was the seeing
it appear under the auspices of so able an editor.
The evening before his departure from Paris, being at
supper with count de Merci, the Imperial ambassador^
several of his friends represented to him, that he ought not
to undertake such a voyage, and offered to lay a consider-*'
able wager that he would never return. " Were I certain,*'
replied the abb^, " that I should die the next morning
after I had made my observation, I would not hesitate
amouient, nor be in the least deterred from embarking.'*
An heroic sentiment, which paints in a few words the cha«
racter of this learned man.
The published works of M. Chappe, are, 1. *^ The As-
tronomical Tables of Dr. Halley ; with observations and
additions," 1754, 8vo. 2. *' Travels into tSiberia," i76Si,
2 vols. fol. 3. " Voyage to California to observe the
transit of Venus over the Sun, the 3d of June 1769,^
1772, 4to. 4. He had a considerable number of papers
iosented in th<? Mem^rs of the Academy, for the years
146 C H A P P E L.
1760, 1761, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767, and 1768, chiefly
relating to astronomical matters. *
CHAPPEL (WiLUAM), avery learned and pious divine,
bishop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, in Ireland, was de-
scended, as he himself tells us, from parents in narrovir
circumstances, and was born at Lexington, in Notting-
hamshire, I>ec. 10, 1512. He was sent to a grammar-
school at Mansfield, in the same county ; and thence, at
the age of seventeen, removed to Christ's-coUege, in Cam-
bridge ; of which, after having taken his degrees of B. and
M. A. he was elected fellow in 1607. He became a very
eminent tutor, and was also remarkable for his abilities as
ia disputant, concerning which the following anecdotes are
recorded. In 1624 king James visited the university of
Cambridge, lodged in Trinity-college, arid was enter-
tained with a philosophical act, and other academical per-
formances. At these , exercises Dr. Roberts of Trinity -
college was respondent at St. Mary's, where Chappel as
opponent pushed him so hard, that, finding himself unable
to keep up the dispute, he fainted. Upon this, the king,
who valued himself much upon his skill in such matters,
undertook to maintain the question, but with no better
success than the doctor ; for Chappel was so much his su-
perior at these logical weapons, that his majesty openly
professed his joy to find a man of great talents so good a.
subject. Many years after this, sir William St. Leger
riding to Cork with the popish titular dean of that city,
.Chappel, then dean of Cashel, and provost of Dublin, ac*
cidentally overtook them ; upon which sir William, who
was then president of Munster, proposed that the two
deans should dispute, which, though Chappel was not
forward to accept, yet he did not decline. But the
popish dean, with great dexterity and address, extri-
cated himself from this difficulty, saying, ^' Excuse me,
sir ; I don't care to dispute with one who is wont to. kill
his man."
It is probable that he would have spent his days in col-
lege, if he had not received an unexpected offer from
Laud, then bishop of London, of the deanery of Cashel,
in Ireland ; which preferment, though he was much dis-
turbed at Cambridge by the calumnies of some who envied
his reputation, he was yet very unwilling to accept, For
1 From the last edit, of this Dictionary. — ^Dict Hist.
C H A P P E L. 141
being a man of a quiet easy temper, be had no inclination
to stir, nor was at all ambitious of dignities ; but he de*
termined at length to accept the offer, went over to Ire-
land accordingly^ and was installed August 20, 1633. Soon
after he was made provost of Trinity-college, Dublin, by
Laud, then archbishop of Canterbury, and chancellor of
the university of Dublin, who, desirous of giving a nev^
form to the university, looked upon Cbappel as the fittest
person to settle the establishment that was proposed*
Chappel took great pains to decline this charge, -the bur-^
den of which he thought too heavy, and for this purpose
returned to England in May 1634, but in vain. Upon
this he went down to Cambridge, and resigned his fellow-
ship ; which to him, as himself says, was the sweetest of
earthly preferments. He also visited bis native country,
and taking his last leave of his ancient and pious mother,
he returned to Ireland in August. He was elected provost
of Trinity-college, and had the care of it immediately
comaiitted to him ; though he was not sworn into it till
June 5, 1637, on account of the new statutes not being
sooner settled and received. The exercises of the univer-
sity were never more strictly looked to, nor the discipline
better observed than in his time ; only the lecture for
teaching Irish was, after his admission, wholly waved.
Yet, that be might mix something of the pleasant with the
pro6table, and that young minds might not be oppressed
with too much severity, he instituted, as sir James Ware
tells us, among the juniors, a Roman commonwealth, which
continued during the Christmas vacation, and in which
they had their dictators, consuls, censors, and other of-
ficers of state in great splendour. And this single cir-
cumstance may serve to give us a true idea of the man,
who was remarkable for uniting in his disposition two very
different qualities, sweetness of temper, and severity of
manners.
In 1638 his patrons, the earl of Strafford, and the arch-
bishop of Canterbury, preferred him to the bishoprics of
Cork, Cloyne, and Ross; and he was consecrated at St.
Patrick's, Dublin, Nov. 11, though he had done all he
could to avoid this honour. By the king's command he
continued in his provostship till July 20, 1640 > before
which time he had endeavoured to obtain a small bishopric
in England, that he might return tovhis native country, as
he tells us, and die in peace. But his endeavours were
U9 ' C H A P P E L.
fruitlesis; and be was left in Ireland to feel all the fury of
the storni^ which h^ bad loiyg foreseen. He was attacked
in the house of commons with great bitterness by the pn*
jitati party, and obliged to come to Dublin from Cork>
and to put in sureties for his appearance. June 1641,
Articles of impeachment were exhibited against bim to the
Iiouse of peers, consisting of fourteen, though the substance
€f them was reduced to two ; the first, perjury, on a sup-f^
posed breach of his oath as provost ; the second, malice
towards the Irish, founded on discontinuing the Irish lee*
ture during the time of his being provost. The prosecu*
lion was urged with great violence, and, as is supposed^
for no other reason but because he had enforced uniformity
«nd strict church discipline in the college. This divine's
fate was somewhat peculiar, for although his conduct was
consistent, be was abused at Cambridge for being a pu<-
ritan, and[ in Ireland for being a papist. Yet as we find the
name o^ archbishop Usher among his opponents in Ireland^
there seems reason to think that there was some foundation
for his unpopularity, independent of what was explicitly
stated. While, however, he laboured under these troubles,
he was exposed to still greater, by the breaking out of the
rebellion in the latter end of that year. He was under a
kind of confinement at Dublin, on account of the impeach*
ment which was still depending ; but at length obtained
leave to embark for England, for the sake of returning
thence to Cork, which, from Dublin, as things stood, be
could not safely do. He embarked Dec. 26, 164], and
the next day landed at Milford-haven, after a double
escape, as himself phrases it, from the Irish wolves and
the Irish sea. He went from Milford-baren to Peqibroke,
^nd thence to Tenby, where information was made of him
to the mayor, who committed bim to gaol Jan. 25. After
. lying there seven weeks, he was set at liberty by the in*
terest of sir Hugh Owen, a member of parliament, upon
giving bond in lOOO/. for his appearance ; and March 16,
set out for Bristol. Here he learnt that the ship bound
from Cork to England, with a great part of his effects, was
lost near Mipehead ; and by this, among other things, be
lost his choice collection of books. After such a series of
misfortunes, and the civil confusions increasing, he with-*
drew to his native soil, where be spent the remainder of
bis life in retirement and study; and died at Derby, where
he had some time resided, upon Whitsunday, 1649.
C H A P P E L. 14S
He published the year before his deaths ^' Methodus
€oncionandi/' that is^ the method of preaching, which for
its usefulness was also translated into English. His ^^ Use
of Holy Scripture," was printed afterwards in 1653. He
left behind him also his own life, written by himself in
Latin, which has been« twice printed ; first from a MS. ia
the hands of sir Philip Sydenham, hart, by Hearne, and
a second time by Peck, from a MS, still preserved in Tri»
Tiity-bail, Cambridge, for the author left two copies of it.
Mr. Peck adds, by way of note upon his edition, the fol-
lowing extract of a letter from Mr. Beaupr^ Bell : " 'Tis
certain * The whole Duty of Man' was written by one who
suffered by the troubles in Ireland ; and some lines in this
piece give great grounds to conjecture that bishop Chappel
was the author. March 3, 1734.'* Thus we see this
prelate, as well as many other great and good persons^
comes in for part of the credit of that excellent book ; yet
there is no explicit evidence of his having been the autfacnr
of it. It appears indeed to have been written before the
death of Charles I. although it was not published till 1657^
and the manner of it is agreeable enough to this prelate's
plain and easy way of writing ; but then there can be no
reason given why his name should be suppressed in the
tide^page, when a posthumous work of his was actually
published with it but a few years before. ^
CHAPP£LOW (Leonard), an eminent oriental scholar,
•f whom we regret that our information is so scanty, wasi
born in 1683, and educated at St. John's college, Cam»
bridg^, where he took his bachelor's degree in 1712, his
master's in 1716, and that of B. D. in 1723. To his other
studies he united an uncommon application to oriental
languages, in which such was bis reputation, that he wa»
chosen to succeed the learned Simon Ockley in 1720, as
Arabic professor. He held also a fellowship in his college^
until they bestowed on him the livings of Great and Little
Hormead, in Hertfordshire. To this fellowship he was
chosen in 1717, in the room of a Mr. Tomkinson, one of
the nonjuror-fellows ejected at that time by act of parlia-
ment. The celebrated Mr. Baker was another, and always
afterwards designated himself " Socius ejectus." In Fe-
bruary 1754-5, we find Mr. Chappelow a candidate for
the mastership of St. John's college, but he failed, although
•
I Bio||. Brit— Peck's Desiderata.
144 CHAPPELOW.
/
after a very severe contest. Mr. Chappelow constantly
read lectures during one term on the Oriental languages^
ibr which he had a peculiar enthusiasm^ and in which he
was critically versed. This inclined him to the publication
of the first work by which his name was more extensively
known^ his edition of Spencer " De Legibus Hebrseorunt Ri«
tualibus.'^ Spencer, after the first publication of this capital
work in 1685, had continued to make improvements in it,
and by will left such of his papers and writings as were
perfect, to be added in their proper places, if ever there
should be occasion to reprint it ; with the full right and
property of them to his executor, bishop (afterwards arch-
bishop) Tenison, who bequeathed them to the uni4^ersity of
Cambridge, after having caused them to be prepared for
the press, with fifty pounds towards the expences of
printing. These the senate, by grace, gave leave to -Mr.
Chappelow to publish, and as an encouragement, bestowed
upon him the archbishop^s benefaction likewise. The work
was accordingly executed in 1727, 2 vols. fol. by a sub-
scription of two guineas the small, and three guineas the
large paper, begun in 1725. Bene' t college, on this oc-
casion, was at the expence of prefixing an elegant engra-
ving of the author, as a small testimony of gratitude to
their munificent benefactor* In 1^30, he published " Ele-
menta Linguae Arabicae," chiefly from Erpenius.
Mr. Chappelow' s next publication, at a considerable dis-
tance of time, was "A Commentary on the book of .lob, in
which is inserted the Hebrew text, and English translation ;
with a paraphrase from the third verse of the third chapter^
where it is supposed the metre begins, to the seventh verse
of the forty-second chapter, where it ends," 1752, 2 vols*
4to. In this curious work Mr. Chappelow maintains that *
an Arabic poem wa$ written by Job himself, and that it
was modelled by a Hebrew at a later period, but this pe-*
riod he does not take upon him to ascertain. In other re-*
spects his opinions, as to the intention of this sublime book,
are judicious. In 1758 he published " The Traveller ; an
Arabic poem, entitled Tograi, written by Abu Ismael ;
translated into Latin, and published with notes in 1661,
by Dr. Pocock, and now rendered into English in the same
Iambic measure as the original ; with some additional notes
to illustrate the poem,^' 4to. This, although ably exe-*
cuted, is rather a paraphrase than a translation, but well
expresses the sense of the original. In 1765 be published
C H A P P E L O W. U5
^^ Two Sermons concerning the State, of the Soul on its im-*
niediate separation from the body ; written by bishop Bull|
together with some extracts relating to the same subject ;
taken from writers of distinguished note and character^
With a preface/* Svo. This preface is all that belongs to
Mr. Chappelow, and is very short tie coincides with
bishop Builds opinion, that the final state of man is deter-
mined at death, and he supports it by extracts from Til«
]otson, Whitby, Lightfoot, Stanhope^ Smalridge, and
Limborch. His last publication was entitled *^ Six Assem-^
biies ; or Ingenious Conversations of learned men among;
the Arabians, &c. formerly published by the celebrated
Schultens, in Arabic and Latin, with large notes and ob-
servations, &c." 1767, Svo. This amusing collection of
prose and poetry is part of a larger work written in Arabic
by Hariri of Barsa, a city in the kingdom of Babylon, and
throws considerable light upon many passages of Scripture.
The editor's notes are very valuable. Mr. Chappelow,
after holding his professorship with much reputation for
nearly half a century, died Jan. 14, 1768, in his seventy-
fifth year, leaving a widow, who died July 177S^, at Cam-
bridge. *
CHAPUZEAU (Samuel), a protestant writer, born at
Geneva, whose family were originally of Poitiers, was
preceptor to William III. king of England ; afterwards go-
vernor of the pages to George duke of Brunswick Lunen-
burg, which post he held till his death, August 31, 1701,
at Zell. Three days before his death he wrote a sonnet, in
which he complains of being old, blind, and poor. He
collected and printed ." Tavernicr's Voyages,'* 1675, 4to»
Jurieu having written against what is there said of the
l)utch, in his book entitled " L'Esprit de M. Arnauld,'*
Chapuzeau answered him in 1691, by a work called ^* De«
'fense du Sieur Samuel Chapuzeau contre PEsprit de M»
Arnauld." He wrote, besides, ^' Eloge de la Ville de
Lyons," 4to. *' Une Relation de Savoye ; P Europe vi-
vante, ou relation nouvelle, historique, politique, et de tons
les Etats, tels quUls etoient en 1666,"' Paris, 1667, 4to.
He also published ^^ Traite d6 la maniere de Pr^cher, suivi
de quatre Sermons prononc^es a Cassel.'* Chapuzeau
tried every kind of writing, even comedies, the greatest part
\ Cole's MS AtheHdB in Brit. Mus.— Bidg. Brit art. Spcneer.-^Month. a'o<i
Crk. Reviews. — ^Nichols's Bowjrer.
Vol. IX' L
146 C H A P U Z E A U.
of which have been collected under the title of '* La Mus^
enjouee, on le Theatre Comique." In 1694 he published
the plan of an " Historical, Geographical, and Philological
Dictionary,'* on which he employed many years, but it
was not finished at his death. He complains, however,
of Moreri having availed himself of .his manuscripts, but
does not inform us where he found them. '
CHARAS (Moses), a skilful apothecary, borrfatUsez,
in Upper Languedoc, in 1618, followed his profession at
Orange, from whence he went and settled at Paris. Having
obtained a considerable share of reputation by his treatise
on the virtues and properties of treacle, he was chosen
to deliver a course of chemistry at the royal garden of
plants at Paris, in which he acquitted himself with general
applause during nine years. His " Pharmacopoeia," 1673,
of which an improved edition by Monnier was published ia
1753, 2 vols. 4 to, was the fruit of his lectures and his studies,
and has been translated into all the languages of Europe,
and even into the Chinese, for the accommodation of the
emperor. The edicts against the Calvinists obliged him
to quit his country in 1 680. He went over to England,
from thence to Holland, and afterwards into Spain with the
ambassador, who brought him to the assistance of his master
Charles II. languishing in sickness from bis birth. Every
good Spaniard was at that time convinced that the vipers
tor twelve leagues round Toledo were innoxious, ever since
they were deprived of their venom by the fiat of a famous
archbishop. The French doctor endeavoured to combat
this error, and the physicians of the court, envious of the
merit of C haras, failed not to take umbrage at this im-
piety ; they complained of him to the inquisition, from
whence he was not dismissed till he had abjured the pro-
testant faith. Charas was then seventy-two j'ears old. He
returned to Paris, and was admitted a member of the royal
academy, and there he continued until his death, Jan. 17,
1698. «
C HARDIN (Sir John), a celebrated traveller, the son
of an opulent protestant jeweller, was born at Paris Nov.
16, 1643. For some time it is probable that he followed
his father's profession ; but he was only twenty- two years
old when, in 1664 (not 1665, as Niceron says), he went to
the East Indies. There be remained for six years, pass-
» Moieii.— .L'ATOcat « Moreri.— Diet. Hist— Haller BibK Med.
C H A R D I N. 147
ing his time chiefly in Persia* He published qo regulat
account of this voyage, which he modestly says he con-
ceived might be uninteresting, but confined himself to a
detail of certain events of whieh he had been an eye-.wit-
ness. This was contained in a twelves volume printed at
Paris in I67I9 the year after he, returned, under the title of
^' Le Couronnement de Soliman II. roi de Perse, et ce qui
s^est pass6 de plus memorable dans les deux premieres an-
nj£es de son regne/' In this work he was assisted by a
Persian nobleman, Mirza Sefi, one of the most learned
men of the kingdom, who was at that time in disgrace,
aod confined to his palace at Ispahan, where Mr. Chardin
was entertained and instructed by him in the Persian lan«'
guage and history. It is introduced by a dedication to the
Hog which, according to the '^ Carpenteriana," was writ-
tea by . M. Charpentier. M. Petis de la Croix criticised
the work with some severity, as to the orthography, and
etymology of some Peraiau words, and Tavernier objected
to the title, insisting tjiat Soliman never wore the crown ;
but Chardin found an able defender in P. Aoge de la
Brosse.
After Chardin's return to Paris, he remained there only
fifteen months, the king of Persia having made him his
agent in 1666, and commissioned him to purchase several
tnokets of .value. Chardin accordingly left Paris Aug.|i7^
1671, and set sail in l^ovember from Leghorn in a vessel
bound for Smyrna, again visited Persia, and did not return
to Europe until 1677. He now determined to settle ia
England, and came to London in April 1681, and on the
24th of that month was knighted by Charles II. The jsame
day he married a young lady of Rouen, the daughter of a
pFotestant refugee in London. Next year he was chosen
a fellow of the royal society. After this, Charles II. seat
him to Holland ; and in 1683, we find him there aa agent
for the English East India Company. In 1686 he publish-
ed the first part of his Voyages, (the other not appearing
HDtil 1711), under the title of ^^ Journal du Voyage de
Chardin en Perse, et aux Indes Orientales, par la«Mer
Noire et par la Colchide," folio. This was immediaitely
translated into English under bis inspection, and published.
the same year. The dedication to James 11. is singular for
a high complimentary strain, arising from his gratitude to
Charles and James for their patronage of him, and, what
he was more unfortunate in attempting, a prophecy of the
L2
14S C H A R D I N.
duration of Jameses reign. After this he carried on a eon-
siderable trade in jewels, but continued his studies of the
oriental languages and antiquities. The continuation of
his Travels was published along with the first part much
enlarged at Amsterdam in 3 vols. 4to, and 10 vols. Svo,
with plates on which he employed the skill of M. Grelot,
being himself no draftsman. There was also a new edition
at Amsterdam in 1735, 4 vols. 4to*. He died, according
to Musgrave^s ^* Adversaria/' on Dec. 25, and not Jan. 5,
1713, as the French biographers report, and tlie register
of Chiswick proves that he was buried there December 29..
There is no memorial of him at Chiswick, but there is a
monument to his memory in Westminster Abbey, with
only this inscription, ** Sir John Chardin. — Nomen sibi
fecit eundo." He lived in bis latter days at a house in
Tumham-green, which at his death was sold to Thomas
Lutwyche, esq. His Travels have been translated into
English, or at least large extracts in Harris's and other
collections of voyages, and into Gerq^an, and Flemish ; and
as they contain authentic and valuable information wkh
regard to the religion, manners, products, and commerce,
&c. of the countries he visited, they obtained an extensive
circulation. Among other curious particulars, he records
several medical facts ; and particularly an account of his
o^n case, when he was attacked with a dangerous fever at
Gombron, and cured by the country physicians, who em«
ployed the repeated affusion of cold water. This fact has
suggested an useful hint to modern practitioners.
In the preface to his Voyages, he promised other works,
as ** A Geography of Persia ;'* ** A Compendious History
of that Empire, taken from Persian Authors;*' and *^ Ob«
servations on Passages of the Holy Scripture, explained by
the manners and customs of the East," but the two former
never appeared, and the latter was discovered by a public
advertisement In 1770, sir John's descendants adver-
tised a reward of twenty guineas for this manuscript, which
they call <* A Commentary or Explanation of the Old Tes-
tament, from the manners and customs of the East, written
in French by sir J. Chardin," and which, they add, about
twenty years before, i. e. 1750, was seen by a gentleman
* Two years ago M. L. JLangles, Us, Paris. 1811; bat we find no par*
lu^eper of the l^rencb Imperial library, ticulars of Chardin's life which we
publiibed a new edition of Chardin's had not befora oollectcd.
Travels, 10 volt. 8to, wiUi a folio At-
C H A R D I N. 1«
in the possession of Dr. Oldfield. It was described to have
been a thin quarto volume, in a very small hand. But
when Mr. Harmer compiled his " Observations on divers
passages of Scripture, &c." illustrated by books of travels^
he recovered this treasure by means of sir William Mus-
grave, bart. in whose possession it was, not a single quarto
volume, but six small MS volumes, the principal part of
which Mr. Harmer incorporated in his valuable work. ^
CHARES, an ancient statuary, a native of Lindus, and
disciple of Lysippus in the seventh century, imovortalized
himself by the Colossus of the Sun at Rhodes, which has
been reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world.
This statue was of brass, and above 100 feet high; and
was placed at the entrance of the harbour at Rhodes, with
the feet upon two rocks, in such a manner, that ships could
pass in full sail betwixt them. Chares employed twelve
years upon it$ and aft'er standitig forty-six, it was thrown
down by an earthquake. Moavius, a caliph of the Sara*
cens, who invaded Rhodes in the year ^67, sold it to a
Jew merchant, who is said to have loaded 900 camels with
the materials of it. '
CHARITON, of Aphrodisium, secretary to a rhetorician
flamed Athenagoras, lived at the end of the fourth century^
if these are not fictitious names, which there is great rea«
son to think. A Greek romance, in his style, was some
years ago found, entitled ^'The Loves of Chaereas and
Cailirho^,*' an edition of which was published by M. d'Or-
vilie, professor of history at Amsterdam, 1750, 4to, with a
Latin translation and notes. A French translation appeared
At Paris, 1763, 2 vols. 8vo, and M. Pallet published a new
one, 1775, 8vo. Gesner, Fabricius, and M. Huet, had
spoken of this romance as being only known by name. It
is a very amusing composition, and the notes of D*OrvilIe
contain a treasure of critical learning. They were adopted
afterwards by Reiske in his edition of Leipsic, 1783, 8va,
and the novel was translated into English, 1763, 2 vols.
]l2mo, with a preface giving all the account that is knowa
of the author. '
* Chattfepie.— Morerl— Sir Wm. MusgravB'f Adrersaria in Brit Mu8.-^
Lysons's EnviroQii, vol. Il.«— Harmer^ Preface.— Haller Bibl. Botan.— ^$axU
Onomaatieoo. «^/
« Diet. Hist— PUn. Nat. Hist. J
* Pniacei as abore.— f adrio. Bibl. Grsec^—Saxii Onomast.— Diet. Histt
iso
Cfl A R K E.
CHARKE (Charlotte) was yopngest daughter of
CoUey Gibber the player, and afterwards poet-laureat. At
eight yeard old she was put to school, but had an ^ducatiop
more suitable to a boy than a girl ; and as she grew up»
followed the same plan, being more frequently in the stable
than in the bed-chamber, and mistress of the curry-comb^
though ignorant of the needle. Her very amusements all
took the same masculine turn ; shooting, hunting, riding
races, and digging in a garden, being ever her favourite
exercises. She also relates an act of her prowess when a
mere child, in protecting the house when in expectation of
an attack from thieves, by the firing of pistols and blunder*
busses out at the windows. All her actions seem to have
had a boyish mischievousness in them, and she sometimes
appears to have run great risque of ending them with the
most fatal consequences. This wildness, however, was put
Bome check to, by her marriage, « when very young, with
Mr. Richard Cbarke, an eminent performer on the violin^;
immediately after which she launched into the billows of
a stormy world, where she was^- through the remainder of
Iter life, buffeted about without ever once reaching n
peaceful harbour. Her husband's insatiable passion for
women soon gave her just cause of uneasiness, and in fi
$hort time appears to have occasioned a, separation.
She then applied to the stage, apparently from inclina^-
tion as well as necessity ; and opened with the little part
of Mademoiselle in the ** Provoked Wife," in which she
met with all the success she could expect. From this she
rose in her second and third attempts to the capital cha-
racters of Alicia in " Jane Shore," and Andromache in th<e
** Distressed Mother ;" in which, notwithstanding the re-
inembrance of Mrs. Porter and Mrs. Oldfield, she met with
^eat indulgence from the audience ; and being remarkable
* Br. Blimey says he was a danc-
ing-masteir, an actor, a man of hn-
Viour, and a performtr on the violin,
with a strong hand. He was leader of
the band at Drury-Iane theatre. As
a composer, he only distinguished
himself by being supposed the first
vho produced that species of musical
buffoonery called a " Medley Over-
ture," wholly made up of shreds and
patches of well-known vulgar tunes.
Sut we believe that this very easy spe-
cies of pleasantry was first suggested
by Dr. Pepusch, in the overture to the
Beggar's Opera, brought on the stage
in 1*738, and Charke's medley over-
ture bears date 1735. There is a slang
hornpipe under Charke's name, which
used to be a favourite among the tars.
We believe him to have been a face-
tious fellow, gifted with a ttfrn for low
humpur, of which, and of his . tricks
and stories, Dr. Arne, in moments of
jocularity, used to give specimcos*
Rce»*B Cyolopaadia.
C H A B K E. Ul
for reading wdl, was sufTered upon sudden emergencies to
read characters of no less iaiixurtance than thoi>e of Cleo«
patra and queen Elizabeth. She was after this ej)gaged at
a good salary and sufficient supply of very conslderaULe
parts, at the Uaymarket, and after tiiat at Drury-lane. She
novf seemed well settled, and likely to |;iave made no in-
glorious figure in ilieatrical life ; but tiiat ungovernable
impetuosity of passions, which ran through all her actions,
iDduced her to quarrel with Fleetwood, the then manager ;
whom she not only left on a sudden without any notice
given, but even vented her spleen against him in public,
by a little dramatic farce, called " The Art of Manage-
ment;" and though Fleetwood forgave that injury, and
restored her to her former station, yet she ack now i edges
that she afterwards very ungratefully left him a second
time, without any blame on bis part. >
Her adventures during the remainder of her life are no-
thing but one variegated scene of distresses, of a kind tjo
which no one can be a stranger, who has either seen ^r
read the accounts of those most wretched of all human
beings, the members of a strolling company of ^actors : we
may therefore be excused the entering into particulars. In
1755 she came to London, where she published the " Nar-
rative of her own Life ;" whether the profits of her book
enabled her to. subsist for the short remainder of it, with-
out seeking for farther adventures, is uncertain. Death,
however, put a period to it, and thereby to one continued
course of misery, April 6, 1760. "
CHARLES XII. (king of Sweden)*, was born June 27,
1682 ; and set off in the style and with the spirit of Alex-
ander the Great. His preceptor asking him, what he
thought of that hero ? " I think," says Charles, '' that I
should choose to be like him.'* Ay, but, says the tutor,
he only lived 32 years : " Oh, answered the prince, that
is long enough, when a man has conquered kingdoms.''
Impatient to reign, he caused himself to be declared ^f
age at 1 5 : and at his coronation, he snatched the crown
from the archbishop of Upsal, and put it upon his head
biiQseify with ^n air of grandeur ivhich struck the people.^
* This account obtained a place in characteristics and anecdotes, than the
the liit edition of this Dictionary, and lives of crowntd heads in general,
«• have been miwilUng to displace mi which bdoog to history, and sdldom
vticU 'tljiat contains more personal can be usefolly separated from it«
A Biog. Dram,
150 CHARLES.
Frederic IV. king of Denmark, Augustas king of Poland^
and Peter tzar of Muscovy, taking advantage of his mi*
' nority, entered into a confederacy against this youth.
Charles, aware of it, though scarce 1 8, attacked them one
after another. He hastened first to Denmark, besieged
Copenhagen, forced the Danes into their entrenchments, and
caused a declaration to be made to king Frederic, that,
** if he did not justice to the duke of Holstein, his brother-
in-law, against whom he had committed hostilities, he must
prepare to see Copenhagen destroyed, and his kingdom
laid waste by fire and sword." These menaces brought on
the treaty of Frawendal; in which, without any advan*
tages to himself, but quite content with humbling his ene-
iny, he demanded and obtained all he wished for his ally.
This war being finished in less than six weeks, in the
course of the year 1700, he marched against the Russians,
who were then besieging Narva with 100,000 men. He
attacked them with 8000, and forced them into their en-
trenchments. Thirty thousand were slain or drowned,
20,000 asked for quarter, and the rest were taken or dis-
persed. Charles permitted half the Russian soldiers to
return- without arms, and half to repass the river with their
arms. He detained none but the commanders in chief, to
whom, however, he returned their arms and their money.
Among these there was an Asiatic prince, born at the foot
of mount Caucasus, who was now to live captive amidst
the ice of Sweden; "which," says Charles, "is just the
same as if I were some time to be a prisoner among the
Crim-Tartars :" words, which the capriciousness of for-
tune caused afterwards to be recollected, when this
Swedish hero was forced to seek an asylum in Turkey. It
is to be noted, that Charles had only 1200 killed, and 800
wounded, at the battle of Narva.
The conqueror turned himself now, to be revenged upon
the king of Poland. He passed the river Duna, beat
marshal Stenau^ who disputed the passage with him, forced
the Saxons into their ports, and gained a signal victory
over them. He hastened to Courland, which surrendered
to him, passed into Lithuania, made every thing bow down
before him, and went to support the intrigues of the cardi*
pal primate of Poland, in order to deprive Augustus of the
crown. Being master of Warsovia, he pursued him, and
gained the battle of Clifsaw, though his enemy opposed
iO him prodigies of valour. He again f^U in with the
CHARLES. 15S
Saxon afmy commaDded by Stenau, besieged Thorn, and
caused Stanislaus to be elected king of Poland. The ter<-
for of bis arms carried all before them : the Russians were
easily dispersed ; Augustus, reduced to the last extremi-
ties, sued for peace; and Charles, dictating the condi-
tions of it, obliged him to renounce his kingdom^ and ac«
knowledge Stanislaus*
This peace was concluded in 1 706, aiid now he might
and ought to have been reconciled with the tzar Peter ;
but he chose to turn his arms against him, apparently with
« design to dethrone him, as be had dethroned Augustus*
Peter was aware of it, and said, that ** his brother Charles
affected to be Alexander, but would be greatly disap-
pointed if he expected to find him Darius.*' Charles left
Saxony in the autumn of 1707, with an army of 43,000
men : the Russians abandoned Grodno at his approach*
He drove them before him, passed the Boristhenes, treated
with the Cossacks^ and came to encamp upon the Dezena;
and, after several advantages, was marching to. Moscow
through the deserts of the Ukraine. But fortune aban-
doned him at Pultowa, July 1709 ; where he was beaten by"
Peter, wounded in the leg, had all his army either destroy-
ed or taken prisoners, and forced to save himself by being
carried off in a litter. And, thus reduced to seek an asy*
lum among the Turks,' he gained Otchakof, and retired to
Bender. All which replaced Augustus on the throne of
Poland, and immortalized Peter.
The grand seignor gave Charles a handsome reception^
and appointed him a guard of 400 Tartars. The king of
Sweden's view, in coming to Turkey, was to excite the
Porte against the tzar Peter : but, not succeeding either
by menaces or intrigues^ he grew in time obstinate and
restive, and even braved the grand seignor, although *he
was his prisoner. The Porte wanted much to get rid of
their guest, and at length was compelled to offer a little
violence. Charles entrenched himself in his house at
Bender, and defended himself against an army with 40
domestics^ and would not surrender ^till his house was on
fire. From Bender he was removed to Demotika, where
he gprew sulky, and was resolved to lie in bed all the time
he should be there : apd he actually did lie in bed 10
months, feigning to be sick.
Meanwhile his misfortunes increased daily. His ene«
taking advantage of his absence^ destroyed his jai^mjf
15i C H A R L E a
and took from him not only bis own eonquests, but those <rf
his predecessors. At length be left Demotika ; travelled
post, with two companions only, through Franconia and
Mecklenbourg ; and arrived on the lltfa day at Stralsund,
Nov. 22, 1714. Beset in this town^ he saved himself in
Sweden, now reduced to a most deplorable condition* But
bis misfortunes had not cooled his ps^ssion for warring : h^
attacked Norway with an army of 20,000 men : he formed
the siege of Frederickshall in Dec« 1718, where, as he was
visiting the works of his engineers by star*ltght, he was
struck upon the head with a ball, find killed upon the spoii.
His death happened on December 11.
Thus perished Charles and all his projects : for he was
meditating designs which would have changed the face of
Europe. The tzar was uniting with him to re-establiah.
Stanislaus, and dethrone Augustus. He was about to fur-
fiish shi^s to drive the house of Hanover from the throne of
England, and replace the pretender in it; and land-forces
at the $ame time to attack George I. in bis states of Han*
over, and especially in Bremen and Verden, which he bad
taken from Charles. ^^ Charles XII." says Mootesquieu,
^^ was not Alexander, but he would have been Alexaiider's
best soldier.'* H^naut observes, ^^ that Charles in his pro-
jects had no relish for the probable : to furnish giyii to bim,
success must lie beyond the bounds of probability." Doubt-
less he might be called the Quixote of the north. He car-
ried, as his historian says, all the virtues of the hero to an
excess, which made them as dangerous and pernicious as
the opposite vices. His firmness, was obstinacy, bis libe-
rality profusion, bis courage rashness, his severity cruelty :
he was in his last years less a king than a tyrant, and more
a soldier than an hero. The projects of Alexander, whom
he affected to imitate, were not only wise, but wisely exe-
cuted : whereas Charles, knowing nothing but arms, never
regulated any of his movements by policy, according to the
exigencies of the conjuncture, but suifered himself to be
borne along by a brutal courage, which often led him into
difficulties, and at length occasioned his death. He was
a singular man, rather than a great man.
As to his person, he was tall and of a noble mien, had a
fine open forehead, large blue eyes, flaxen hair, fair com-
plexion, an handsome nose, but Tittle beard, and a laugh
not agreeable. His manners were harsh and austere, not
to say savage : and, as to religion^ he was indifferent to-
CHARLES. ui
wards all^ though outwardly a Lutheran. A few anecdotes
will illustrate his character. No dangers, however greats
made the least impression upon him. When a horse or
two were killed under hioi at the battle of Narva in 1700,
ke Jeaped nimbly upon fresh ones, saying, " These people
find me exercise." One d^y, when be was dictating letters
to a secretary^, a bomb fell through the roof into the next
room of the house, where they were sitting. The secretary,
terrified lest the house should come down upon them, let
his pen drop out of his hand : ^^ What is the matter,'* sayg^
the king calmly. The secretary could only reply, " Ah,
sir, the bomb." " The bomb !" says the king ; ^' what has
the bomb to do with what I am dictating ? Go on.'*
He preserved more humanity than is usually foun4
^mong conquerors. Once, in the middle of an action,
fiading a young Swedish officer wounded and unable to
inarch, he obliged the officer to take his horse, aujd eon«-
tinued to command his infantry on foot. The princess
Lubomirski, who was very much in the interest and good
graces of Augustus, falling by accident into the hands of
one of bis officers, he ordered her to be set at liberty;
saying, " that he did not make war with women." One
day^ near Leipsic, a peasant threw himself at his feet, with
a complaint against a grenadier, that he had robbed him
of certain eatables provided for himself and his family^
" Is it true," said Charles sternly, " that you have robbed
this man ?" The soldier replied, " Sir, I have not done
near so much harm to this man, as your majesty has done
to his master : for you have taken from Augustus a king-
dom, whereas I have only taken from this poor scoundrel a
dinner." Charles made the peasant amends, and pardoned
the soldier for his firmness : " however^ my friend," says
he to him, ^^ you will do well to recollect, that, if I took a
kingdom from Augustus, I did not take it for myself."
Though Charles lived hardily himself, a soldier did not
fear to remonstrate to him against some bread, which was
very black and mouldy, and which yet was the only pro-
vision the troops had. Charles called for a piece of it, and
calmly ate it up ; saying, ^' that it was indeed not good,
but that it might be eaten." From the danger he was in
in Poland, when he beat the Saxon troops in 1702, a
comedy was exhibited at Marienburg, where the combat
was represented to the disadvantage of the Swedes, " Oh,"
^ys Charles^ hearing of it, <* I am far from envying them
156 C H A R L E T O N,
in this pleasure. Let them beat ine upon the theatres as
long as they will, provided I do but beat them in the field."'
CHARLETON (Walter), a very learned physician,
and voluminous writer, the son of the rev. Walter Charle-
, ton, M. A. some time vicar of Uminster, and afterwards
rector of Shepton pallet, in the county of Somerset^
was born at Shepton Mallet, February 2, 1619, and was
first educated by his father, a man of extensive capacity,
though but indifferently furnished with the goods of ^ for-
tune. He was afterwards sent to Oxford, and entered of
Magdalen Hall in Lent term 1635, where he became the
pupil of the famous Dr. John Wilkins, afterwards bishop
of Chester, under whom he made great progress in logic
and philosophy, and was noted for assiduous application
and extensive capacity, which encouraged him to aim at
the accomplishments^ of an universal scholar. But as hb
circumstances confined him to some particular profession,
he made choice of physic, and in a short time made as
great a progress in that as he had done in his former studies*
On the breaking out of the civil war, which brought the
king to Oxford, Mr. Charleton, by the favour of the king,
had the degree of doctor of physic conferred upon him in
February 1642, and was soon after made one of the phy-
sicians in ordinary to his majesty. These honours made
him be considered as a rising character, and exposed him
to that envy and resentment which he could never entirely
conquer. Upon the declension of the royal cause, he came
up to London, was admitted of the college of physicians,
acquired considerable practice, and lived in much esteem
with the ablest and most learned men of the profession ;
such as sir Francis Prujean, sir George Ent, Dr. William
Harvey, and others. In the space of ten years before the
Restoration, be wrote and published several very ingenious
and learned treatises, as well on physical as other subjects,
by which he gained great reputation abroad as well as at
home; and though they are now leSk regarded than per-
haps they deserve, yet they were then received with al-
most universal approbation. He became, as Wood tells
us, physician in ordinary to king Charles IL while in exile,
which honour i^e retained after the king's return ; and,
upon the founding of the royal society, was chosen one of
the first members. Among other patrons and friends were
I Modem Univ. Hist-^Life by Vqltaurei fcc ^ ^^
C H A R L E T O JJ. 151
William Cavendish, duke of Newcastle, whose life Dr.
Charleton translated into Latin in a very clear and elegant
style, and the celebrated Hobbes, but this intimacy, with /
his avowed respect for the Epicurean philosophy, drew
some suspicions upon him in regard to his religion, not«
withstanding the pains he had taken to distinguish betweea
the religious and philosophical opinions of Epicurus in his
own writings against infidelity. Few circumstances seem ^
to have drawn niore censure on him than his venturing to
differ in opinion from the celebrated Inigo Jones respecting
Stonehenge, which Jones attributed to the Romans, and
asserted to be a temple dedicated by them to the god Coe-
lus, or Coelum ; Dr. Charleton referred this antiquity to
later and more barbarous times, and transmitted Jones's *
bookf which was not published till after its author's death,
to Olaus Wormius, who wrote him several letters, tending
to fortify him in his own sentiment, by proving that this
work ought rather to be attributed to his countrymen the
Danes. With this assistance Dr. Charleton drew up a
treatise, offering many strong arguments to shew, that this
could not be a Roman temple, and several plausible rea-
sons why it ought rather to be considered as a Danish mo*
nument ; but his book, though learned, and enriched with
a great variety of curious observations, was but indifferently
received, and but coldly defended by his friends. Jones's
son-in-law answered it with intemperate warmth, and many
liberties were taken by others with Dr. Charleton's cha-
racter, although sir William Dugdale and some other emi«
Dent antiquaries owned themselves to be of our author's
opinion; but it is now supposed that both are wrong*
Notwithstanding this clamour, Dr. Charleton's fame was
advanced by his anatomical prelections in the college
theatre, in the spring of 1683, and his satisfactory defence
of the immortal Harvey's claim to the discovery of the
circulation of the blood, against the pretence that was set
up in favour of father Paul. In 1689 he was chosen pre-
sident of the college of physicians, in which ofHce he con-
tinued to the year 1691. A little after this, his circum-
stances becoming narrow, he found it necessary to seek a
retreat in the island of Jersey ; but the causes of this are not
explained, nor have we been able to discover how long he
continued in Jersey, or whether he returned afterwards to
London. All that is known with certainty is, that he died
in the latter end of 1707, and in the eighty-eighth yejir
15S G H A R L E TON.
of his age. He appears from his writings to have been a
man of extensive learning, a lover of the constitution in
church and state, and so much a lover of his country as to^
refuse a professor's chair in the university of Padua. In
his junior years he dedicated much of his time to the study
of philosophy and polite literature, was as well read in
the Greek and Roman authors as any man of his time, and
he was taught very early by his excellent tutor, bishop
Wilkins, to digesthis knowledge so as to comnaand it readily
when occasion required. In every branch of his own
profession he has left testimonies of his diligence and his
capacity ; and whoever considers the plainness and per-
spicuity of his language, the pains he has taken to collect
and produce the opinions of the old physicians, in order
to compare them with the moderns, the just remarks with
which these collections and comparisons are attended, the
succinctness with which all this is dispatched, and the
great accuracy of that method in which his books are
written, will readily agree that he was equal to most of his
contemporaries. As an antiquary, he had taken much pains
in perusing our ancient historians, and in observing their
excellencies as well as their defects. But, above all, he
was studious of connecting the sciences with each other,
and thereby rendering them severally more perfect; in
which, if he did not absolutely succeed himself, he had at
least the satisfaction of opening the way to others, of show-
ing the true road to perfection, and pointing out the
tneans of applying and making those discoveries useful,
which have followed in succeeding times. There i3 also
good reason to believe, that though we have few or none
of his writings extant that were composed during the last
twenty years of his life, yet he was not idle during that
space, but committed many things to paper, as rfiaterials
at least for other works that he designed. There is now a
large collection of his MS papers and letters on subjects of
philosophy and natural history in the British Museum.
(Ayscough's Catalogue.) His printed works are, 1 . " Spiritus
Gorgonicus vi suS, saxipar^ exutus, sive de causis, signis,
et sanatione Lithiaseos," Leyden, 1650, 8vo. This book
is usually called De Lithiasi Diatriba. 2. " The darkness
of Atheism discovered by the light of nature, a physico-
theological treatise," London, 1651, 4to. 3. "TheEphe-
sian and Cimmerian Matrons, two remarkable examples of
the power of Love and Wit," Loudon, 1653 and 1658, 8vo.
C H A R L E T O N. 159
4, *' Physiologia Epicuro-Gassendo-Cbarletoniana : or a
fabric of natural science erected upon the most ancient
hypothesis of atoms," London, 1654, in foi. 5. " The Im-
mortality of the human Soul demonstrated by reasons na*
tural," London, 1657, 4to. 6. " Oeconomia Animalis no-
vis Aiiatomicorura inventis, indeque desumptis moderno-
ram Medicorum Hypothesibus Physicis superstructa et
mechanice explicata,'* London, 1658, 12mo; Amsterdam,
i659f 12mo; Leyden, 1678, I2mo; Hague, 1681, 12mo.
It is likewise added to the last edition of " Gulielmi Cole
desecretione animali cogitata.*' 7. *' Natural history of
nutrition, life, and vohintary motion, containing all the
new discoveries of anatomists," &c. London, 1658, 4to,
8. " Exercitationes Physico-Anatomicse de OeconomiS, Ani-
mali," London, 1659, 8vo ; printed afterwards several
times abroad. 9. " Exercitationes Pathologicae, in quibus
morborum pene omnium natura, generatio, et causae ex
novis Anatomicorum inventis sedulo inquiruntur," London,
1660, and 1661, 4to. 10. ** Character of his most sacred
Majesty Charles II. King of Great Britain, France, and
Ireland," London, 1660, one sheet, 4to. 1 1 . " Disquisi-
tiones duae Anatomico-Physicse ; altera Anatome pueri de
calo tacti, altera de Proprietatibus Cerebri humani," Lon-
don, 1664, 8vo. 12. ** Chorea Gigantum, or the most
famous antiquity of Great Britain, vulgarly called Stone-
henge, standing on Salisbury Plain, restored to the Danes,"
London, 1663, 4to. 13. " Onomasticon Zoicon, plero-
rumque animalium difFerentias et nortina propria pluribus
linguis exponens. Cui accedunt Mantissa Anatomice, et
quaedam de variis Fossilium generibus," London, 1668 and
1671, 4to; Oxon. 1677, foi. 14. « Two Philosophical
Discourses ; the first concerning the different wits of men ;
the second concerning the mystery of Vintners, or a dis-
course of the various sicknesses of wines, and their re-
spective remedies at this day commonly used, &c. Lon-
don, 1668, 1675, 1692, 8vo. 15. " De Scorbuto Liber
singuiaris. Cui accessit Epiphonema in Medicastros,"
London, 1671, 8vo; Leyden, 1672, 12mo. 16. "Natural
History of the Passions," London, 1674, 8vo. 17. "En-
quiries into Humane Nature, in six Anatomy-prelections in
the new theatre of the royal college of physicians in Lon-
don," London, 1680, 4to. 18." Oratio Anniversaria ha-
bita inTheatro inciyti Collegii Medicorum Londinensis 5to
August! 1680, in commemorationem Beneficiorum a Doc-
160 C H A R L 6 T O M/
tore Haryey aliisque prsstitorum/' Londaif, 1680, 4M^
19. " The harmony of natural and positive i)ivine Laws,**
London, 1682, 8vo. 20. ** Three Anatomic Lectures con*
ceming, l.The motion of the blood through the veins and
arteries. 2. The organic structure of the heart 3. The
efficient cause of the hearths pulsation, liead in the 1 9tb,
20th, and 21st day of March 1682^ in the anatomic theatre
of his majesty's royal college of Physicians in London,'*
London^ 1683, 4to. 21. *' luquisitio Pbysica de causis
Catameniorum, et Uteri Rheumatismo, in quo probatur
sanguinem in animali fermentescere nunquam,*' London,
1685, 8vo. 22. *^ Qulielmi Ducis Novicastrensis vita,"
London, 1668, fol. This is a translation from the English
original written by Margaret, the second wife of William
duke of Newcastle. 23. " A Ternary of Paradoxes, of the
magnetic cure of wounds, nativity of tartar in wine, and
image of God in man," London, 1650, 4to.. 24. ** The
errors of physicians concerning Defluxions called Delira-
menta Catarrhi,'' London, 1650, 4to, both translations froia
Van Helmont. 25. " Epicurus his Morals,'* London, 1655,
4to. This work of his is divided into thirty-one chapters,
and in these he fully treats all the principles of the Epi*
curean philosophy, digested under their proper heads ;
tending to prove, that^ considering the state of the hea-
then world, the morals of Epicurus were as good as any, as
in a former work he had shewn that his philosophic opi-
nions were the best of any, or at least capable of being
explained in such a manner as that they might become so
in the hands of a modern philosopher. This work was
trapslated into several modern languages. 26. ^< The Life
of Marcellus," translated from Plutarch, and printed in the
second volume of ^ Plutarch's Lives translated from the
Greek by several hands," London, 1684, 8vo. *
CHARLEVAL (Charles, or as in the Diet Hist John
Lewis Faucon de Ris, lord of), was born in 1613, with a
very delicate body, and a mind of the same quality. He
was passionately fond of polite literature, and gained the
love of all that cultivated it. His conversation was mingled
with the gentleness and ingenuity that are apparent in
his writings. Scarron, who was ludicrous even in his
praises, speaking of the delicacy of his genius and taste,
said, ^^ that the muses had fed him upon blanc-mange and
» Biog. Brit— Ath, Ox, ▼ol. 11.
CHARLEVAL. 161
chicken broth.^* His benevolence was active and muni-*
ficeat. Having learnt that M. and madame Dacier ware
about to leave Paris, in order to live more at their ease in
the country, he offered them ten thousand francs in gold^
and insisted on their acceptance of it. Notwithstanding
the feebleness of his constitution, by strictly adhering to
the regimen prescribed him by the faculty, he spun out
his life to the age of eighty. The frequent use of rhubarb
heated him so much^ that it brought on a fever, which the
physicians thought of curing by copious bleeding, and one
of them said to the rest : *' There, the fever is now going
off." " I tell you,'* replied Thevenot, the king's librarian^
who hap(>ened to be present, ^^ it is the patient that is
going off;" and Charleval died in an hour or two after,
in 1B93. His poetical pieces fell into the hands of the
president de Ris, his nephew, who never would consent to
publish them. A small collection, however, was printed in
1759, 12mo; but they have scarcely supported their ori-
ginal reputation, although in France several of his epi-
grams are yet frequently quoted in all companies. The
conversation of the marechai d'Horquincourt and father
Canaye, printed in the works of St. Evremond, a piece
full of originality and humour, is the composition of Char-
leval, excepting the little dissertation 6n Jansenism and
Molinism, which St.- Evremond subjoined. to it; but it falls
&r short of the ingenuity of the rest of the work, y
CHARLEVOIX (Peter Francis Xavier de), a learned
and industrious French Jesuit, was born at St. Quintin in
1684, and died m 1761, aged 78. His fame rests chiefly
on the histories of his travels, which were extensive, ^nd
his accounts, although diffuse, are in general reckoned
very good authority. They consist of: l. " Histoire et
description g^u^rale du Japon,^^ 1738, 2 vols. 4to; and
1754, 6 vols. 12avo. 2. " Histoire de I'lsle de St. Domi-
nique,'* 1720, 2 vols. 4to. 3. " Histoire g6n6rale de la
Nouvelle France," 1744, 3 vols. 4to, and 6 vols, 12mo.
4. ^^ Histoire g^n^rale du Paraguay," 1756, 6 vols. 12mo>
and 3 vols. 4to. From these were translated into English,
the ''Journal of a Voyage to North America," 1760, 2
vols, 8vo, abridged afterwards under the title of '^ Letters
to the duchess of Lesdiguieres, giving an account of &
Toy^ge to Canada/' &.c. 1763, Svo; and '' The History of
^ aior?ri.— IMiQt. Hift* -
Vol. IX- M
162 CHARLEVOIX
Paraguay," 1769, 2 vols. 8vo. Charlevoix also published in
1724, " Vie de Mere Marie de rincarnation," 12mo; and
he was for tweuty-four years employed on the ^^ Journal
de Trevouxy" which he enriched with many valuable arti«-
cles. *
CHARLIER, John. See GERSON.
CHARLTON, Walter. See CHARLETON.
CHARNOCK (John), esq. F. S. A. an ingenious but
unfortunate writer, was born Nov. 28, 1756, the only son
of John Cbarnock, esq. a native of the island of Barbadoes,
and formerly an advocate of eminence at the English bar^
by Frances, daughter of Thomas Boothby, of Chingford
in Essex, esq. About 1767 he was placed at the rev.
Reynell Cotton's school at Winchester, and went from
thence to the college, where, in the station of a commoner^
he was under the immediate care of the celebrated Dn
Joseph Warton, the head master, in whose house h%
boarded, and became the peculiar favourite of that eminent
tutor. Having attained to the seniority of the school, and
gained the prize medal annually given for elocution, he
removed from Winchester to Oxford, and was, in 1774^
entered a gentleman-commoner of Merton college. Here
he soon discovered his passion for literary composition, in
a multiplicity of fugitive pieces on various subjects, which
appeared in the periodical papers ; many of them, how«
ever, were not of a kind likely to confer permanent repu««
tation, being invectives against the American war, written
in a vehement spirit of opposition, under the^signatures of
Casca, Squib, or Justice.
He left the university to return to a domestic life totally
nnsuited to the activity both of body and mind for whicti
be was remarkable, but which, amidst some family differ-^
ences, be contrived to employ on the study of naval and
military tactics ; and with no other asstsitance than that of
bis mathematical knowledge, aided by a few books, be
made a very considerable proficieiicy. The noble coUeo*^
tion of drawings which he left, executed during thai short
period solely by his own hand, would alone furnish an am<^
pie proof of his knowledge of these subjects, and of tb^
indefatigable 2eal with which he pursued them. He novir
became anxious to put into practice wh&t he bad learnt^
and earnestly pressed for permission to embrace the navat
1 Diet. Hftt
G H A R N 0 G K. 168
€t military profession; He was at this titne sole heir to 't
Fery considerable fortune, and the darling of his parents^
bat derived none of the advantages which usually folloiilr
these circaoistances* His request being denied, be entered
a volunteer into the naval service, and very soon attained
that proficiency of which' his publications on the subject
will be lasiing monuments. A sense of duty afterwards
withdrew htm again into private life ; but his mind had re^
ceived a wound iil the disappointment| and other circum<^
stances, which, his biographer says, it would be indelicate
to particularize, contributed to keep it open. By the un«
kindness of those to whom he had most reason to lool:
up, and partly by his own imprudence, he was obliged
to have recourse to his pen for support, and although he
employed it with talent and industry, it did not yield faim
the due recompence of bis labours, nor the necessary sup«-
pUes for his own maintenance and that of a beloved wife.
Hence he became etnbarrassed in his circumstances, and
the sourc^es ftt>m which he had the fairest right to expect
relief being unaccountably closed against him, he wa^ suf^
fered to linger out the remainder of life in the prison of
the King's- Bench, in which he died May 16, 1807. His
funeral desierves to be recorded. It was not that of an
insolvent debtor. To the surprise of all who knew his tne*-
lancholy history, be was interred with great ceremony and
expence at Lea, near Blackheath, in the same grave whicfa^
within two years after, received his father and mother.
His works, besides many smaller pieces^ were, I . *^ The
Rights of a Free People,*^ 1792, 8vo, an irony on the de^-
Biocracy of that period. 2. ^' Biograpfaia Navalis/' 1794,
&c. 6 Tols. 8vo. 3* '< A Letter on Finance and on Na-
tional Defence^** 1798. 4. " A History of Marine Archi«-
tecture," 3 vols. 4to. 5. ^ A Life of Lord Nelson,'? 1800.
His ^* Biographia Navalis" is a truly valuable work, and
supplies those deficiencies in the previous liaval biographies
of Cfunpbell and Berkenhout, over whom Mr. Chamock
had the superior advantage of professional knowledge.
After bis death was printed, " Loyalty ; or Invasion de*-
feated,'' 1810, an historical tragedy. ^
CHARNOGK (Stephen), son of Richard Charnock aa
attonieyy descended froin an andent family of that name
ixk Laocasbirei was bom in LonSon in 1628, and educated
* Ceatura Literaria, vol. V.*<»BMg. Onirn
M 2
164 C H A R N O C K.
£rst in Emanuel college in Cambridge, from whence he
removed to New college, Oxford, in 1649, and obtained a
fellowship by the parliamentarian interest. AJfterwards he
went into Ireland, where he preached, and was much ^A*
mired by the presbyterians and independents. Upon the
restoration of king Charles II. he refused to conform, but
returned into England, and lived mostly in London, where
adhering to the principles of the nonconformists, he
preached in private meetings, and had the reputation of a
man of good parts, learning, and elocution. He died in
July 27, 1680. He printed only a single sermon in his
life-time, which is in the <' Morning Exercise ;*' but after
his death, two folio volumes from his manuscripts were
published in 1683, and still bear a high price. Wood says
that diose who differed from him in opinion, admired his
extensive learning, into which he was first initiated at
Emanuel college, Cambridge, by his tutor, Dr. Sancroft^
afterwards archbishop of Canterbury* ^
CHARPENTIER (Francis), dean of the French acade-
my, was born at Paris, Feb. 1620. His early discovery of
great acuteness made his friends design him for the bar :
but his taste led him to prefer the repose and stillness of
the closet, and he became more delighted with languages
and antiquity, than with the study of the law. He was
made a member of the French academy in 1651, and had
the advantage of the best conversation for his improvement.
When Colbert became minister of state, he projected the
setting up a French East-India compatiy ; and to recom-
mend the design more effectually, he thought it proper
diat a discourse should be published upon this subject.
Accordingly he ordered Charpentier to draw one up, and
was so pleased with his performance, published in 1664^
that he kept him in his family, with a design to place him
in another academy which was then founding, and which
was afterwards known by the name of ** Inscriptions and
Medals.'* The learned languages, in which Charpentier
was a considerable master, his great knowledge of anti-
quity, and his exact and critical judgment, made him
very serviceable in carrying on the business of this new-
academy ; and it is agreed on all hands, that no person of
that learned society contributed more thati himself towards
that noble series of medals, which were struck of the mosl
1 Ath. Ox; ToL II,— Calamy.— Fuiera! Senaon by Johnion.
C H A R P E.N TIER. 165
Gonfiiderable events that happened in the reign of Lewis
XIV. but his adulation of the king exceeded that of all
bis contemporaries.
He died April 22, 1702, aged 82. His harangues and
discourses, delivered before the academy, or when he was
chosen to make a speech to the king, are extant in the
collections of the academy. As to the character of his
works, it may be said in general, that wit and learning
are every where visible; but although we meet with some
high flights of eloquence, and masterly strokes of compo-
sition, bis taste has not been thought equal to his learning.
]9is principal works are, ^^ La Vie de Socrate,*' 1650, l2mo.
A translation of the " Cyropajdia," 1659, 12mo. *' Dis-
^ours touchant PEtablissement d'une Compagnie Frangoise
pour le Como^erce des Indes Orientales,'' 4to. *^ De I'ex*
cellence de la Langue Fran^oise,*' 1683, 2 vols. 12ma
*^ Carpentariana," 12mo, &c. in which there are some
amusing anecdotes, but they are not esteemed the best of
the Ana. ^
CH AKRON (Peter), was bom at Paris in 1 541. Though
Iiis parents were in narrow circumstances, yet discovering
their son's capacity, they were particularly attentive to bis
education. After making a considerable proficiency in
grammar-learning, he applied to logic, metaphysics, moral
and natural philosophy, and afterwards studied civil and
common law at the universities of Orleans and Bourges,
and commenced doctor in that faculty. Upon his return
to Paris, he was admitted an advocate in the court of par-
liament. He always declared the bar to be the best and
most improving school in the world ; and accordingly at*
tended at all the public hearings for five or six y^ars : but
foreseeing that preferment in this way, if ever attained at
adl, was like to come very slow, as he had neither private
interest, nor relations among the solicitors and proctors of
the court, he gave over that employment, and closely ap-
plied to the study of divinity. By his superior pulpit
eloquence, he soon came into high reputation with the
greatest and most learned men of his time, insomuch that
the bishops seemed to strive which of them should get him
into his diocese; making him an offer of being theological
c^.non or divinity lecturer in their churches, and of other
digaities and benefices^ besides giving him noble presents^
* Moreri.— G«ii. Dlct,*«»Dict Hift,
166 C H A R R O N.
He was successirely th^ologal of Bazas, Aqcs, Letfaour#^'
Agen, Cahors, and Condom^ canon and schoolmaster in
the church of Bourdeaux, and chanter in the charch .of
Condom. Queen Margaret, duchess of Bulois, enter-
tained him for her preacher in ordinary; and the king,
though at that time a protestant, frequently did him the
bonour to be one of his audience. He was also retained
by the cardinal d^Armagnac, the pope's legate at Avignon,
who had a great value for him ; yet amidst all these pro-*
motions, he never took any degree or title in divinity, but
satisfied himself with deserving and being capable of the
highest. After about eighteen years absence from Paris^
be resolved to end his days there; and being a lover of
retirement, vowed to become a Carthusian. On his arrival
at Paris, he communicated his intention to the prior of the
order, bat was rejected, notwithstanding his most pressing
entsreaties. They told him that he could not be received
on account of bis age, then about forty-eight, and that the
order required all the vigour of youth to support its auste-
rities. He next addressed himself to the Celestines at
Paris, but with the same success, and for the same reasons v
io this embarrassment, he was assured by three learned
casuists, that as he was no ways accessary tb the non-per-
formance of his vow, it was no longer binding ; and that
he might, with a very safe conscience, continue in the
"world as a secular. He preached, however, a course of
Lent sermons at Angers in 1589. Going afterwards to
Bourdeaux, he contracted a very intimate friendship with
Michael de Montagne, author of the well known Essays^
from whom he received all possible testimonies of regard ;
for, among other things, Montagne ordered by his last
will, that in case he should leave no issue-male of his own,
M. Charron should, after his decease, be entitled to bear
the coat of arms plain, as they belonged to his noble
family, iand Charron, in return, made Montague's brother-
in-law his residuary legatee. He staid at Bourdeaux from
1589 to 1593; and in that interval composed his book,
entitled, <* Les Trois Veritas," which he published in
1594. These three truths are the following : 1 . That there
is a God and a true religion : 2. That of all religions the
Christian is the only true one : 3. That of all the Christian
communions the Roman catholic is the only true church.
This work procured him the acquaintance of M. de Sulpice,
bisbop and count of Cahors, who sent for him and offered
C H A R R O Ni 16T
bun the places of his vicar-general and canon theological
i;i his church, which he accepted. He was deputed to
the geueral assembly of the clergy in 1595, and was chosea
first secretary to the assembly. In 1599 he returned to
Cahorar; and in that and the following year composed eight
discourses upon the sagrament of the Lord's supper ; and
others upon the knowledge and providence of God, the
redemption of the worlds the communion of saints, and
hkewise his " books of Wisdom." Whilst he was thus
employed, the bishop of Condom, to draw him into his
diocese, presented him with the chaptership in his church;
and the theologal chair falling vacant about the same time,
made him an offer of that too, which Charron acceptedi
and resolved to settle there* In 1601 he printed at Bour-
deaux his books ^^^ of Wisdom," which gave him a great
reputation, and made his character generally known*
October 1 603, he made a journey to Paris, to thank the
bishop of Boulogne ; who, in order to have him near him-
self, had offered him the place of theologal canon. This
he was disposed to accept of; but the moisture and cold-
nests of the air at Boulogne, and its nearness to the sea,
not only made it, be said to a friend, a melancholy and
unpleasant place, but very unwholesome too ; adding, that
the sun was his visible god, as God was his invisible sun*
At Parii^ he began a new edition of bis books ^^ of Wisdom,*'
of which he lived to see but three or four sheets printed,
dying Nov. 16, 1603, of an apoplexy. The impression of
the new edition of his book << of Wisdom," with alterations
by the author, occasioned by the offence taken at some
passages in the former, was completed in 1604, by the
care of a friend ; but as the Bourdeaux edition contained
some things that were either suppressed or softened in the
subsequent one,, it was much sought after by the curious.
Hence the booksellers of several cities reprinted the book
after that edition ; and this induced a Paris bookseller to
print an edition, to which he subjoined all the passages of
the first edition which had been struck out or corrected,
and all those which the president Jeannin, who was em-
ployed by the chancellor to examine the book, judged
necessary to be changed. This edition appeared in 1707.
There have been two translations of it into Engliish, the
last by George Stanhope, D. D. printed in 1697. Dr.
;Stanhope says, that M. Charron " was a person that feared
God, led a pious and good life, was charitably disposed,
16S C H A R R O N.
a person of wisdom and conduct, serious and considerate;
a great philosopher, an eloquent orator, a famous and
powerful preacher", richly furnished and adorned with the
most excellent virtues and graces both moral and divine ;
such as made him very remarkable and singular,, and de«
servedly gave him the character of a good man and a good
Christian ; such as preserve a great honour and esteem for
his memory among persons of worth and virtue, and will
continue to do so as long as the world shall last." From
this high praise considerable deductions may surely be
made. Cbarron^s fame has scarcely outlived his century.;
bis book on *^ Wisdom" certainly abounds in ingenious,
and original observations on moral topics, but gives a
gloomy picture of human nature and society. Neither is
it free from sentiments very hostile to revealed religion^
but so artfully disguised as to impose on so orthodoic a di-*
vine as dean Stanhope. '
CHARTIER (Alain), a native of Bayeux, one of the
first French writers who aspired to elegance, flourished
about 1430. He was secretary to tbe kings Charles VI.
and VI I. and employed in several embassies. His compo*
sitions in prose excelled those that were poetical, and he
spoke as well as he wrote, so that he was esteemed the fa^
tber of French eloquence. The following curious anec-
dote relating to him is recorded : Margaret of Scotland,
first wife to the dauphin, afterwards Lewis XI. as she
passed through the Louvre, observed Alain asleep, and
went and kissed him. When her attendants expressed
their surprize that she should thus distinguish a man re<»
markable for his ugliness, she replied, *^ I do not kiss the
man, but the mouth that has uttered so many charming
things.'' His works were published by the elder Du
Chesne, in 1617, 4to; the first part consisting of bis
works in prose, viz. the " Curial;" a " Treatise on Hope ;*'
the *^ Luadrilogus Invectif,'' against Edward HI. ; and
others, partly spurious ; and the second part containing
bis poems, which are for the most part obscure and te*
dious. Alain Chartier died at Avignon in 1449. We find
much difference in the bic^^phers of Chartier, some as*
cribing to him the " Chroniques de St. Denys," Paris, 149S,
3 vols. fol. and others to his brother John ; and the ^^ History
of Oharles VIL" likewise attributed to him,, is given by Du
J Gen. Diet.— Morerii— Brucker.— >Dtct Hist
C H A R T I E R. 169
Chesne to Berri, first herald to Charles VIL and by Moreri
toGiiles de Bouvier. *
CHARTIER (Rene'), a native of Vendome, studied me-
dicine at Paris, where he took his doctor's degree in 1 608,
and was afterwards professor of surgery, and physician to
the king. He is principally known as the editor of a very
splendid edition of the works of Hippocrates and Galen,
on which he expended all his fortune. It was printed in
13 vols. foL usually bound in nine, the dates of which ap«
pear to be from 163£r to 1649, and that of the supple-
mentary volumes about 1672. We have no account of
bis death, but he appears to have died before 1639.'
CHASLE8 (Gregory de), who was born August 17,
1659, at Paris, studied at the college de la Marche, and
there became acquainted with M. de Seigneley, who pro-
cured him an employment in the marine. The greatest
part of his life passed in voyages to the Levant, Canada,
and the East Indies. In Canada he was taken prisoner
by the English ; he was also a prisoner in Turkey. Charles
was gay, sprightly, and loved good cheer, but yet satiri-
cal, particularly against the monks, and the constitution.
He was banished from Paris to Chartres, for some of these
liberties^ where be was living in a sordid manner, in 1719
or 1720. He wrote " Les Illustres Francoises,** 3 vols.
12mo, containing seven histories, to which two others are
added in the edition of Utrecht, 1737, 4 vols. '12mo, and
of Paris, 4 vols. ; but these two are much inferior to the
rest. ** Journal d'un Voyage fait aux Indes Orientales sur
Tescadre de M. du Quesne en 1690 et 1691,** Rouen,
1721, 3 vols. 12mo; and a sixth volume of Don Qui Kote.
Though Chasles was an advocate,' the *^ Diet, de Justice,
Police, et Finances," written by Francis James Chasles,
172ii, 3 vols. fol. must not be ascribed to him.'
CHA8SENEUZ (Bartholomew), was born at Issy-
TEvgque, in Burgundy, 1480. He held the office of king*s
advocate at Antun till 1522, when Francis I. appointed him
counsellor to the parliament of Paris, then president of
that of Provence. Chasseneuz was in the latter office
when that court gave sentence against the inhabitants of
Cabrieres and Merindol. . He prevented the execution of
it during his life, and died 1542, leaving several works:
* Gen. Diet.— Moreri. — Diet. Hist
• Moreri.— Halier Bibl. Med.— Saxii Onoowit. » Diet Hitt
170 C H A S S E N E U Z.
lUQong th^ rest, n *^ Cpoameotaiy on the Cufttpm of Eur*
gundy/' of which there were five editions in his life-time»
and above fiffceea'since. The last edition is by the pre-
sident Boubier, 1717, 4to, new modelled in that which he
has since published in 2 vols. fol. ^
CHASTELAIN (Claude), canon of the cathedral
church of Paris, his native place, where he was born iii
16^9, possessed a very superior degree of knowledge in
the liturgies, rites, and ceremonies of the church ;> and had
fpr that purpose travelled over Italy, France, and Ger-
Qaany ; studying every where the particular customs of
each separate church. He died 1712, aged seventy-three^
leaving a <* Universal Martyrology," Paris, 1709, 4tQ, and
the '^ Life of St Chaumont,'' 1697, 12mo. He also pub^
lished the ^^ Hagiographical Dictionary," which was in-»
serted by Menage in his etymologies of the French tongue^
with great praise of the author, as one whose merit was
not duly estimated by the age he lived in.*
CHASTELAIN (George, or Castellanus), a Flemish
gentleman, who was educated at the court of the dukes of
Burgundy, and esteemed as one of those by whom thtt
French language was at that time best understood. John
Molinet was his pupil. He died 1475, leaving in French
verse, an account of all the extraordinary things .which
happened in his time, 1531, 4to ; and at the end of the
Legend of lairfeu, 1723, 8vo^ *' Le Chevalier d^lib6r«»
ou la Mort du Due de Bourgogne devant Nanci,'' 1489,
4to. Sqme attribute this work to Oliver de la Marche.
" Hist, du Chevalier Jaques de Lalain," Antwerp, 1634,
4to; " Les Epitaphes d' Hector et d'Achille," 1525, 8vo.*
CHASTELET (Gabriel Emilia de Breteuil, Mar-
chioness), descended of a very apcieht family of Picardy,
was born December 1 7, 1706. Among the women of. her
nation who have rendered themselves illustrious, she is
certainly entitled to the first rank. Before her, many of
them had acquired reputation by agreeable romances^
and by poetical pieces, in which there appeared the graces
of wit, and the charms of sentiment. Several ako, by
applying themselves to the study of languages, by making
their beauties. to pass into their own, and by enriching
their versions with valuable commentaries, had deserved
' Diet. Hist.— Moreri. — Niceron. * 'Moreri. — Diet. Hist
3 L*Avocat.-*Dict. Hist. — Moreri in Cbatelain.
C H.A S T E L E T. 171
Weil of the republic of letters. By composing W6rks on
subjects wbiob unfold themselves only to men of rare ge-
BUiSy Mhb has classed herself, in the opinion of her country'-^
men, with the greatest philosophers, and may be said to
bare rivalled Leibnitz and Newton. From her early youth
ihe read the be^t authors, without the medium of a |rans->
Ration: Tasso, Milton, and Virgil were alike familiar to
her ; aad her ear was particularly sensible to the melody
of verse. She was endowed with great eloquence, but not
of that sort which consists only in displaying wit or ac-*
quirements ; precision was the character of ber's. She
would rather have written with the solidity of Pascal than
with the charmaof S^vigne. She loved abstract^ sciences,
9tudied mathematics deeply, and published an explana-<
tion of the philosophy of Leibnitz, under the title of '< In-»
stitutions de Physique," in 8vo, addrei^sed to her sqn^
the preliminary discourse to which is said to be a model of
reason and eloquence. Afterwards she published a treatise
on ^* The Nature of Fire." To know common geometry ,
did not satisfy her« She was so well skilled in the philo-*
sopby of Newton, that she translated his works, and en^
ricbed tbem by a commentary, in 4 vols. 4to ; its title itf
** Principes Mathematiques de la Philosophe Naturelle*'*
This work, which cgst her infinite labour, is supposed to
have hastened her death, which took place in 1749. With
sill her talents and personal qualifications, however, it is ge«<
DM^Uy admitted that she had no pretensions to chastity.*
CHASTELLUX (Francis John, Marquis de), a marshal
in the French army, and a member of the French academy,
and of many other literary societies, was born in 1734, of
a distinguished family. His military talents raised him to
the rank of brigadier-general, and he is said to'have served
in that capacity with great reputation in America. Of his
military, however, we know less than of his literary ca-
reer, which he pursued amidst all his public employments.
He bad early in life a strong passion for poetry and piusic*
Many of bils comedies, written for private theatres, and
heard with transport, might have been equally successful
on the public stages, bad he had courage sufficient to make
the experiment. He was an officer in the French guards
ifi 1765, when he published his ingenious ** Eissay oti the
I^nion of Poetry and Music.'* This essay was th^ conse-
1 Diet Hist.
172 CHASTELLUX.
quence of a voyage into Italy, where be, seems to have
adopted an exclusive taste for the dramatic music of that
country, as Rousseau had done before. He even adopts
some of Rousseau^s ideas upon music ; but in general he
tliinks for himself, both deeply and.originally. By his re-
flections on the musical drama, he not only offended the
musicians of France, but the lyric poets of every country ;
not scrupling to assert that in an opera, music, which ought
to be the principal consideration, had been too long a slave
to syllables ; for since the cultivation of the melo-drama,
it was found thajt music had its own language, its tropes,
'metaphors, colouring, movements, passions, and expres-«
sion of sentiment. This little tract, for it was but. a
pamphlet of 90 or 100 pages, 12mo, gave birth to along
controversy in France, in which, the author was supported
by the abb^ Arnaud, M. D'Alembert, the abb^ Morellet,
and M. Marmontel. His chief antagonist was the author
of a " Treatise on the Melo- Drama," who, loving poetry
better than music, wished to reduce the opera to a mere
recitative or musical declamation. During the subsequent
feuds between the Gluckists and Piccinists, the opponents
of the marquis de Chastellux enlisted with the former, and
his friends with the latter of these sects.
The next work which the marquis wrote, was his essay
^^ De la felicity publique," published at Amsterdam, with-
out his name, which was given to the English public in a
translation entitled " An Essay on Public Happiness, in;-
vestigating the state of human nature, under each of its par-
ticular appearances, through the several periods of history
to the present times," London, 2 vols. 8vo. While the
marquis was engaged on this work he frequently shifted
his abode, and was also obliged to attend his regiment (that
of Guienne) during four months of the year : at these times
be could only have recourse to such books as were at hand^
many of which were translations, and but a small number
originals ; yet, notwithstanding these disadvantages, h^
has brought together a great variety of historical informa-*
tion, accompanied with many useful, and some fanciful
observations. Viewing the then placid state of socie^ in
his own and neighbouring countries, he was deceived bjr
his love of peace and happiness, into a kind of precUotioii
that wars would be no more so frequent, or produce such
great calamities, as they had in ages past ! The traosla-
C H A S T.E L L U X. 175
ttoD, we have heard, was by J. Kent, esq. a country gen-
tleman.
We have already noticed that the marquis served in
America, under Rochambeau, during the war with Great
Britain. This produced his ** Voyage dans I'Amerique,'*
wliich was immediately translated into English, under the
title ** Travels in North- America, in the years 1780, 1781,
1782,** 1787, 2 vols. 8vo. In this work, which is rather
to be read as amusing than relied on as authentic, there is
much of that enthusiasm for theoretic liberty and happiness
which pervades the marquis's former work ; but his want
of impartiality did not escape even his own countrymen.
Brissot de Warville wrote an " Examen Critique'* of the
travels, in which he convicted the writer of great partiality,
as well as of unjust representations of events ; and the
same charges were brought against him by an anonymous
writer in our own country, who, after the appearance of
the translation, pubUshed ^* Remarks on the Travels, &c.^
1787, 8vo. The only other publication of the marquis's
pen, was ** Notice sur la vie et les ecrits d'Helvetius,'*
printed with his poem ^^ Du Bonheur." We give this on
the authority of the Diet. Hist, but it has been attributed
to Duclos, to Saurin, and to the baron Holbach. The
marquis de Chastellux died suddenly at Paris, Oct 24^
1788. *
CHATEL (Peter du), in Latin Castellanus, a very
learned French prelate, is said by some to have been of
obscure birth, but his biographer Galland makes^ him of
an ancient family, and the son of a brave knight. Yet this
is doubtful, if what he. said to king Francis I. be more than
a witticism. The king once asked him if he was a gentle-
man ; to which Chatel answered *^ that there were three
in the ark, but he did not really know from which of them
he descended." He was, however, bom at Arc, in Bur*
gundy, and in the eleventh year of his age, before which
his parents died, he was sent to Dijon, for education,
where he made an astonishing progress, and before he had
been there six years, w^s appointed a teacher, in which
capacity he soon distinguished himself; and on one occa*-
tion made a public display of more than grammatical
talents. His master, Peter Turreau, was accused of being
' ^ Diet. Hiftt. — Bifay on Pbblie Happiness^ notes to' vol. I«*^Biirae7's M«»
ao9k9 of Metas tasio> toI. U. p. 3S9.
174 C H A T E Ia
an astrologer, and Cfaatel pleaded his cause so i^bly tbit
he was acquitted. He afterwards travelled, in order 4o
cultivate the acquaintance of the learned men of his time,
and particularly of Erasmus, whom he met at Basil, and
who conceived such a high opinion of his learning, as to
recommend him to Frobenius, to be corrector of the Greek
and Latin authors, printed at his celebrated press. While
here he had also an opportunity of correcting some of
^rasmus^s works ; but they left Basil together, when the
popish religion was established there. Erasmus retired to
Fribourg, and Chatel returned to France, where be ac^
cepted the offer made him by some persons of distinction^
to be tutor to certain young men who were to study law at
Bourges, under the celebrated Alciat. As they were not
yet prepared to depart, he read public lectures on the
Greek text of St. Paul's epistle to the Romans ; and un*
fortunately for his reputation, was entrapped into an in*
trigue with a young woman, a circumstance on which
Bayle expatiates with his usual delight in what is indeli^
cate* Chatei's scholars, however, being at length ready^
he accompanied them to Bourges, and studied law, filling
pp his leisure hours with topics of polite literature. Hii
diligence was unremitting, as he slept scarcely three hours
in the night, and the moment he waked ran with eagerness
to his books. This method of study he preserved, even afw
terwards, when appointed reader to the king.
Having an inclination to visit Italy, the bishop of
Auxerre, who was going there in a diplomatic charactei^
took him with him, but at Rome he found little enjoyment
except in contemplating the remains of antiquity. Thd
corruption of morals at the court of Rome appeared se
atrocious in his eyes, that for many years afterwards he
^ould not speak on the subject without indignation, and
appears indeed to have conceived as bad an opinion of thd
court of Rome as any of the reformers, and expressed
himself with as much severity. From Rome he went to
Venice, and was induced to accept the office of teaching
polite literature in the island of Cyprus, with a pension ei
two hundred crowns, and there he read lectures for two
years with great success. He afterwards went into Eg}^t^
Jerusalem, and Constantinople, and on his retarn hoaie^
the French ambassador at the Porte gave him letters of
strong recosnxiendation to Francis I. who appointed hi^
his reader, and entertained him with the utmost famili&dty.'
C H A T E L. 175
<
Chatel avaited himself of this favour to procure advantages
to learning and learned men ; but although his sentiments
were so lar liberal as to admit that the church wanted re-
forming, be supported the catholic religion, and even as-
sisted the inquisitors and informers. He was also averse
to capital punishments for heresy, and involved himself in
danger by pleading for some pretended heretics, who, it
was reported, were to be put to death. He likewise ap*
peased the king's wrath againat the Waldenses before the
slaughter of Cabrioles and Merindol, and once delivered
Doiet out of prison. His zeal for maintaining the rights
'Of the Gallican church against the pretensions of the court
^Rome, rendered him odious there, and the doctors of
the Sorbonne were not less displeased with him for the
protection he granted in 1545, to Robert Stephens, the
celebrated printer. These were favourable symptoms of
liberality, at least, if not of an inclination to befriend th^
cause of the reformation, and soften the rigours of perse^^
cution. But Chatel wanted firmness, and withdrawing his
protection from Stephens, the latter was forced to retire
into another country. Chatel was perhaps influenced by
tile favours heaped upon him by Francis T. who made hint
bishop of Tulle in 1539, and afterwards bishop of Magon.
He is said never to have appeared to more advantage as a
divine and a man of eloquence than when he prepared
Francis I: for death, and delivered his funeral orationi
Yet in this oration, by hinting that the soul of Francis had
immediately gone to heaven, he alarmed the doctors of the
Sorbonne, who complained that he was heretic enou^rh to
oppose the doctrine of purgatory. A more valid objec<-
tion, perhaps, m4ght have been his high praise of Fran<^
Cli I. whose character was not that of perfect purity.
Henry II. tiie successor of Francis, finding that Chatel
intended to leave the court, by way of detaining him, be«
stowed on him the important office of grand almoner, and
translated him to the bishopric of Orleans, in which he is
said to have introduced some salutary reformation among
Ibe ignorant and vicious priests. Here he frequently
preached, and very wonderful accounts are given of the
effects of his eloquence upon the mo^t hardened impe-
niteiAtft. On one of these occasions he was seized with a
fit of the palsy, which proved fatal Feb. 3, 1 552, and
WhicfaP%ome protestant writers considered as a judgment on
him for maintaining a conduct contrary to the convictions
176 C H A T E L.
t
of his own mind. Hq was undoubtedly a man inclined
mocieratiun, but appears to have been ambitious, and to«
much ensnared by a court life. ' His learning waa Tery ex-
tensive ; but we have only in print a Latin letter from
Francis I. to Charles V, ascribed to him, and his funeral
oration on Francis I. both printed in his life by Galland^
published by Baluze, Paris, 1674, 8vo. There was, how-
ever, an edition of the oration printed in 1547, under the
title ^' Le trepas, obseques, et enterrement de Frangois I.
avec les deux sermons funebres,^* &c. 4to. ^ , -
CH ATELET (Paul Hay, lord of), a gratleman de^
scended f'rom an* ancient family in Bretany, one of the
members of the French academy, advocate-general to the
parliament of Rennes, afterwards master of the requests^
and counseller'of state, was born in 1593. The court
entrusted him with several important commissions; but,
upon his refusing to be among the judges at the trial of the
inarechal de Marillac, he was sent to prison, but set at
liberty some time after. It is said, that, being one day
with M. de 8t. Preuil, who was soliciting the due de Mont**
morenci's pardon, the king said to him, '^ I believe M. du
Chatelet would willingly part with an arm to save M. de
Montmorenci.'* To which he repUed, ^\ I would, sire, that
I could lose them both, for they can do you no service^
and save one« who has gained many battles for you,^ and
would gain many more.'^ After his release from prison
above noticed, he went to the king's chapel; but that
prince affecting to look another way that he might noli
meet the eyes of a person to whom he had lately done
^uch a flagrant injury, Du Chatelet whispered one of the
noblemen, ^^ Be so good, my lord, as to tell the king, that
I freely forgive him, and beg the honour of one look.*^
This made the king smile, and Du Chatelet was forgiven.
It was after the same release, that, when the cardinal de
Richelieu (most of whose state papers were the products of
bis pen) made some excuses for his detention, he an*
8\yered, <^ I make a great difference betwixt any ill your
eminency does of yourself, and any whic1iyt)u permit tor
be done ; nor diall you find me the less devoted to your
service.^' Du Chatelet died April 6, 1 636, leaving several
works in prose and verse, the principal of which are, 1^
1 Oen. Diet— >Moreri. — ^Dict Hist,-- Jortin's Erasmui.— CfeTier Vfx&U ^
WtkwtnxXk de Paris*
",Hial;p^pei<te Bertraad d^QMes^bin, cgpn^t^tbjc^Je Franpe,"
/1.66jS, « fol. a^id lj6;93, 4to. .2, " Obseryatipns sur }^ yie^^et
kccuida^nia^Dn du mareschal de Marillacy?^ Paris^ l^P,
4l;o, 3. ".Plq^iejitSt de pi^es pour servjr a.l*Hi8tpire/'
J635, fpl, and. some satires aii^d poeoTs which jire npt in
^uck ^$jua)atioo. ^
CHAT^TERTON (Thomas), an English poet o(si^^
.ffllar,^eniu»^nd character, jyas born Nov. ,20, 1752. l|is
^j;her, \aras.,p|^mjajly a writing usher to a school in Bjristpl,
afterwards , a siqigipg man in the cathedral, and.las^fy,
m^tec.pf the fr^e-school in Pylcrstreet in the same city.
,Q(S died aJbputitbree months before, this son was born. It
. n aot.quite piymportaut to add that our po^t was descended
.fkqo) a. IpngJine'of ancestors who held the office qi sexton
of,St. JVJafy R^dclifFe; since it was in the muniment, room
of this church that the materials were found from Wibi^h be
cpjQSjTupted tiiat. system of imposture which has rendered
l^s jaam^ i^Olebrat^d, and bis history interesting. At^.^ye
yeara.ipf,4ge. be was ^ent to the school in Pyle-str^et, then
superintended by a Mr.. Love; but here he improved io
little, that his mother took him bacL While under b^r
care bis, cbildisb attention is said to have been engaged by
' the. illuminated capitals of an old musical maqusci'ipt \n
/French, , which circumstance encouraged her to initiate.bini
in thp alphabet, and she afterwards taught him to read
• from an old bla^k-ietter Testament or Bible. That a per-'
;son of ber rank jn Ufe ^should be able to read the Mack*
letter is ^qmewha^ extraordinary, but the fact rests, upc^n
her.j^utbQrity, and b«LS bfeen considered as an introduction
ta that, fondness for anti^Mities for wbichhe wa^ afterwards
distiugpMbied.
His next remoyal was to Colston's charity school, . at the -
rage of eight ^'(^aors, where he lyas taught reading, writing,
and afitl^pe.Uo,, at :tbe daily rate of nine hours in summer,'
,a^d.sey^nih\ winter. Such at least wa» the prescribied*
.diacipUpejof^he school^ although it was far. more, than a
boy of his capacity tequired. One of bis masters, Phillips, .
, wium,be4}as celebrated in an elegy, was a frequent writer
of yei:ses in, the Q^iagazines, and was the means jof ^^c^tiiig
^degree o^^pp^tical emulation among bis scholars,., but to =
• tl^is ChattertQU appeared for. soipe time quite indifferent,
.Abo^t bis tenth year be began to read from inclination}
» Marcri.—Dict. Hirt. '
Vol. IX N
17S C tt A T T E R T O N.
sometimes hiring his books from a circulating library, arid
sometimes borrowing them from hiis friends; and before
he was twelve, had gone through about seventy volumes,
principally history and divinity. Before this time also he
had Composed some verses, particularly those entitled
" Apostate Will ;" which, although they bear no compa-
tisph with what he afterwards produced, discover at that
early age a disposition to personal satire, anda conscious-
ness of superior sense. It would be more remarkable, were
it true, that while at this school he is said to have shown
to his master Phillips, one of those manuscripts which he
pretended had been found in a chest in Redcliffe church,
put as neither Phillips or another person to whom this
treasure was exhibited, could read it, the commencement
of his Rowleian impostures must be postponed to a future
period.
At school be had gathered some knowledge of music,
drawing, and arithmetic, and with this stock he was bound
apprentice July 1767, to Mr. John Lambert, an attorney
at Bristol, for seven j^ears. His apprenticeship appears
to have been of the lower order, and his situation more
resembling that of a servant than a pupil. His chief em-
ployment was to copy precedents, which frequently did
uot require more than two hours in a day. The rest of his
time was probably filled up by the desultory course of read-
ing which he had begun at school, and which terminated
'chiefly in the study of the old English phraseblogy, he-
raldry, and miscellaneous antiquities : of the two last he
acquired, hot a profound knowledge, but enough to en-
able him to create fictions capable of deceiving those who
had less. His general conduct during his appretiticeship
was decent and regular. On one occasion only Mr. Lain-
bert thought him deserving of correction for writing an
abusive letter in a feigned hand to his old school-mastelr.
So soon did this young man learh the arts of deceit, which
he was now preparing to practise upon a more extensile
scale.
In the beginning of October 1768, the completion of
the new bridge at Bristol suggested to him a fit oppor-
tunity for playing off the first of his public deceptions.
This was an account of the ceremonies on opening the old
' bridge, said to be taken from an ancient manuscript, a
copy of which he sent to Farley's Bristol Journal, in a short
letter signed Dunhelmtits Bristoliensis. Such a^nemoii^ at
C H A T T,E H.T 0 N. 179
so critical a timei naturally excited attention^ and Fitrley,
who was called upon to give up the author, after much
iuquiry, discovered that Chatterton had sent it. Chatter-
ton was consequently interrogated, probably without much
. ceremony, where he had obtained it. And here his un-/
happy disposition shewed itself in a manner highly affect-
ing in one so young, for he had not yet reached his six-
teenth year, and according to all that can be gathered, had
not been corrupted either by precept or example. " To
.the threats," we are told, "of those who treated him
(agreeably to his appearance) as a child, he returned no-
thing but haughtiness, and a refusal to give any account.
By milder usage he was somewhat softened, and appeared
inclined to give all the information in his power."
The effect, however, of this mild usage was, that instead
of all or any part of the information in his power, he tried
two different falsehoods : the first, " that he was employed
to transcribe the contents of certain ancient manuscripts
^y ^ gentleman, who had also engaged him to furnish
complimentary verses inscribed to a lady with whom that
gentleman was in love." But as this story was to rest on
proofs which he c^guld not produce, he next asserted, " that
he had received the paper in question, together with many
other manuscripts, from his father, who had found them
in a large chest in the upper room over the chajpel, on the
north side of Redcliffe church.V
As this last story is the foundation of the whole contro-
versy respecting Chattertpn, it will be necessary to give
the circumstances as related in his life written for the
Biographia Britannica, and prefixed to the recent edition
of his works.
" Over the north porch of St. Mary Redcliffe church,
which was founded, or at least rebuilt, by Mr. W. Canynge
(an emioent merchant of Bristol, in the fifteenth century,
and in the reign of Edward the Fourth), there is a kind of
muniment room, in which were deposited six or seven
chests, one of which in particular was called Mr. Canynge's
ctfre: this chest, it is said, was secured by six keys, two
of which were entrusted to the minister and procurator of
the church, two to the mayor, and one to each of the
church-wardens. In process of time, however, the six
keys appear to have been lost : and about the year 1727, a
notion prevailed that some title deeds, and other 'writings
«f value, were contained in Mr. Canynge's cofre. In con*
I«0 C k 'a T T "E K T 6 U,
sequence of this opinion an order of Vestry Was made, that
the chest should be opened under the inspection of an
attorney ; and that those writings which appeared of con-
sequence should be removed to the south porch of the
church. The locks were therefore forced, and not only
the principal chest, biit the others, which were also sup-
posed to contain writings, were all broken open. The
deeds imn:iediately relating to the church were removed,
and the other manuscripts were left exposed as of no value.
Considerable depredations had, from time to time, been
committed upon them by different persons : but the mast
insatiate of. these plunderers was the father of Chatterton.
His uncle being sexton of St. Mary Redcliffe gave him
free access to the church. He carried off, from time to
time, parcels of the parchments, and one tihie alone, with
the assistance of his boys, is known to have filled a large
basket with them. They were deposited in a cupboard in
the school and employed for different purposes, such ds the
covering of copy-books, &c. : in particular, Mr. Gibbs, the.
minister of the parish, having presented . the boys with*
twenty Bibles, Mr. Chatterton, in order to preserve these
books from being damaged, covered them with some of
the parchments. At his death, the widow being under a
. necessity of removing, carried the remainder of them to
her own habitation. Of the discovery of their value by the
younger Chatterton, the account of Mr. Smith, a very
intimate acquaintanoe, which he gave to Dr. Glynn of
Cambridge, is too interesting to be omitted. Whenyou6g
Chatterton was first articled to Mr. Lambert, he used fre-
quently to come home to his mother, by way of a short
visit. There one day his eye was caught by one of these
jparchments, which had been converted into a thread-paper.
He found not only the writing to be very old, the charac-
ters very different from common characters, but that the
subject therein treated was different from cotnmon subjects.
Being naturally of an inquisitive and cufious turn, he vi'ks
, very much struck with their appearance, and, as might be
. expected, began to question his mother what those thread-
. papers were,, how she got them, and whence they Catae.
. Upon further inquiry, he was led to a full discovery of all
. the parchments which remained; the bulk of them con-
\sisted of poetical and other compositions, by Mr. Canynge,
^,ahd a particular friend, of his, Thomas RoWiey, whom
Chattvrtbn at first called a monk, and sli^erWards a seci^lar
pfiest of the fifteenth, qentury. Sucbj, at Ieast| appears to
^^ the account wt^jch Cbatterton thought proper to give^
and which be wish^4 tp bp believed/ It is, indeed, coQ«
filmed by the, t^si^n^op]^ of bis motlier apd sister/ Mrs^
Chattertou informed a fripnd, of the dean of Exeter (Dr.
Milles), that on her removal from Pyle-street, she emptied
thfi. cupboard, of its contents^ partly into a large long deaj
bpj^, ^pTfi^ be|r husband used- to keep his clothes, and
Djir^tly iDtQ. 1^ square oak box of a smaller size ; carrying
bothi with their contents to her lodgings^ where, according
to b^r account, thpy continued neglected, and u;uUsturbea
tiii her son first discovered their value ; who having ex-
aliened their contents^ told his mother ^ t;hat be had found
a tri^ure, and was so glad nothing could be like it.' That
he then removed all these parchments out of theJarge long
d^ bpx; iq which l^is father used to keep bis clothes, into
ti^.e square oak box: that he was perpetually ransacking
ftyery C9n^er of the bouse for more parchments ; and frdnof ,
:(iqpie tq time, carried away those he bad already found by
jgoci^^a, fulJ. That one day happening to see Clarke's
!^if^ry of the Bible covered with one of those parchment^^
ke swo];e a great oath, and stripping the book, put th^
cover into his pocket, and carried it away; at the same
time stripping a common little ?ible, but finding no wri*
ling upon the cover, replaced it again very leisurely. Upon
Jii^og informed pf the manner in which his father had prb-
9ured the parchments, he went himself to the place, and
pl^ljLed up four noore/'
Such IS th^ story of the discovery of the poems attri-
buibed to Rowley, ivhiph Cbatterton evidently made up
^oifi the credulity pf his mother and other friends, who
cfiiujd not read the pstrcbi^nents on which he affected to set
S9, hig]^ ^ value, and v^bic^ he afterwards endeavoured to
ffadfnc pf public importance "by producing these wonderful
|retasu;'e$ of Canynge's cofre. In his attempt already re-
|ate4s respecting the old bridge, he had not been eminently
,§|]cc^s^ful, owing (o his prevarication. He now imparted
sgi^e pf these manuscripts to George Catcot, a'pewterer of
Bci^^l, ^ho had beaH of the: discovery, and desired to be
aDtvp4ucg4 ^ Cbatterton. The latter very readily gave
him ibfi *f Bristow Tragedy,'* Rowley's epitaph on Ca-
nyng^^a ii^o^oir, and some smaller pieces. ' These Patent
fOp[\f(iunic;^ted to I^r. Barret, a surgeon, who was writing
* PifW pf J549tp^, ,and would naturally be glad' to add tp
• A*
182 C H A T T E R T O N.
its honours that of having produced such a poet as Rowley*
In his conversations with Barret and Catcot, he appears ta
have been driven to many prevarications, sometimes own-
ing that be bad destroyed several of these valuable mftnu-
dcriptSy and at other tinies asserting that he was in posses-
sion of others which he could not produce. These contra-
dictions must baVe entirely destroyed his evidence in any
other case, in the opinion of thinking and impartial judges ;
but the historian of Bristol could not forego the hopes of
enriching his book by originals of so great importance; and
having obtained from Ch»tterton several fragments, some
of considerable length, actually introduced them as au-
thentic, in his history, long after the controversy ceased,
which had convinced the learned world that he had been
egregiously duped.
In return for these contributions; Barret and Catcot
supplied Chatterton occasionally with money, and intro-
duced him into company. At his request, too, Mr. Barret
lent our poet some medical authors, and gave him a fewr
instructions in surgery, but still his favourite studies were
heraldry and English antiquities, which he pursued with as
much success as could be expected from one who knew jio
language but his own. Camden's Britannia appears to
have been a favourite book ; and he copied the glossaries
of Chaucer and bthers with indefatigable perseverance,'
storing his memory with antiquated words. Even Bailey's
dictionary has been proved to have afforded him many of
those words which the advocates for Rowley thought could
be known only to a writer of his pretended age.
During all these various pursuits, he employed hts pen
in essays, in prose and verse, chiefly of the satirical kind.
He appears to have read the party pamphlets of the day,
and imbibed much of their abusive spirit; In 1769, we
find him a very considerable contributor to the Town and
Country Magazine, which began about that time- His
ambition seems to have been to rise to eminence, entirely
by the efforts of his genius, either in his own character, or
that of some of the heroes of the Redcliffe chest, in which
he was perpetually discovering a most convenient variety
of treasure, with which to reward his admirers and secure
their patronage. Mr. Burgum, another pewterer, main-
tains the authenticity of Rowley's poems. Chatterton re-
wards him with a pedigree from the time of William the
Conqueror, allying him to some of the most ancient fami-
C H A T T E R T O N. 183
lies io the kingdom, and presents bim with the ^' Romaunt
of the Cnyghte/' a poem, written by John de Bergbam,
one of bis own ancestors, about four hundred and fifty
years before. In order to obtain the good opinion of bis
relation Mr. Stephens of Salisbury, he informs him that he
is descended from Fitzstephen, grandson of the venerable
Od, earl of Blois, and lord of Holderness, who flourished
about the year 1095. — ^In this manner Cbatterton contrived
to impose on men who had no means of appreciating the
value of wl^the communicated, and were willing to believe
what, in one respect or other, they wished to be true.
But the most remarkable of his pretended discoveries
t^ued in an application to one who was not so easily to be
deceived. This was the celebrated Horace Walpole,' the
late lord Orford, who had not long before completed his
f' Anecdoties of Painters." In March 1769, Cbatterton^
with his usual attention to the wants or prejudices of the
persons on whom he wished to impose, sent Mr. Walpole
a letter, offering to furnish him with accounts of a series of
great painters who had flourished at Bristol, and remitted
also a small specimen of poems of the same remote aera.
Mr. Walpole, although he could not, as he informs us, very
readily swallow "a series of great painters at Bristol,"
appears to have been in some measure pleased with the
<;iffer, and discovered beauties in the verses sent. He there-
fore returned a polite and thankful letter, desiring farther
information, from this letter Chatterton appears to have
thought, he had made a conquest, and therefore, in his
answer, came to the direct purpose of his application. He
informed his correspondent that he was the son of a poor
widow, who supported him with great difficulty; that he
was an apprentice to an attorney, but had a taste for more
elegant studies ; he affirnied that great treasures of ancient
poetry had been discovered at Bristol, and were, in the
hands of a person who had lent him the specimen already
transmitted, as well as a pastoral (" Elinoure and Juga'*)
which accompanied this second letter. He hinted also a
wish that Mr. Walpole would assist him in emerging from
so dull a prpfession, by procuring some place, in which he
might pursue the natural bias of his genius. Mr. Walpole
immediately submitted the poems to Gray and Mason, who
at first sight pronounced them forgeries, on which he re-
turned Chatterton an answer, advising him to apply to the
duties of his profession^ as more certain means of attaining
tU G H A T t E A T d N.'
^e iddepehdence dnd- leisure of Which' he Was desirous.
This produced a peevish letter from- Chatterton^ desiiing'
tbemannscriptsfback^ as they were the property of another,
afid after soine d<elay, owing to Mr. Walpole^s taking* ar trip
^ Paris, the poems' were returned in a blaiik cover. Thfe^
affroifiit, as Cl^tterton considered it, be never forgfetVe, atid
At'this no maii need wonder, who reflects howdiffietik it
itin^ ey^r be for air impostor to forgive those who hare
Attempted tb detect him.
' Thfe only remarkable cohscqtience of this correspondence*
was the cettsure Mr. Walpole incurred fVom- the admirers
6f Ch{itterton> who, upon no other authority than the cir«
evimslasnces' now related, persisted- in accusing him* of bar^
b&rous' neglect of an extraordinary genius who solicited
hiiff protection, and finally of being the cause of his shock-'
ktg end. Mr. Walpole, when he found this calumny trans-*
mitted from hand to hand, and probably believed by those
i^ho did not take the trouble to inquire into the facts, drew
up a candid narrative of the whole correspondence, which
Was broken off nearly two years before Chattertoti died^
during which two years the latter had resided, with every
encouragement, in London ; and^ according to his owtt
account, was within the prospect of eas^and independence,
without the aid of Mr. Walpolc*s patronage. Of all thi*
Mr. Walpole's accusers could not be ignorant, if they knew
dny thing of Chatterton*s history. They must have knownr
that Chatterton did not apply to Walpole, as a' poet, but
merely as a young man who was transmitting the property
of another, and who had no claims of his ow n^ bat that he
was tired of a dull profession, and wished for a plafce irr
^hich he might indulge his taste in what was more Kvely.
A patron must have had many places in his gift and feW
applicants, if he could spare one to a person who professed
i)o other merit than an inclination to exchange labour for
ease. Yet Walpole has been held forth to public indigna-
tion as the cause of Chatterton's death.
About this time (1769) we are told that Chatterton be-
came an infidel ; but whether this was in consequence of
any course of reading into which he had fallen, or that he
found it convenient to get rid of the obligations which stood
in the way of his past or future schemes, H is not very ma*
terial to inquire. Yet although one of his advocates, thefore-
itaost to accuse Mr. Walpole of neglecting him, asserts that
" ^i« nrofHgacy was at ieast as cotxspicuous as bis abilities/*
4-s.
C H A TT E lUrO'N; i8S
it does not appear tbat he was nitiiie'pr#ftgete in the in^
dulgence of the grosser paiisiotiiS) than other yottilg' meiv
who venture on the gaietifes* of life at afi early age.- White
at Bristol he had not mixed with improper company ; fakr^
few associates of the female sex were penson$>of charaetier.'
In London the case might have been otherwbe ; but' of thila?
I we have no direct proof ; and he practised at teast one cute
wbich is no mconsid^fabte presenri^tive, he' was r^morit-
ably temperate in his diet. In his wr]tin^5 ind^ed^ w^'
find some passages that are merer licentious than could-
have been expected frdm a young man u nhaekneyed' in the-
ways of vice, but not more so than might be eicpeeted in
one who was premature in every things and had exhausted
the stock of human folly at an age when it i» usually found
unbroken* All his deceptiom, his prevaricationsj his poli*.
ticU tergiversation, &c. were such as we should have looked*
f(» in men of an advanced age^ hardened by evil a9socia^-
tions, and soured by disappointed pride or avarice; One
effect of his infidelity, we are told, was to render the idtea
of suicide familiar. This he had cherished before he left
Bristol, and when he could not fliirly complain of the
world's neglect^ as he bad preferred no higher pretensions
than those of a man who has by accident discovered a
treasure which he knows not how to make current. Be-
sides rfepeatedly intimating to Mr. Lambert's servants that
he intended to put an end to his life, he left a paper in
sight of some of the family, specifying the day on which
he meant to carry this purpose into execution. The rea-
son assigned for this appointment was the refusal of a gen-
tleman whom he had occasionally compinnented in his
poems, to supply him with money. It has since been sup-
posed to be merely an artifice to get rid of his apprentice-
ship ; and this certainly was the consequence^ as Mr. Lam-
bert did not choose that his house should be honoured by
such an act of heroism. He had now served this gentte-
man about two years and ten months, during which be
learned so little of law as to be unable to draw up the
necessary docmnent respecting the dissolution of bis ap-
prenticeship. We have seen how differently he was em--
ployed ; and there is reason to think that he had fabri-
cated the whole of his ancient poetry and antique maim-
scripts during his ^pprfenticeship, and before he left Bristol.
His object now wa^ to go to London, where he had fuU
confirdi^te t&at hi& tialents would be duly hono>ured. He
186 CHATTER TON.
had tirrittep letters to several booksellers of that city Vho
encouraged him to reside among them. Some literary ad-
venturers would have entered on suo^ a plan with difB-r
dence ; and of many who have become authors by profes-
sion, the greater part may plead the excuse that they n^i«
ther foresaw, oor could be made to understand the many
mortifications and difficulties that are to"" be surmounted.
Chatterton, on the contrary, set out with the confidence
pf ^ man who has laid his plans in such deep wisdom, that
he thinks it impossible they should fail. He boasted to
bis correspondents of three distinct resources, one at least,
of which was unfortunately in his own power. He first
meant to employ his pen ; then to turn methodist preacher ,
and if both should fail, to shoot himself. As ^is friends do
not appear to have taken any steps to rectify his notions on
these schemes, it is probable they either did not consider
him as serious ; or had given him up, as one above all
advice, and curable only by a little experience, which they
were not sorry he should acquire in his own way, and at his,
own expence.
His first literary attempts by which he was to realize the
dreams of presumption, were of the political kind, chiefly
satires against the members.and friends of administration.
In March 1770, be wrote a poem called " Kew Gardens,''
part of which biily has been published, but enough to show
that he had been supplied by some patriotic preceptor with
the floating scandal of the day against the princess dowager,
lord Bute, and other statesmen. It is highly improbable
tliat a boy who had spent the greater part of his time since
be left school, in fabricating or decyphering the poetry,
heraldry, and topography of the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries, should on a sudden become well acquainted
with the intrigues of political men and their families. In
ail this, his materials must have been supplied by sonie
persons who lived by propagating the calumnies of personal
and political history, and who would rejoice in the daunt-
less spirit of their new associate. Another poem, of the
same description, was entitled " The Whore of Babylon."
Of both these there are specimens in his works, but it
does not appear that the whole of them were printed.
On his arrival in London,, near the end of April, he
received, according to his own account, the most flattering
encouragement, and various employment was recom-
laeiided. Among other schemes was a History of London^
C H A T T E R T O N. 187
which, if be had Uved to complete it, must have been a
suitable companion to Mr. Barret's History of Bristol. In
the mean time he v4*ote for many of the magazines and
newspapers ; his principal contribntions appeared in the
Freeholder's Magazine, the Town and Country, the Court
and City, the Political Register, and the Gospel Maga-
zine. He wrote songs also for the public gardens, and for
some time got so much money that he thought himself
comparatively affluent, and able to provide for his mother
and sister, whose hearts he gladdened by frequent intima-
tions of his progress. During this career he became ac-
quainted with Wilkes, and with Beckford, who was then
ford mayor. These patriots, however, he soon discovered
were not so ready with their money as with their praise,
and as the former appears to have been his only object, he
had some thoughts of writing for the ministerial party.
After Beckford's death, which he affected to lament as his
ruin, he addressed a letter to lord North, signed Mode-
rator, complimenting administration for rejecting the city
remonstrance, and one of the same date signed Probus,
abusing administration for the same measure. While this
unprincipled young man was thus demonstrating how un-
safe it would be for any party to trust him, his letters |to
all his frieftids continued to be full of the brightest prospects
of honours and wealth. But about the month of J uly some
revolution appears to have taken place in his mind or' his
affairs, which speedily put an end to all his hopes.
Of what nature this was, remains yet a secret. About
the time mentioned, he removed from a house in Shore-
ditch, where he had hitherto liveicl, to the house of a Mrs.
Angel, a sack-maker in Brook-street, Holboni, where he
beca^ie poor and unhappy, abandoning his literary pur<*
suits, and projecting to go out to Africa, as a naval sur-
geon's mate. He had picked up some knowledge of sur-
gery from Mr. Barret, and now requested that gentleman's
recommendation, which Mr. Barret, who knew his versa-
tile turn, and how unfit in other respects he was for the
situation,' thought proper to refuse. If this was the im-
mediate cause of his catastrophe, what are we to think of
hiff lofty spirit ? It is certain, however, that he no longer
employed his pen, and that the short remainder of his
days were spent in a conflict between pride and poverty.
On the day preceding his death, he refused with indig-
nation, a kind offer from Mrs. Angel to partake of her
1,«8 C B A T T^ R T a N.
dinner^: as^rii^g her that he waif not hungry^ although hci
bad not, eaten any thing for twa.or tbrcie daiySf On the
%5th of August, 1770, he was found de^d, in consequence^
a9: is, supposed, of having swallpwed ar^qic in water, or
some preparation of opiiim. He wa^ buried in a shell in
the. buryiog-ground belonging to^ Shoe -lane wor^boii&e«
Previous to this rash act he appe«,rs to have d^tiroyed all
fais manuscripts,, as the room when, broken, open wa& found
covered with little scraps, of paper.
. It has. been, regretted that we know veiry little of th^
life of this extraordinary young, many whose writing;!^
have since become an object of so much curiosity ; and.
great surprize has been expressed, that from the many
with whom he appears to have been acquainted, such
scanty inform;9.tion has been obtained. For this, however^
various reasons may be assigned^ which will lessen the
ponder. In tb^; first place, his fame, using that word in
itsmost: common application,^ was confined principally tp
his native. city, and. there it appears that his. friends under*
valued his talents, because they considered him in no
better light than that of^^an unprincipled young man, who
had accidentally become possessed of certain an<;ient ma*
nuscripts, some of which he had given up,^ some he bad
mutilated, and the rest l^p had destroyed He was with
them an illiterate charijty-boy, the run-away apprentice ox
backu^y-* writer of au attorney, atid aft^r be came to
London, they appear to have ma,de very fev? inquiries zffter
bim, congratulating themseLy^s tba^ they Ip^d got rid of a
rash, impetuous, headstifong boy, wi^a would do ^om^
mischief,, and disgrace hin^self and bis relations. Again,
^Jk I/ondon, notwithstancling his bafls^ng letters to .hie
mother and sifter, he rose to no big^ r^x^ a^i^png the re(T
putable writers of the day, his productions beiug confiq^
to publications of the lower order, all of which are now
forgotten. But there cannot be a morft flecisive pipoof of
the little regard he attracted i\i Londqii, tl^?^n the secrecy
and silence which accpmpanied hi$ de^tb. . This event,
although so extraordinary, for young suicides are suri^ly
Dot common, is not even n^entioned in apy 4h;^pe, in tbf
Gentleman's Magazine, the Ai^nual Register, the St. jame^^f
pr London Chronicles, nor in any of the respectable pcub?
iioations of the day. He die^, a cQronex> jury s^t ntpoi)
the body, and be was buried a^iong paupers, so long be^
£ore Ills ^equ^iptf^pce h^itrd of these ciro^jpiftances, thj^t it
CHATTERTON. ^18^
was #iib some difficulty they could be traced with My* de-
gree of authehticity. And lastly, it does not< appear tbut
any iniquities were made ittto'his early history for nearly
seven years after his death, i^hen the Poems * of ilo^idy
were first pobiiished, and led tbe^way to a T^ry aciBite^lind
long protracted diseuitsion on their merits. Itinay be
added, too, that they ^ho contended for the Authenticity
of the poems, 'were for sintGing every circumstance that
could prove the genius dfOhiitte^rton, Utitil Mr. Tbdoias
Wartonand sbme* Others took the ojpposite side of the
question, brought the poems to the test of mteirnal' evi-
dence, and discovered that however' eoi'/ftf^rrfm^ry it was
for Cfaatterton to produce tbem in the ^ghteentb century,
it was impossible that Rowley cpuld have written them in
the fifteenth.
When public attention #as at ^length ^led to €hatt6r-
ton^s history, his admirers took every step to extite com-
passi6n in bis favour. It became the ftwhion to i^peiat 'that
be iras starved by an insensible age, or suffered, by^tiie
neglect of patrbns, to^ perish in want of the common ne«
ce»alries of life. But of this'fhere is no satisfactory evi-
dence. On the contrary, he Appears to have beeu fully
^ employed by'bis literaty -friends almost up to the day of
' bis death, and from onebf-them he solicited money a vefy
little before that cktastrophe, and received it with an as*
sura-nee that he should* haVe more if he wantied it This
benefactor was the late 'Mr.' Hamilton senior, the pro-
prietor of the Critical Review, a man of well^nown li-
berality, both of ttiind'-and puifse. One who knefw him
well> when in London, and who wrote under the inspectida
of Mr. Hamilton in the Critical Bieview, gives itas a f>ro-
bable conjecture, that ** he wished to seal his seicret with
'bis- death. He knew that be and Rowley were* suspected
to be the ^ame ; his^ Londdo 'friends spoke of it with litde
temple, and he neither confessed nor denied it. He
might fear somewhat frony' binlself ;- might dread the effeots
of increasing obligations, a<nd be struck with horror- at the
thought of a public detection. He sometimes seemed
'wild, abstracted, tind incoherent; at others he had a
~ settled gloominess in his countenance, the sure presage of
his fatal resolution. In short, this was the very 'tempera-
ment and c6nstitution frbm which -we should, in similar cir«
cuinstances, e^itpect thesame event. He was one of thO^ef
irregtrtai^ meteor? which astodtsh the universe fo^ a momeat^
190 CHAT T,E R T O N.
and then disappear for ever/^ This is at least plausible ;
but the immediate cause of his death, must perhaps yet re-
main a mystery. He had written so recently to his Bristol
friends (about a mouth before), without a syllable indi-
cating discontent or despair, that it was wholly unexpected
on their part ; but suicide, at one time or other, his bio-
graphers have proved, was his fixed purpose, and the
execution of it was probably to depend on his disappoint-
ment in whatever wild or impracticable scheme he. might
meditate. He got enough in London by his literary la-
. bouts, to supply the decent necessaries of life, bat his
dreams of affluence* were over, and had probably left, that
frightful void in his mind at which despair and disappointed
paide entered.
The person of Chatterton is said to have been like his
genius, " premature ; he had a manliness and dignity be-
. yond his years ; and there was a something about him un-
"Commonly prepossessing. His most remarkable feature
was his eyes, which, though grey, were uncommonly
. piercing ; when he warmed in argument, or otherwise, they
. sparkled with fire, and dne eye, it is said, was still more
remarkable than the other.^'
As to his genius, it must ever be the subject of admira*
tion, whether he was, or was not, the author of the poem^
ascribed to Rowley. If we look at the poems avowedly
his own, together with his productions in prose, where
shall we find such and so many indubitable proofs of ge-
. nius at an early age, struggling against many difficulties ?
: Let us contemplate him as a young man, without classical
education, and who knew nothing of literary society, but
. during the few months of his residence in London ; and if to
this we add what has been most decidedly proved, that he was
not only the author of the poems attributed to Rowley, but
consumed his early days in the laborious task of disguising
them in the garb of antiquity, perpetually harassed by
suspicion and in dread of discovery ; if likewise we reflect
that the whole of his career closed before he had completed
his eighteenth year, we must surely allow that he was one
of the most extraordinary young men of modern times, and
deserves to be placed high among those instances of pre-
mature talents recorded by Kleferus in his *^ Bibliotbeca
. Eruditorum Praecocium,'* and by Baillet in his " Enfans
Celebres." Still our admiration should be chastened by
confining it to the single point of Cbatterton^s extreme
CHATTERTON. 191
youth/ If we go farther, and con»der Rowley's poenis as
the most perfect productions of any age; if, with dean
Milles, we prefer him to Homer, Virgil, Spenser, and
Shakspeare, we go far beyond the bounds of sober critir
cism, or rather we defy its laws. Wonderful as those
poems are, when considered as the productions of a boy,
many heavy deductions must be made from them, if we
consider them as the productions of a man, of one who has
bestowed labour as well as contributed genius, and who
has learned to polish and correct, who would not have ad-
mitted such a number of palpable imitations and plagia-
risms, and would have altered or expunged a multitude of
tame, prosaic, and bald lines and metres.
The general character of his works Ikas been both fairly
and elegantly appreciated by lord Orford, in the last
edition of his lordship's works. His life, says this critic,
should be compared widi ^^ the powers of his mind, the
perfection of his poetry, his knowledge of the world, which
though in some respects erroneous, spoke quick intuition ;
his humour, his vein of satire, and above all, the amazing
number of books he must have looked into, though chained
down to a laborious and almost incessant service, and con-
fined to Bristol, except at most for the last five months of
his life, the rapidity with which he seized all the topics of
conversation then in vogue, whether of politics, literature,
or fashion ; and when added to all this mass of reflection,
it is remembered that his youthful passions were indulged
to excess, faith in such a prodigy may well be suspended
—and we should look for some secret agent behind the
curtain, if it were not as difScult to believe that any man
whopossessedsuch a vein of genuine poetry would have sub-
mitted to lie concealed, while he actuated a puppet ; or
would have stooped to prostitute his muse to so many un-
worthy functions. But nothing in Chatterton can be se-
parated from Chatterton. His noblest flight, his sweetest
strains, his grossest ribaldry, and his most common-place
imitations of the productions of magazines, were all the
effervescences of the same ungovernable impulse, which,
cameleon-like, imbibed the colours of all it looked on. It
was Ossian, or a Saxon monk,, or Gray, or Smolktt^ or Ju-
nius-^and if it failed most in what it most affected to be, a
poet of the fifteenth century, it was because it could not
imitate what had not existed.*'
M2 C'U A -T T E R rrx) N.
Th&faets^already relafted are .pnnciipally taken from the
,aecount.dtawn up originally for the Biographia Britannica»
^land at the dismncie'of eighteen y^ars, prefixed to ^an. edi-
tion of .^is. iworks, 'witbout >any .addition or alteration.
^^Samediiog* yet remains to ibe said of his virtues, whii:by . if
•the .poetical ;eolc^ii|ims: that have appeared deserve any
.crudity were. many. Except bis teimperance, however^
^akestdy noticed, -we 'find ocily that he preserved an .affec-
tionate attacbmeAt for bis mother and sister, and .even
eoneerning this, it avonld appear that more has been said
.than is( consistent. It has been asseited that he sent pre-
:sent»tothem from London, when in want himself; but it
is evident from bis letters that these were unnecessary ar-
ticles for persons in their situation,, and were not sent when
he was in want*. Six weeks after, when he felt- himself
in that state, he committed an act which affection for his
' relations, since he despised all higher considerations,
-ought to have; retarded. His last letter to his sister or
mother, dated July 20, is full of high-spirited hopes, and
contains a promise to visit them before the first of Januarj"^,
but not a word, that can imply discontent^ far Jess an in-
tention to put an end to his life. What must have been
their fedings when the melancholy event reached them!
. How little these poor women were capable of. ascertaining
his character appears from the very singular evidietice of
<his sister, who affirmed that he was ^^ a lover of truth from
{the. earliest dawn of reason.'' The affectionate prejudices
: of a fond relation may be pardoned, but it was surely unoe-
'Cessary to introduce this in a life every part of which proves
hi» utter contempt for truth at an age when we areitatrght
> |o espect a disposition open,, ingenuous, and candid.
With regard to the controversy occasioned by the pab«
'liaations. attributed to Rowley, it is unnecessary .to enter
. upon it, . although it has lately been attempted, to bere-
vived, but without exciting much interest. Whether the
object of .this controversy was not disproportiohisd: to the
^warmth it excited,, and the length of time it consumed,
. the reader may judge from a.perusal of the whole. of Chat-
iterton^s productions. The principal advocates for the ex-
.istence of Rowley, and the authenticity of his poera^, were
Mr. Bryant, Dean Milles, Dr. Glynn^ Mr. (uow Dr.)
* See a Note in tbe Biog. Britanniea, vol. IV. p. 588, iigned 0: wrU^ia hf .
Pr, Lort, but omitted ia the Life lately published.
C H A T T E R T O N. WS
Henley*, Dr. Langhoiti (in the Monthly Review), and
Mr. James Harris. Their opponents were Mr. Tyrwhitt,
Horace Walpole, the two Wartons, Dr. Johnson, Mr*
Steevens, Dr. Percy (bishop of Dromore), Mr. Gibbon,
Mr. Jones, Dr. Farmer, Mr. Colman, Mr. Sheridan *, Dr.
Lort, Mr. Astle, Mr. (sir Herbert) Croft*, Mr. Hayley *>
lord Camden, Mr. Gough, Mr. Mason, the writer of the
Critical Review, Mr. Badcock (in the Monthly Review),
the Reviewers in the Geotleman's Magazine, iand various
Correspondents in the same Miscellany. To these may be
added, Mr. Malone, who lived to detect another forgery
by a very young impostor, in the history of which the
reader will probably recollect many corresponding circum-*
stances ; and will be inclined to prefer the shame of Chat-
terton, fatal as it was, to the unblushing impudence and
unnatural fraud of one who brought disgrace and ruin on a
parent.
In 1803, an edition of Chatterton's works, far more
complete than any that had yet appeared, was published
under the care of Messrs. Southey and Cottle, for the
benefit of Mrs. Newton, Chafterton's sister (since dead),
and of her daughter ; but the coldness with which it was
received by the public is perhaps a proof that it will not be
possible to perpetuate the fame of an author, who has con-
cealed his best productions under the garb of a barbarous
language, which few will be at the trouble of learning.
The controversy is no longer interesting, and perhaps the
warmth with which so many great names engaged in it,
may hereafter be reckoned as surprising as the object
itself. ^
CHAUCER' (Jeffery or Geoffrey), styled the Father
of English. |)oetry, is one of whose birth and family nothing
has been decided. It has been contended on the one
hand, that he was of noble origin ; on the other, that he
descended from persons in trade. Even the meaning of
his name in French, Chaucitt\ a shoemaker^ has been
brought in evidence of a low origin, while the mention of
the name Chaucer, in several records, from the time of
•William the conqueror to that of Edward I. has been
thought sufficient to prove the contrary. Leland says he
was nohili toc9 natus ; but Speght, one of his early biogra«
* These gentlemen are the only survivors (1813) of this celebrated dijpvtc.
1 JobasoD and Cbalmers'ii English Poets, 1810.— Life in Biog. Brit. fcc.
Vot. IX, ' O
1S4 CHAUCER.
pbers, informs us,' that *•' in the opinion of some heralcfsy
he descended not of an)' great house, which they gather"
by his arms ;" and Mr. Tyrwhitt is inclined to believe the
heralds rather than Leiand. Speght, however, goes far-
ther, and makes his father a vintner, who died in 134^,
and left his property to the church of St. Mary Aldermary,
where he was buried. This is confirmed by Stowe, who
says, " Richard Chawcer, vintner, gare to that church his
tenement and tavern^ with the appurtenance, in the Royal-
streete the corner of Kerion-lane, and was there buriedjf
1348." But neither Stowe nor Speght afford any proof
that this Richard Chawcer was the father of our poet.
With respect to the place of his birth, we cannot [iro*
duce better authority than his own. In his " Testament
of Love," he calls himself a Londoner, and speaks of the
city of London as the place of his " kindly engendrure."
In spite of this evidence, however, . Leiand, who is more
than usually incorrect in his account of Chaucer, reports
him to have been born in Oxfordshire or Berkshire. The
time of his birth is, by general consent, fixed in the se-
cond year of Edward III. 1328, and the foundation of this
decision seems to have originally been an inscription on
his tomb, signifying that he died in 1400 at the age of
seventy-two. Collier fixes his death in 1440, but he is so
generally accurate, that this may be supposed an error of
the press. Phillips is more unpardonable ; for, contrary to
all evidence, he instances the reigns of Henry IV. V. and
VI. as thosejn which Chaucer flourished.
His biographers have provided him with education both
at Oxford and Cambridge, a circumstance which we know
occurred in the History of other scholars of that period, and.
is not therefore improbable. But in his " Court of Love,"
which was composed when he was about eighteen, he
speaks of himself under the name of " Philogenet, of Cam-
bridge, clei*k." Mr. Tyrwhitt, while he does not think
this a decisive proof that he was really educated at Cam-
bridge, is willing to admit it as a strong argument that he
was not educated at Oxford. Wood, in his AnnaU (vol. L
book I. 484.) gives a repdrt, or rather tradition, that
** when Wickliff was guardian or warden of Canterbury
college, be had to his pupil the famous poet called JefFry
Chaucer (father of Thomas Chaucer, of Ewelme in Ox-
fordshire, esq.) who following the steps of his master, re-
flected mach upon the corruptions of the clergy." This is
CHAUCER 195
something like evidence if it could be depended on ; at
least it is preferable to the conjecture of Leiand, who sup-
poses Chaucer to have been educated at Oxford^ merely
because he had before supposed that he was born either in
Oxfordshire or Berkshire^ Those who contend for Cam-
bridge as the place of his education^ fix upon Solere's
hall, which he has described in his story of the Miller of
Trompington ; but Solere^s hall is merely a corruption of
Soler hall^ i. e. a hall with an open gallery, or soUre win-*
dow *. The advocates for Oxford are inclined to place
him in Mertou college, because his contemporaries Strode
and Occleve were of that college. It is equally a matter
of conjecture that be was first educated at Cambridge, and
afterwards at Oxford. Wherever he studied, we have
suiEcient proofs of bis capacity and proficiency. He ap-
pears to have acquired a very great proportion of the
learning of his age, and became a master of its philosophy^
poetry, and such languages as formed the intercourse
between men of learning. Leiand says he was ^^ acuttcs
Dialecticus^ dulcis Rhetor ^ kpidus Poeta^ gravis Philosophus,
ingeniosus Matheinaticus^ dcnique sanctus Theologus^'* It is
equally probable that he courted the muses in those early
days, in which he is said to have been encouraged by
Cower, although there are some grounds for supposing
that his acquaintance with Gower was of a later date.
After leaving the university, we are told that he travelled
through France and the Netherlands, but the commence-
ment and conclusion of these travels are not specified. On
his return, he is said to have entered himself of the Middle
Temple, with,a view to study the municipal law, but even
this fact depends chiefly on a record*, without a date, whicfa^
Speght informs us, a Mr. Buckley had seen, where Jeffery
Chaucer was fined ^' two shillings for beating a Franciscans
frier in Fleet-street." Leiand speaks of his frequenting
the law colleges after his travels in France, and perhaps
before. Mr. Tyrwhitt doubts these travels in France, and
has indeed satisfactorily proved that Leland*s account of
Chaucer is full of inconsistencies — Leiand is certainly in-
consistent as tQ dates, but froqi the evidence Chaucer gave
in a case of chivalry, we have full proof of one journey in
France, although the precise period cannot be fixed.
^ Mr. Warton thinks that ^lere- circumstaiice to distingaish and deno-
hall wai Aula Solarii, the hall with the minat^ one of the academical hospitia,
upper story, at that time a sufficient Hitt. of Poetryi toI. I. p. 432^ note |k
02 ^
196 CHAUCER.
Whatever time these supposed employments might h^re
occupied, we discover, at length, with tolerable certainty,
that Chaucer betook himself to the life of a courtier, and
probably with all the accomplishments suited to his ad-
vancement in the court of a monarch who was magnificent
ID his establishment, and munificent in his patronage of
learning and gallantry. At what period of life he obtained
a situation here, is uncertain. The writer of the life
prefixed to Urry's edition supposes he was not more than
thirty, because his first employment was in quality of the
Icing's page j but the first authentic memorial, respecting
Chaucer at court, is the patent in Rymer, 41 Edward III.
by which that king grants him an annuity of twenty marks,
about 200/. of our money, by the title of Falettus noster *^
'< our yeoman," and this occurred when Chaucer was in
bis thirty-ninth year. Several mistakes have arisen re-»
specting these grants, from his biographers not under-
standing the meaning of the titles given to our poet.
Speght mentions a grant from king Edward four years
later than the above, in which Chaucer is styled valcttus
hospitii^ which he translates grome of the pallacey sinking
our author, Mr. Tyrwhitt observes, as much too low, as
his biographer in Urry's edition had raised him too high,
by translating the same words gentleman of the king^s privy
chamber. Valet or yeoman was, according to the same
acute scholiast, the intermediate rank between squier and
grorite.
It would be of more consequence to be able to deter-
mine what particular merits were rewarded by this royal
bounty. Mr. Tyrwhitt can find no proof, »;id no ground
for supposing that it wafbestowed on Chaucer for his poe-
tical talents, although it is. almost certain that he had
distinguished himself, as a poet, before this time. The
** Assemblee of Foules,'* the " Complaint of the Blacke
Knight,'* and the translation of the " Roman de la Rose,*'
were all composed before 1367, the sera which we are now
considering. What strengthens Mr. Tyrwhitt's opinion of
the king's indifference to Chaucer's poetry, is his appoint-
ing him, a few years after, to the office of comptroller of
* Mr. Ellis observes that this office, of iihich was acquired, together with
" by whatever name we translate it, the habits of chivalry, by passing ia
might be held even by persons of the gradation through the several menial
hrghest rank, because the only science oi&ces about the court." Eilis't Spe-
then in request among the nobility cimeni, T6l. I. p. 802.
was that of etiquette, the knowledge
C H A U C E E. 197
the custom of wool, with an injunction that ^ the said
Geffrey write with his own hand his rolls touching the said
office in his own proper person, and not by his substitute."
The inferences, however, which Mr. Tyrwbitt draws from
this fact, viz. " that his majesty was either jbotally insen-
sible of our author^s poetical talents, or at Iea$t had no
mind to encourage him in the cultivation or exercise of
them,"' savours rather too much of tbe conjectural spirit
which he professes to avoid. He allows that, notwith-
standing what be calls ^* the petrifying quality, with which
these Custom-house accounts might be expected to operate
upon Chaucer's genius,^' he probably wrote bis " House
of Fame*' while he was in that office. Still less candid to the
memory of Edward will these inferences appear, if we
apply modern notions of patronage to the subject ; for in
what manner could tbe king more honourably encourage
the genius of a poet, than by a civil employment which
rendered him easy in bis circumstances, and free from the
suspicious obligations of a pension or sinecure ?
Chaucer's biographers bave given some particulars of his
life, befor&the office just mentioned was conferred upon
him. He is said to bave been in constant attendance on
his majesty, and when tbe court was at Woodstock, re-
sided at a square stone house near tbe park gate, which
long retained the name of Chaucer's house ; and many of
the rural descriptions in his works, have been traced to
Woodstock park, the favourite scene of his walks and
studies. But besides his immediate office near the royal
person, he very early attached himself to the service of the
celebrated John of Gaunt, duke;, of Lancaster, and from
this connection his public life is to be dated. Tbe author
of tbe fife prefixed to Urry's edition observes, that the
duke's '^ ambition requiring all the assistance of learned
men to give it a plausibly appearance, induced him to do
Chaucer many good offices, in order to engage him in his
interest." But altlioucrb the assistance of learned men to
an ambitious state^lnan is very well understood in moderm
times, it is somewhat difficult to conceive' what advantage
could be derived from such assistance before the invention
of printing. It is more probable that tbe duke had a relish
for the talents and tast^ of Chaucer, and became his patroA
upon the most liberal grounds, altiuHigh Chaucer might
afterwards repay his favours by ejsposipg the conduct, of
200 CHAUCER.
When Richard II. succeeded hU grand fatbery he was
but eleven years of age, and his upcle the duke of Lan»
caster was consequently entrusted with the chief share in
the administration of public affairs. One of his 6rst plea-
sures was to solemnize the young king*s coronation with
great pomp, previously to which a court of claims was
e^stablished to settle the demands of those who pretended
to have a right to assist at the ceremony. Among these^
Chaucer claimed in right of his ward, who was possessed
of the manor of Billington in Kent; and this was held of
the crown, by the service of presenting to the king three
maple cups on the day of his coronation ; but this claim
was contested, and if it had not, is remote enough from the
kind of information which it would be desirable to obtain
respecting Chaucer. All we knov\ certainly of this period,
is, that the duke of Lancaster still preserved his friendship
for our poet, and probably was the means of the grants
just noticed having been renewed on the accession of the
young king.
Soon after this, however, Chaucer's biographers concur
in the fact that be experienced a very serious reverse in
bis affairs, which in the second year of liicbard II. were in '
mich disorder, that he was bbliged to have recourse to the
kmg's protection, in order to screen him from the impor«t
tuuities of his creditors. But as to the cause of this em-
)>arrassment, we find no agreement among those who have
attempted a narrative of his life. Some think his distresses
were temporary, and some that they were artificial* Among
the latter, the writer of his life in the Biographia Britan-
nica hazards a supposition which is at least ingenious. He
is of opinion that Chaucer about this time found out a rich
match for his son Thomas, namely, Maud, the second
daughter of sir John Burghershe ; and in order to obtain
this match, he was obliged to bring bis son somewhat upon
a level with her, by settling all his landed estates upon
him : and that this duty might occasion those demanda
which put him under the necessity of obtaining the king's
protection. The conclusion of the matter, according to .
ihis conjecture, must be, that Chaucer entailed his estates
vpoif his son, and found means to put off his creditors, a
measure not very honourable. But we are still in the daxk
as to the nature of those debts, or the existence of his
landed property, and it is even, doubtful whether this Tbo*
J
CHAUCER. 2OT
mft8 Chaueer was his son^. We know certainly of no 9on
but' Lewis^ who was born in 1381, twenty-one years %itm
his marriage, if the date of his marriage before giren b^
ctarect.
It appears from the historians of Richard JI. that the
duke of Lancaster, about the third or fourth year of that
monarches reign, began to decline in political influence, if
not in popularity, owing to the encouragement be had given
to the oelebi*ated reformer Wickiiffe, whom be supported
against the clergy, to whose power in state a&irs he had
long looked with a jealous eye. Chaucer^s works show
evidently that he concurred with the duke in his opinion of
the clergy, and have procured him to be ranked among
the few wbo paved the way for the reformation. Yel whea
the insurrection of Wat Tyler was imputed to the princi^
pies of the Wicklevites, the duke, it is said, withdrew bii
countenance from them, and disclaimed their tenets
Chaucer is likewise reported to have altered his sentiment!^
hut the fact, in neither case, is satisfactorily confirmed.
The duke of Lancaster condemned the doctrines of those
followers of Wickliff only, who had excited public disturb^-
ances ; and Chaucer was so far from abandoning his forf-
mer notions t, that in 1384, he exerted bis utmost intereot
in favour of John Combertpn, commonly called John of
Northampton, when about to be re*chosen mayor of Lonckm.
Comberton was a reformer on WicklifTs principles, and so
obnoxious on that account to the clergy, that they stirriod
up a commotion on his re-election, which the king was
* '< After reading, in the circum- sister to Catherine Rouet, who married
stantial accounts* of Chaucer's bio- a sir John Swynford, and was thefa*'
graph^re, that lie was married in 1360 Tourite mistress, and ultimatdy tiie
to Philippe Rouet, by whom he had wife, of the duke of X«anca«ter; aod
issue Thomas Chaucer and other chiU that Chaucer himself mentions no son
dren, we are surprised to learn that it but Lewis, whom he states to have
js dovtbtful whether Thomas Chancer been bom in 1^31, » date^ which seems
was his son; that the earliest Hnown to agree with tiie record above Q»en-
eridence of his marriage is a record of tioned, and to place the da|e of his
1381, in #hich he receives a haiC- marriage in 1380. '^ EUis't Specimeinsy
year's payment of an annuity of ten voL F. p, 20(^.
marks, granted by Edward III. to his f His biographers say he died a
wife as one of the maids of honour niember of the church of Rome. Fox
X'lofmalla'') lately in the servtee of claims him as a reformer. Aets arid
. qneen Philippa; that the name of Monuments, vol* II. p. 42, edit. 168^.
^ Fhilippa Rouet does not occur in the Dr. Warton (Essay on Pope) observes
litt of these maids of honour, but that tb«t Chaucer, as well as Oante* ai-
Chaucer's wife mAy possibly havie be^n serted Uiat the cliiircli of Rome was
Philippa Pykard \ that notwithstand- Antichrist, a notion Bossuet has taken
log this, his said wife was certainty much pains to refute.
202 CHAUCER.
obliged to quell by force. The consequence was, that
some lives were lost, Comberton was imprisoned, and strict
search tvas made after Chaucer, who contrived to escape
first to Hainault, then to France, and finally to Zealand.
The date of his flight has not been ascertained, but it was
no doubt upon this occasion that he lost his place in the
customs.
While in Zealand, he maintained some of his country-
men who had fled thither upon the same account, by
sharing the money he brought with him, an act of liberality
which soon exhausted his stock. In the mean time, the
partizans of his cause, whom he left at home, contrived to
make their peace, not only without endeavouring to pro--
cure a pardon for him, but without aiding him in his exile,
where he became greatly distressed for want of pecuniary
mipplies. Such ingratitude, we may suppose, gave him
more uneasiness than the consequences of it ; but it did
not lessen his courage, as he soon ventured to return to
England. On this he was discovered, and committed to
the Tower, where, after being treated with great rigour,
he was promised his pardon, if he would disclose all he
knew, and put it in the. power of government to restore tb^
peace of the city. His former resolution appears now to
have forsaken him, or, perhaps, indignation at the ungrate^
fat coi>duct of his associates induced him to think disclo-
•
sure a matter of indiflerence. It is certain that he complied
with the terms ofiered ; but we are not told what was thi^,
amount of his confession, or what the consequences of it
were to others, or who they were whom he informed against.
We know only that he obtained bis liberty, and that a|i
oppressive share of blame and obloquy followed. To alle-
viate his regret for this treatment, and partly to vindicate
his conduct, he now wrote the " Testament of Love ;'*
and although this piece, from want of dates, and obscurity
of style, is not sufficient to form a very satisfactory bio-
graphical document, it at least furnishes the preceding
account of his exile and return.
The decline of the duke of Lancaster's interest contri-
buted not a little to aggravate the distresses of our author,
and determined him to take leave of the court and its in-
trigues, and retire in pursuit of that happiness which his
years and habits of reflection demanded. With this view
it was necessary to dispose of those pensions which had
been bestowed upon him in the former reign. ; and whicb^
CHAUCER. 203
t)otwithstanding his espousing a cause not very acceptable
to the sovereign, had been continued to him in the present.
Accordingly in May 1388, he obtained his majesty's licence
to surrender his two grants of twenty marks each, in favour
of one John Sealby. After this he retired to his favourite
Woodstock; and, according to Speght, employed a part of
his time in revising and correcting his writings, and enjoy*
ing the calm pleasures of rural contemplation. It is thought
that the composition of_his " Canterbury Tales" was be-
gun about this time, 1389, when he was in the sixty-first
year of his age, and when, contrary to the usual progress
of mind, his powers seem to have been in their fullest
vigour*.
It was not long after this period that the duke of Lan«
caster resumed his influence at court; but whether Chaucer
was enabled to profit by this reverse, or whether he. had-
seen too much of political revolutions to induce him to
quit his retreat, his biographers are doubtful. It appear^
however, probable that the duke of Lancaster had it still
as much in his will as in his power to befriend him ; and it
might be owing to his grace's influence, that in 1389 we
find. him iclerk of the works at Westminster; and in the
following year at Windsor and other palaces: but Mr.
Tyrwhitt doubts whether these offices were sufficient to
indemnify him for the loss of his place in the customs^
In the " Testament of Love," he complains of ** being
berafte out of dignitie of office, in which he made a
gatheringe of worldly godes;" and in another place he
speaks of himself as '^once glorious in worldly welefulnesse,
and having such godes in welthe as maken men ricbe.^f
All this implies a very considerable reverse of fortune;
although Speght's tradition of his having been possessed of
*' lands and revenues to the yearly value almost of a thou*
sand pounds," remains utterly incredible.
But the king's favour did not end with the offices just
mentioned. In the seventeenth year of his reign,. 1394^
he granted to Chaucer a new annuity of twenty pounds;
in 1398, his protection for two years ; and in 1399, a. pipe
of wine annually. From the succeeding sovereign Henry
IV. he obtained, in the year last mentioned, a confirmation
* Chaucer'f fame rests chiefly on venty, and Chaucer before he finished
kis Canterbury Tales, and Dryden's what we hare of hU Tales was pro-
OQ his Fables, both written towards bably not much less.
fikB decline of life. I>ryden was se«
so* . C H A U C E R.
f»f bis two grants c^ 20/. and of the pipe of wine^ ^mi 9*
iiie same time an additional )grant of an annuity of fortj
narks. Notwithstanding this dependent state of his affairs,
some of his biographers represent him a? possessed of Dua«-
nington castle in Berkshire, which he must have purchased
At the time he received the above annuity of twenty pounds;
£ot up to that date (1394) it Was in the possession of Mt
Richard Abberbury. Mr. Tyrwhitt remarks that the tra-
ditioii which Evelyn notices in his Sylva^ of an oak in
DunningtoD park called Chaucer's oak, may be sufficiently
siecounted for, without supposing that it was plaoted by
Chaucer himself, as the castle was undoubtedly in the hands
of Thomas Chaucer for many years. During his retire-
ment in 1391, he wrote his learned treatise on the Astro-
labe, for the use of his son Lewis, wbo was then te^ years
old ; and thi^ is the only circumstance respecting bis family
ivhich we have on his own or any authority that deserves
credit. Leland, Bale, and Wood place this soti under the
tuition of his father's friend Nicholas Strode (whom^ how^-
«ver, they call Ralph) of Merton college, Oxford ; bat if
Wood could trace Strode no farther than the year 1370, it
18 impossible he could have been the tutor of Ciiaiicer's sob
in 1391.
The accounts we have of Chaucer's latter days are ex-
tremely inconsistent. His biographers bring bim from
Woodstock to Dunnington castle, and from that to LQQdon
to solicit a continuation of his annuities, in which he foun4
such difficulties as probably hastened his end. Wood, in
)iis Annals, informs us that although he did not repent at
the last of his reflections on the cler^, ^^ yet of that be
wrote of love and baudery, it grieved him much on his
death'^bed : £or one that lived shortly after his time, maketb
report^, that when he saw death approaching, be<iid often
cry out, ' Woe is me, woe is me, that I cannot recall and
anuuU those things which I have written of the base and
iilthy love of men towards women : but al^s ! they are now
icontinued from man to man, and I cannot do what I de<-
Mre\'' To this may be added, that the affecting lines
** Code Counsaile of Chaucer,'' are said to have been made
by him when on his death-bed, and in great aoguisb.
* Tb. Qagoai^e in 2 parte Die- s^ri Armig^eri, qm Thomas tepult i|k
tionar. Theolog. p. 377. MS. <* Fuit Nuhelm juxta OxoKki^m."
Idem Ckawserui pater Thorns Cfaaw-
CHAUCER. 305
It seems generally agreed that he died Oct 25^ 1400^
and was* buried in Westminster-abbey, in the great soath
cross-aile. The monument to his memory was erected
above a century and a half after his decease, by Nicholas
Brigham, a gentleman of Oxford, a poet, and warm ad«
mirer of our author. It stands at the north end of a mag-
nificent recess, formed by four obtuse foliaged arches, and
is a plain altar, with three quatrefoils, and the same num-^
her of shields. The inscription, and figures on the baek^
are almost obliterated.
Although Chftucer has been geneJrally hailed as the
founder of English poetry and literature, the extent of the
obligations which English poetry and literature owe to him
has not been decidedly ascertained. The improvement be
introduced in language and versification has been called in
question, not only by modern but by ancient critics* Th#
chief faults attributed to him, are the mixture of French in
all his works, and his ignorance of the laws of versifioa^
tion. With respect to the mixture of French words and
phrases in Chaucef s writings, it must be observed that the
French language was prevalent in this country several ceti-^
turies befofe his time. Even previously to the conquest,
the Normans had made it a fashion to speak French in the
English court, and from thence it would naturally be
adopted by the people ; but after the conquest this became
the case in a much greater proportion. It was a matter of
policy in the conqueror to introduce his own language, and
it would soon become a matter of interest in the people to
acquire it. We uniformly find that where new settleih»
appear, even without the superiority of conquerors, the
aborigines find it convenient to learn their language. The
history of king William's conquest and policy shows that
his language must soon extend over a kingdom which he
had parcelled out among his chiefs as the reward of their
valour and attachment. One step which he took, must
above all others have contributed to naturalize the French
language. He supplied all vacancies in the ecclesiastieal
establishnient with Norman clergy ; and if, with all this
influence, the French language did not universally prevail,
it must at least have interfered in a very considerable degree
with the use of the native tongue. At schools, French and
Latin were taught together in the reign of Edward III. aftd
it was usual to make the scholars construe their Latiti
lessons into French, a practice which must have greatly
200 CHAUCER.
retarded the progress of the native tongue towards reifine««
ment. Some check, indeed, appears to have been giveni
to this in the reign of the same sovereign ; but the pro-
<;eedings in parliament and the statutes continued to be
promulgated in French for a far longer period.
. These circumstances have been advanced to prove that
Chaucer ought not to be blamed for introducing words and
phrases with which his countrymen were familiar long be->
fore his time, and which they probably considered as ele-
gancies. If Chaucer was taught at school, as other youths
were, it is plain that he must have learned French while
he was learning his mother tongue, and was taught to give
a preference to the former by making it the vehicle of
translation.
The language, therefore, in use in Chaucer's dajs^
among the npper classes, and by all that would be thought,
learned, was a Norman-Saxon dialect, introduced by the,
influx and influence &f a court of foreigners, and spread
wherever that influence extended. Jourpej^s to France;
were also common, for thp purposes of improvement iii;
&ucb accomplishments as were then fashionable, and this,
kind of intercourse, which is always in favour of the country,
visited, would perhaps tend to introduce a still greater
proportion of French phraseology* But still the founda-
tion was laid at home, in the prevailing modes of edu-,
cation. With respect to the progress of this mixture, and ^
tb^ effects of the accessions which in the course of nearly
three centuries, the English language received from Nor-
mandy, the reader is referred to Mr. Tyrwhitt's very,
elaborate ^^ Essay on the Language and Versification of
Chaucer," prefixed to his edition of the ^^ Canterbury
Tales.'' It appears, upon the whole, that ^^ the language
of our ancestors was complete in all its parts, and had^
served them for the purposes of discourse, and even of
composition in various kinds, long before they had any in-
timate acquaintance with their French neighbours." They
had therefore " no call from necessity, and consequently no
sufficient inducement, to alter its original and radical con-
stitutions, or even its customary forms." ^ And accordingly^
notwithstanding the prevalence of the French from the
causes already assigned, it is proved by Mr. Tyrwhitt that
** in all the essential parts of speech, the characteristical
features of the Saxon idiom were always preserved ; and
the crowds of French words which from time to time were
CHAUCER. SOT
impol'ted, were themselves made subject, either imme-
diately, or by degrees, to the laws of that same idiom.^*
As to what English poetry owes to Chaucer, Dr. John-
son has pronounced him ^' the first of our versifiers who
wrote poetically," and Mr. Warton has proved " that ia
elevation and elegance, in harmony and perspicuity of
versification, he surpasses his predecessors in an infinite
proportion; that bis genius was universal, and adapted to
themes of unbounded variety ; that his merit was not less
in painting familiar manners with humour and propriety,
than in moving the passions, and in representing the beau*
tiful or the grand objects of nature with grace and sub-
limity. In a word, that he appeared with all the lustre
and dignity of a true poet, in an age which compelled him
to struggle with a barbarous language, and a national want
of taste ; and when to write verses at all, was regarded 2a
a singular qualification."
The Saxons had a species of writing which they called
poetry, but it did not consist of regular verses, nor was it
embelUshed by rhime. The Normans, it is generally
ttjiought, were the 6rst who introduced rhime or metr^
copied from the Latin rythmical verses, a bastard species,
•which belongs to the declining period of the Latin language.
To deduce the history of versification from the earliest
periods is impossible, for want of specimens. Two very
trifling ones only are extant before the time of Henry II.
namely, a few lines in the Saxon Chronicle upon the death
of William the Conqueror, and a short canticle, which,
according to Matthew Paris, the blessed virgin was pleased
to dictate to Godric, an hermit near Durham. In the time
of Henry II. Layamon, a priest, translated chiefly from
the French of Wace, a fabulous history of the Britons, en*
titled Le Brut, which Wace himself, about 1155, had
translated from the Latin of Geffry of Monmouth. In this
there are a number of short verses, of unequal lengths,
but exhibiting something like rhime. But so common w^n
it to write whatever was written, in French or Latin, that
another century must be passed over before we come to
another specimen of English poetry, if we except the Or-
mulum^, and a moral piece upon old age, &c. f noticed
* A paraphrase on the Gospel histories, written by one Orme or Ormin.
f A specimen of this is given in Dr. Johnson's latroduciion to bis Pic-
tiofiarf.
203 C H A U e E R.
by Mr. Tyrwbitt, and which hie conjectures to have beea
written earlier than the reign of Henry II.
Between the latter end of the reign of Henry HI. and
the time of Chaucer, the names of many English rhimer»
bave been recovered, and many more anonymous writers,
or rather translators of romances, flourished about this
period ; but they neither invented nor imported any im-
provements in the art of versification. Their labours, bow*
ever, are not to be under\'alued. Mr. Warton has very
justly remarked, that " the revival of learning in most
countries appears to have first owed its rise to translation.
At rude periods the modes of original thinking are un-
ktiown, and the arts of original composition bave not yet
been studied. The writers, therefore, of such periQds
aire chiefly and very usefully employed in importing the
ideas of other languages into their own." But, ad many
of these metrical romances were to be accompanied by
iDusic, they were less calculated for reading than reci-
tirtion.
These authors, whatever their merit, were the only
English poets, if the name may be used, when Chaucer
appeared, and the only circumstances under which he
found the poetry of his native tongue, were, that rbime
was established very generally ; that the metres in use were
principally the long Iambic, consisting of not more than
fifteen, nor less than fourteen syllables, and broken by a
caesura at the eighth syllable ; the Alexandrine metre, con-
sisting of not more than thirteen syllables, nor less thati
twelve, with & csesura at the sixth ; the octosyllable metre;
and the stanza of six verses, of which the first, second,
fourth and fifth were in complete octosyllable metre, and the
third and last catalectic, i, e. wanting a syllable, or even two.
Such were the precedents which a new poet might be
expected to follow. But Chaucer composed nothiiig in the
first or second of these four metres. In the fourth he wrote
only the Rhime of sir Thopas, which being intended to
ridicule the vulgar romances, seems to bave been pur-
posely written in their favourite metre. In the third, or octo-
syllable metre *, he wrote several of his compositions, par-
ticularly an imperfect translation of the Roman de la Rose^
* So oalled by Mr. TyrwhiU, (whoie althouc^ it &kaa oonsiits of nine, attd
opinioos aie chiefly followed oo this sometiimrs of ten vyilables, feheeigbUi
subject) from what he apprehends to is always the last accented syllable.
bave been its original form,' in wbicb.
CHAUCER, fOi
the Hoijse of Fame, the Detbe of the Duchesse Blanche^
and his Dreine, all wrhich are so superior to the versi6ca«
tioo of his cootemporaries and predecessors, as to establish
bis preeminence, and prove that the reformer of English
poetry had at length appeared.
But, the liiost considerable part of his works entitle him
to the honour of an inventor. They are written in the he^
roic metre, and there is no evidence of any English poet
having used it before him. He is not indeed to be cod<»
sidered as the inventor in the most extensive sense, as the
heroic metre had been cultivated by Dante, Petrarch, and
Boccace, bot he was the first to introduce it into his na**
tive language, in which it has been employed by every poet
of eminence) to the present day.
The age of Chaucer had little of what we now under-^
stand by refinement. The public shows and amusements
were splendid and sumptuous. They had all somewhat of
a dramatic air; at their tournaments and carousals the
principal pentonages acted parts, with some connection of
story, borrowed from the events, and conducted according
to the events and manners of chivalry. But the national
manners and habits were barbarous, unless where the re-
straints of religion repres^d public licentiousness ; and,
with respect to taste, the spectacles in which the hi^er
orders indulged^ were such as would not now be tolerated
perhaps even at a fair. What influence they had on pubhc
decency, it is difEcult to ascertain. la Chaucer's time
there was indeed no public^ because there was little or no-*
thing of that coipmunication of sentiment and feeling which
we owe to the invention of printing.
In such an age, it is the highest praise of Chaucer, that
he stood alone, the first poet who improved the art by
melody, fancy, ai>d sentiment, and the first writer, whe*
ther we consider, the quantity, quality, or variety of his
productions. It is supposed that many of his writings are
lost. What remain, however, and have been authenti-
cated with tolerable certainty, must have formed the oc«
cupatiou of a consiiterable part of his life, and been the
result of copious reading and reflection. Even his transla-^
tions are mixed with so great a portion of original mact^
auy it may be presumed, required time and study, and
ikio§/^ baf^ hours^ of inspiration, which are not always
within command. The principal, obstruction to the plea«
^ure we should otherwise derive fimn Chaiicer^a works, is
Vol. IX. P
.^*..
210 CHAUCER.
that profusion of allegory which pervades tbem^ particd*
larly the " Romaunt of the Rose," the " Court of Love,*'
** Flower and Leaf," and the " House of |*ame." Pope,
in the first edition of hid Temple of Fame, prefixed a note
in defence of allegorical poetry, the propriety of which
cannot be questioned,' but which is qualified with an ex-
ception which applies directly to Chaucer. ** The inci-
dents by which allegory is conveyed, should never be spun
too long, or too much clogged with trivial circumstances,
or little particularities." But this is exactly the case with
Chaucer, whose allegories are spun beyond all bounds,
and clogged with many trivial and unappropriate circum-
stances.
^ For upwards of seventy years after the death of Chau-
cer, his works remained in manuscript. Mr. Tyrwhitt
enumerates twenty-six manuscripts which he had an op*
portunity of consulting in the various public and private
libraries of London, Oxford, Cambridge, &c. but of all
these he is inclined to give credit to only five. Caxton,
the first English printer, selected Chaucer's " Canterbury
Tales," as one of the earliest productions of his press, but
happened to copy a very incorrect manuscript This first
edition is supposed by Mr. Ames to have been printed
in 1475 or 1476. There are only two complete copies
extant, one in his majesty's library, and another in that of
Merton-college, both without preface or advertisement.
About six years after, Caxton printed a second edition,
and in his preface apologized for the errors of the for-
mer. No perfect copy of this edition is known. Aoies
mentions an edtfion '^ collected by William Caxton, and
printed by Wynken de Worde, 1495, folio," but the
existence of this is doubtful. Pynson printed two edi«'
tions ; the first, it is conjectured, in 1491, and the
second in 1526, which was the first in which a collec-
tion of some other pieces of Chaucer was added to the.
Canterbury Tales. Ames notices editions in 1520 and
1522, but bad not seen them, nor are they now known.
In 1532 an edition was printed by Thomas Godfrey, and
edited by Mr. Thynne, which Mr. Tyrwhitt informs -us,
was considered, notwithstanding its nlany imperfections^ as
the standard edition, and was copied, not only by the
booksellers, in their several editions of 1542, 1546, 1555^
and 1561, but also by Mr. Speght, in 1597 and 1^0^.
Speght's edition was reprinted in 1687, and in 1721 ap*
CHAUCER. 211
peftred Mr. Urry's, who, while he professed to compare a
great many manuscripts, took such liberties with bis au-»
thorns text as to render this by far the worst edition ever
pubUshed*
There is an interleaved copy of Urry^s edition in the
British Museum, presented by Mr. William Thomas, a
brother of Dr. T. Thomas, who. furnished the preface and
glossary, and upon whom the charge of publishing devolved
after Mn Urry^s death. This copy has many manuscript
notes and corrections. From one of them we learn that the
life of Chaucer was very incorrectly drawn up by Mn Dart,
and corrected and enlarged by Mr. William Thomas ; and
from another, that bishop Atterbury prompted Urry to
this undertaking, but ^^ did by no means judge rightly of
Mr. Urry^s talents in this case, who though in many re-
spects a most worthy person, was not qualified for a work
of this nature.'^ Dr. Thomas undertook to publish it,, at
the rj^qoest of bishop Smalridge. In the Harleian collec*
tiop^is a copy of an agreement between William Brome>
executor to Urry, the dean and chapterjof Christ Churchy
and Bernard Lintot the bookseller. By this it appears
that it was Urry's intention to apply part of the. profits to«
waurds building Peckwater quadrangle. Lintot was to print
a thousand copies on small paper at iL lOs. and two hundred
and fifty on large paper at 2/. lOs, It does not appear
that this speculation succeeded. Yet the edition, from its
having been printed in the Roman letter, the copiousness
of the glossary, and the ornaments, &c. continued to be
the only one consulted, until the publication of the '* Can-
terbury Tales" by Mr. Tyrwhitt, in 1775. This very acute
critic was the first who endeavoured to riestore a pure text
by the collation of MSS. a labour of vast extent, but which
must be undertaken even to greater extent, before the
other works of Chaucer can be published in a manner
worthy of their author. Mr. Warton laments that Chaucer
has been so frequently considered as an old, rather than a
good poet ; and recommends the study of his works. Mr.
Tyrwhitt, since this advice was given, has undoubtedly
introduced Chaucer to a nearer intimacy with the learned
public, but it is not probable that he can ever be restojred
to popularity^. His language will still remain an insur-
laountable obstacle with that numerous class of readers to
whom poets must look for universal reputation. Poetry i^
p 2
«14 CHAUFEPIE.
the art of pleasing ; but pleasure, as generally understoodi
admits of very little that deserves the name of study. '
CHAUFEPIE (JaMRs G£OR<i}E D£), author of a very
useful Biographical Dictionary^ was descended from the
ancient and noble family of the Calfopedi of Floreace,
which removed into France under Francis I. At the revo-
cation of the edict of Nantz^ Samuel de Chaufepi^, the!
representative of the family, and protestant minister at
Couh6 in Poitou, was obliged to take refuge in Frieslaiid|
where he died pastor of the church of Leuwarden in 1704«
He had ten children by hia wife Maria Marboeuf de la
tlimbaudiere, of whom the subject of the present articles
Was the youngest, and born at Leuwarden, Nov. d, i702«
He was educated partly at Franeket, under professor An-
dala, as appears by his maintaining ati academical thesis
before that professor, in 1718, on ^Mnnate Ideas,*' and
probably about the same time, a second on ^' The punish^
ment of the Cross,^' >which was afterwards published in a
collection by Oerdes^ iti 1734. After being admitted int<»
the ministry, he preached for so^me time at Flushing, theft
at Delft, and lastly at Amsterdam, where he was pastor of
the Walloon churchy and where he died, highly respected
for piety and learning, and much lamented, July 3, i7a-6.
He was not more diligent in the discharge of his profes*"
sional functions^ than attached to studious researches, which
he pursued throughout the whole of his long life* In 1736
be published^ ^' Lettres sur divers sujets important de la
Religion/* 12aio$ and in 1746 prefixed a life or histo-^
Tical eulogium to the sermons of John Brutel de la Ri-^
viere. In 1756 he published three sermons, intended td
prove the truth of the Christian religion from the present
atate of the Jews ; and wrote an account of the life and
writings of our cielebrated poet Pope, which was prefixed
to a French translation of his works^ printed at Amsterdam
in 1758. He also translated from the Dutch an abridge-
ment, in question and answer, of the history of bis country;
and from the English, part of Shuckford*s works, with
additions, and several volumes of the '' Universal His-*
tory,'* which he improved very consideiubly, particularljr
in the history of Venice* This labour^ however, he discon**
tiqued in 1771, and does not appear after that to have
1 JohnsMi and Chalmers'i EnsHih Poets, ISlO.-^Biof. Brit — ^TjFrwkiti'f Cm-
terbary Talet.-*£UU't Speciment.— Wartoa's Hist, of Enslifh Pfletry; see
llidcx*
CHAUFEPIE. ai>
published any thing of consequence, confining himself to
fais pastoral duties, if we except bis *^ Life of Servetus,"
which in 1771 was translated into English, by James Yair,
minister of the Scots church at Campvere, and published
Sit London, 8vo. The chief object of it seems to be to
vindicate Calvin from the reproaches usually thrown upon
him for the share he had in the prosecution of Servetus ;
but some will probably think that he has at I^ast been
equally successful in throwing new and not very favourable
light on the conduct and principles of Servetus.
A selection of Chaufepie's ^* Sermons'' was published
after his death by his nephew and colleague in the church
at Amsterdam, Samuel de Chaufepi^. But the work which
gives him the best title to a place here, is his ^^ Nouveau
Dictionaire Historique et Critique pour servir de Supple-^
ment, ou de Continuation au Dictionaire de M. Pierre
Baylfe," Amsterdam, 1750 — 1756, 4 vols. fol. Theeditorg
of the French Diet. Historique, of 1804, messieurs Chau-»
don and Delandine, speak of this as an ill-digested work,
and say that the author, in continuing Bayle, has imitated,
him neither in his good nor his bad qualities, and that he
does >not interest his readers like the philosopher of Rot^
terdam, his style being inferior and incorrect. They
allow, however, that he respects religion, although hm
declaims sometimes against the Roman Catholics; and
they give due praise to his researches respecting the lite^
raiure of France, England, and Holland. That he de*
platms against the Roman catholics sometimes, is an ob«>.
jection very natural to the editors of the French dictionary^
but frequent recourse to Chaufepie^s work convinces us
that he speaks with impartiality, and engages as little as
possible with points of controversy. The work was origi*
nally intended as a supplement to Bayle, but various cir-
pumstances stated by the author in his preface, prevented
the booksellers from prosecuting this plan, and it may
father be considered as a new work, founded partly oft
Bayle, and partly on the English ^^ General Dictionary,**
)0 vols. fol. The new articles from the pen of Chaufepi6
jire in general accurate, and this work ought to be better
Itnown in this country, because, owing to the author's re-
ligious principles, less use has been made of it abroad than
it deserves. The English articles, although this circum-
stance is not perhaps of much importance here, are
more full than in any other work published on the Con-
214 C H A U F £ P I E.
tinent, and the additions the author has made not only to
them, but to Bayle's series, afford a very favourable idea of
the labour and research he must have employed. He ap-
pears to have been first applied to by the booksellers of
Amsterdam in 1739, and to have spent several years in
.preparing it for the press. With respect to the charge that
it is less interesting to readers than Bayle, we can only re-
mark that in proportion as any biographer follows Bayle,
he will render his work a tissue of interrupting impertinent
cies and crude sentiments. ^
CHAULIEU (William Anfreye de), was born at Fon-
tenay in Normaiid)f<' in 1639. His father, counsellor of
state at Rouen, placed him in the college de Navarre at
Paris, where he acquired a profound knowledge of the an-
cient authors, and contracted an intimacy with the duke de
Rochefoucault and the abb6 Marsillac, whose patronage he
acquired by his lively conversation and his various talents ;
and while he was countenanced by them, he formed an
acquaintance that had a great influence on his poetical
efforts. The duchess of Bouillon, a niece of cardinal Ma-<
zarin, was about to lay out a large garden, and for that pur-
pose thought it necessary to obtain a piece of ground be-
longing to the estate of the family of Chaulieu. The pofet,
mth much address, brought the treaty to effect agreeably
to the desires of the duchess, and thus acquired the favour
of a lady, who afterwards became the inspirer of his son-
nets. Her house was a temple of the muses ; she encou-
raged, rewarded, and inspired all such as shewed marks of
poetic genius ; and evinced a particular regard for Chau-
lieu. Through her he became known to the duke 'de
Yendome, a great friend of the muses, who, as grand prior
of France, presented him with a priorate on the isle of
OleroUj with an annual revenue of 28,000 livres. To this
were afterwards added the abbacies of Pouliers, Renes,
Aumale, and St. Stephen, the profits of which enabled him
to pass his life in ease ^nd affluence. ' The first thing by
which Chaulieu became known as a poet was a rondeau on
Benserade's translation of Ovid^s Metamorphoses. He
soon, found opportunities for appearing frequently before
the public ; and hi^ acquaintance with Chapelle determined
bim entirely for jovial poetry. Chaulieu was no poet by
profession ; he sung with the flask in his hand, and we ar^
\ Pict. Hist—- Chaiife^ie'9 preface.»-Sa]ui Qnomut
C H A U L I E U. 215
told that in the circle of genial friends he acquired those
delicate sentiments which render his poetry at once so na-
tural and so charming. The muses were the best comforts
of his age, as they had frequently been in his younger
years, when he was visited by the gout, the pains of which
he contrived to alleviate, by conversations with his friends
and the muses, and prolonged his life to a very advanced
age, dying in 1726, in his 81st year. He was extremely
desirous of becoming a member of the acadeipy of fine
arts ; and, on seeing another preferred to him, he took his
revenge by satirical attacks on the management of the in*
stitution. It was the perfect consonance of his life with
bis poems, that gave them the natural air for which they
have ever been so greatly admired. The philosophy of th^
graces, that animates his works, was also the rule of bis
life. But few of his poems were published during his life-
time, and those occasionally and detached ; the trouble of
collecting them he left to his friends after his death. The
first eaitions were very imperfect, till Camusac and St.
Marc took the pains to publish them in a completer coUec*
tion, 1750, 2 vols. 12mo. They consist of epistles in
verse, and letters in prose intermingled ^ith verses. Both
are characterised by an easy gaiety, agreeable pictures^
lively strokes, genuine wit, pleasing fictions, Epicurean
morality, or ^^ sagesse commode,'* as Saint Marc used to
call it, and a style varied as the subject requires. They
are not, however, without flat, incorrect, and puerile pas-
sages. His versification is flowing and harmonious, but
frequently faulty and contrary to the rules of speech, and
sometimes designedly negligent, in imitation of the simple
style of Marot. Some find great harmony in the continual
recurrence of the same rhymes, in which he followed Cba-
pelle, and is praised by Dubos; and Camusac thinks that
such verses are eminently adapted to music. Saint Marc,
on the other handj and the younger Racine, complain of
their monotony, and conceive that the beauty of them
consists solely in the conquest of greater difliculties, and
that the French language is not so poor in sonorous phrase-
ology as to stand in need of such a practice. Though the
letters of Chaulieu were all actually written, and mostly
directed to Bouillon, yet they are frequently interspersed
with ingenious fictions. Excepting that to the chevalier
3ouillon, the most remarkable letter is that addressed to
Di. UFarei aatbepoet> with great frankness, gives usiu
I
216 C H A U L N E a
I
it hi9 own portrait. — Chaalieu's odes arc not of the higher
species. *
CHAULNES (Albert duke de), a peer of France,
but more remarkable as an astronomer and mathematician,
w^s born at Paris Dec. 30, 1714. He soon discot^ered a
singular taste and genius for the sciences ; and in the tu-
mults of armies and camps, he cultivated mathematics,
^tronomy, mechanics, &c. He was named honorary-acade-
mician the 27th of February 1743, and few members were
more punctual in attending the meetings of that body, where
be often brought different constructions and corrections of in-!-
dtruments of astronomy, of dioptrics, and achromatic tele-
scopes. These researches were followed with a new paral-
lactic machine, more solid and convenient than those that
were in use ; as also with many reflections on the manner
of applying the micrometer to those telescopes, and of
measuring exactly the value of the pans of that instrument.
The duke of Chaulnes proposed many other works of the
same kind, which were interrupted by his death Sept. 23,
1769. ^
Several of his papers are published in the volumes of
Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences; particularly, !• Ob-
servations on some Experiments in the 4th part of the 24
book of Newton's Optics, an. 1755. 2. Observations ott
the Platform for dividing mathematical instruments, 1765;
3. Determination of the distance of Arcturus from the
Sun's limb, at the summer solstice, 1765. 4. On some
means of perfecting astronomical instruments, 1765.
5. Of some experiments relative to dioptrics, 1767. 6. The
art of dividing mathematical instruments, 1768. 7* Obser-
vations of the Transit of Venus, June 3, 1769; 1769.
8. New method of dividing mathematical and astronomical
instruments.^
CHAUNCY (Charles), an eminent nonconformist,
2|.nd great uncle to the historian of Hertfordshire, was the
fifth and youngest son of George Chauncy, esq. of Yard-
ley-bury and New-place in Hertfordshire, by Agnes, the
slaughter of Edward Welch, and widow of Edward Hum-
berstone^ and was born in 1592. He was educated at
Westminster school, from which he went to Trinity college,
Cambridge, where he was admitted to his several degrees,
1 Chattfepi^._Moreri.-*NiceroD.--01ivet'8 Hist, de )'AoBd<aii«.-^I>M!t Kifft^
* HuUoa's OicUonary.
C H A U N O Y. 217
(tUl he became bachelor of dmnity. His reputation for
learning was such as gained him the esteem and friendship
of the celebrated Dr. Usher^ archbishop of Armagh. In
consequence of his distinguished skill in Oriental litera-
ture, he was chosen, by the heads of bouses, Hebrew^ pro-
fessor; bat Dr. Williams, the vice-chancellop, preferring
a relation of his own, Mr. Chauncy resigned his preten*
Mens, and was appointed to the Greek professorship. He
was the author of the hriuficiq which is prefixed to Leigh*a
'* Critica Sacra'^ upon the New Testament. When Mr.
Chauncy quitted the university, he became vicar of Wai^
ilk Hertfordshire. Being of puritanical principles, he was
much offended with the <^ Book of Sports ;'' and opposed^
although with less reason, the railing in of the Communion
table. Besides this, he had the indiscretion to say in a
sermon, that idolatry was admitted into the church ; that
much Atheism, Popery, Arminianism, and Heresy had
crept into it ; and that the preaching of the gospel would
be suppresi>ed. Having by these things excited the indigo
nation of the ruling powers, he was questioned in the high
commission ; and the cause being referred, by order of
that court, to the determination of bis ordinary, he wafi
imprisoned, condemned in costs of suit, and obliged to
make a recantation ; which, as it had been extorted from*
him through, fear, lay heavy on his mind. He continued,
indeed, some years in his native country, and officiated at
Marston Lawrence, in the diocese of Peterborough ; but
at length retired to New England, where he made an
open acknowledgment of his crime in signing a recanta-
tion contrary to the dictates of his conscience. For some
conaiderable time succeeding his arrival at New England
in 1637, he assisted Mr. Reyner, the minister of that
place; after which he removed to a town at a^ little dis*-
tance, called ^ Scituate,'* where he continued twelve
years in the discharge of his pastoral office. When the
republican party became predominant in England, Mr*
Chauncy was invited, by his old parishioners at Ware, to
return back to his native country, and had thoughts of
complying, but was so earnestly pressed by the trustees of
Harvard college, in Cambridge, which then wanted a pre-
sident, to accept of the government of that society, that
be could not resist their solicitations. This event took
place in 1654^ and from that time to his death, which
happened on the 19th of February, 1671-2,. in the dOth
a^lS C H A U N C Y.
year of his age, Mr. Cbauncy continued with great repiita*
lion at the head of the college, discharging the duties of
his station with distinguished attention, diligence, and
ability. So high was the esteem in which he was held,
that when be bad resided about two years in Cambridge^
the cburch of that town, to whom he was united, and
among whom he preached, kept a whole day of thanksgiv-
ing to God, for the mercy they enjoyed in their connection
with him. Mr. Cbauncy, by his wife Catherine, whose
life was published, had six sons, all of whom were brought
up for the ministry. Isaac the eldest of them, became
pastor of a nonconformist society in London, and wrote
several treatises *. Mr. Charles Cbauncy had a number of
descendants, who long flourished both in Old and New
England. One of them was the late Dr. Cbauncy the phy*
sician, who died in 1777, well known for his skill and
taste in pictures, and for his choice collection of themi^
afterwards in the possession of his brother, Nathani^
Cbauncy, esq. of Castle*street, Leicester- fields, who died
in 1790.^
CHAUNCY (Maurice), whose name we find some-
times spelt Chamney, Chancy, and Channy, was a monk of
the Charter-house, London, and with many others of the
same order, was imprisoned in the reign of Henry VIIL
for refusing to own his supremacy. When the monastery
was dissolved, and several of his brethren executed in
1535, Cbauncy and a few others contrived to remain
unmolested partly in England and partly in Flanders, until
the accession of queen Mary, when they were replaced at
Shene near Richmond, a monastery formerly belonging to
the. Carthusians. On the queen's death, they were per-
mitted to go to Flanders, under Cbauncy, who was now
their prior. The unsettled state of the reformatiop there
obliged them to remove from Bruges to Doway, and from
* Hiis Isaac ChauDcy, attberesto- Ternment, that they left him, and he
-ration, was in poraestion of the rectory Itrft off preaching, and was succeeded
9i Wo«dborough in Wiltshire, and by the celebrated Dr. Watts, who knew
came afterwards to London, with a the business of the pulpit, and recalled
▼iew to practise physic, but was in- the congregation. Cbauncy was after-
dnced to accept a call from a dissent- wards appointed tutor of a dissenting
ing meeting, in which he preached for academy, which was afterwards oon-
fourteeu years, but being a bigotted ducted by Dr. Ridgley. He died Feb.
independent, be so tormented his hear- 28,1712. Calamy.
en with declamations on church go-
^ Biog. Brit. art. Henry Cbauncy .-—Qent. Mag. Tol. LX.—- NeaPs Biitory Of
Kew England, and of the Puritans.
' - J
J
t
. C H A U N C Y- • 219
> I.oiivain, where they remained until a bouse was
'•»^*=*<i for them at Nieuport, and there at length they
■' '^nf^d a settlement under the crown of Spain. Chaun*
However, died at Bruges July 15, 1581, highly re-
■ *vaed by those of his own order. Of his works one only
»- wurUi mentioning, entitled " Historia aliquot nostri
*-stM uii Martyrum, cum pia, tum lectu jucunda, nunquam
.iiiLc»iu.c typis excusa,** printed at Mentz, 1550, 4to,
*.»c.i curious copper-plates. This work, which is very
contains the epitaph of sir Thomas More, writtea
imself; the captivity and martyrdom of Fisher, bishop
Rochester; and the same of sir Thodnas More ; and of
r eminent persons, who were executed in Henry VIlI/s
::n. Wood mentions a second edition at Cologne in
' ^08, which we think we have seen. '•
CHAUNCY (Sir Henry), knt. author of the « Histori-
*^v\ -Antiquities of Hertfordshire,*' which bears a higher
price than any other topographical volume, was descended
from a family which came into England with William the
conqueror. He was bom in 1632, and had his grammati-*
cai education at Bishop's Stortford school, under Mr.
Thomas Leigh; and in 1647, was admitted in Gonvil and
Caius college in Cambridge. He removed, in 164^, to
the Middle-Temple; and in 1656, was called to the bar*.
In 1661, he was constituted a justice of peace for the
county of Hertford ; made one of the benchers of the Mid-
dle-Temple in 1675, and steward of the Burgh-court ia
Hertford; and likewise, in 1680^ appointed by charter,
recorder of that place. In 1681, he was elected reader of
the Middle-Temple ; and on the 4th of June, the same
year, received the honour of knighthood at Windsor^castle,
from king Charles IL He was chosen treasurer of the
Middle-Temple in 1685. On the 1 1th of June, 1688, be
was called to the degree of a serjeant at law, and the same
year advanced to be a Welsh judge, or one of his majesty's
justices for the counties of Glamorgan, Brecknock, and
Kadnor, in the principality of Wales. He married three
wives; 1. Jane, youngest daughter of Francis Flyer, of
Brent«Petham, in Hertfordshire, esq. by whom he bad
seven children. She died December 3 1 , 1672. S.Eliza-
-beth, the relict of John Goulsmith, of Stredset, in Norfolk,
esq one of the coheirs of Gregory Wood, of Risby, in
fSuffolk^ gent. By her he had no issue. She died Au*
I Ath. Ox, Tolrl.— Dodd'g Church History.— ^Tan'-
MO C H A U N C Y*
n4, 1677. 3. His third wife was Elissaibetb, the seeond
jbter of Nathaniel Thruston, of Hoxny, in Suffolk^ esq^
by whom he had two children. He died April 17199 and
May 1, was buried at Yardley-Bury. He published '^ The
llistotricat Antiquities of Hertfordshire," i700, fol. Tq
this work he left some additionsi which afterwards came
into the hands of Salmon, and were the foundation of hia
History of Hertfordshire. The first essay towards a deline*
ation of Hertfordshire was attempted by John Norden, i|i
bis *< Speculum Britannise/* published in 1593; but it ia
not to be compared, in point of compleatness and perfect
tion, with sir Henry Chauncy*s historical description. Sip
Henry^s digressions, however, are pedantic, and the work
would have admitted of greater care with respect to the
execution of the engravings. Mr. Forester, of Bradfield in
this county, father of Dr. Puher Forester, chancellor of
Lincoln, and a liear relation of sir Henry Cbauncy, had
made large additions to sir Henry^s book. The copy was
in the hands of the late William Forester, esq. who died
about 1767. Mr. Cole was possessed of another copy, witb
great manuscript additions by the late Browne Willis. A
third copy, with large additions, by Peter Le Neve,' is in
the library of the Society of Antiquaries. Two copies, with
copious additions in MS. were given by Mr. Gough to the
Bodleian Library. The rev. Dr. Paul Wright, vicar of
Oakley in Essex, and who formerly resided, as curate and
lecturer^ in the town of Hertford, having received some
manuscript papers relative to sir Henry Chuancy's work,
proposed to publish an accurate edition of it with continua**
tions to the present time, but this was never executed. A
new edition has lately been announced by Mr. Clutterbuck
of Watford, who has purchased the MS Collections of Mr.
Blore.»
CHAUSSE (Michael Akgelo pb la), a learned anti-
quary of Paris in the last century, went early in life to
Rome for the sake of studying antiquities ; and the same
taste that had led him to that famous city induced him to
mmain tfiere. His << Musasum Romanum,*' Rome, 1690,
firi. and augmented to 2 vols. foL in 1746, evinced the
anccess of his application. This valuable collection com*
prises a numerous succession of antique gems, which had
ttever befoM been given by impressioxi to the public, en-
1 Biog. Brit. — Cough's Topogrephy.-*-MS communication by Henry Ellia,
esq. respectii^ the 4st9 of bis 4estb, wkiok is grossly emu»«eu8 ia |be Biog. Brit^
C H A U S S E. ^t
graved on two hundred and eighteen plates. It has gone
through several editions. Craevius inserted part of it ia
his '^ Thesaurus Antiq. Romanorum." The same author
published at Rome a collection of engraved gems, entitled
' " Gemme aiiiiche figurate," Rome, 1700, 4to; and " Au**
reus Constanttni nummus, &c. explicatus,*' Rome, 170?^
4to. His last publication was *^ Le Pitture antit^he d^le
Grotte di Roma e del Sepolcro di Nasoui, &c/' the plat^
by Pietro Santo and Bartoli, Rome, 1706^ fql. ThesQ
different works present a great stock of erudition and sa*«
gacity, and are much consulted by the curious; we have
no account of the author*s death. *
CHAUSSEE. See NIVELLE.
CHAUVEAU (Francis), a painter, engraver, and de-
signer of great talents and industry, was born at Paris ia
1613, and died there in 1676. His first performances
were some engravings from the pictures of Laurence de la
Hire, who was his master ; but the liveliness of his ima?
gi nation not comporting with the tardiness of the gravhig
tool, he began to delineate his own thought in aquafortis*
If his works have not the delicacy and mellowness that dis->
tingttish the engravings of some other artists, yet he threw
into them all the fire, all. the force and sentiment of which
his art is susceptible. He worked with surprising facility.
Bis children used to read to him after supper the passages
of history he intended to draw* He instantly seized the
most striking part of the subject, traced the design of it
on the plate of copper, with the point of his graver ; and,
before he went to bed, fitted it for being corroded by the
aquafortis the nes^t day, while he employed himself in
engraving or drawing something else. He supplied not
only painters and sculptors with designs, but also carvers
and goldsmiths, jewellers and embroiderers, and even joinr
ers and smiths. Besides 4000 pieces engraved by his
hand, and 1400 executed from his designs, he painted
several small pictures, which were much admired, and
many of them were purchased hy Le Brun. The multitude
of works on which he was ei^loyed brought their author^
to hia faoaae^ and their frequient meetings and conversa**
dons there terminated ita ibe establishment of the Frencii
academy. He was adtnit^d .into the royal academy of
painting and sculpture in.l663» and obtained a p^n^ion foe
22fl C H A U V E A U.
engraving the plates of the Carousal. His stnall platen^
Mr. Strutt says, are executed in a style much resembling
that of Le Clerc, founded upon -that of Callot. In his
large prints he approaches near to that coarse, dark style^
which was adopted by bis tutor, La Hire. Among the sets
of prints executed from his own compositions, are those
for the ** Bible History ;" the " History of Greece ;" the
"^Metamorphosis of Benserade ;" the " Jerusalem of Ta«—
so ;" the /* Fables of La Fontaine ;" " Alaric," or « Rome
conquered ;^' and several romances. Among the prints en*
graved from other masters are, ** Christ with the Aisciples
at Emmaus," from Titian ; a " Concert," from Dominichino 5
the " Life of St Bruno," from Le Sueur; "Apollo and
Daphne," from N. Poussin ; " A Virgin and Child, with
St. John and Kttle Angels," finely etched, and finished
with much taste; and " Meleager presenting the Head of
the Boar to Atalanta." With all his talents and bme^
Perrault assures us thatiie was a man of great modesty. '
CHAUVEAU (Rene), son of the foregdng, was bom
in 1663, and followed the footsteps of his father. Like
him, he had an admirable facility in inventing subjects and
in embellishing them,' and a variety and ingenious turn ia
the disposition of his figures ; but he particularly distin*
guished himself as a sculptor. He worked for Louis XI V«
and for several foreign princes. The marquis de Torci was
the last that employed him, at his chateau de Sabl& This
nobleman hkving asked him what wages he would have by
the day ? Chauveau, provoked at the question, which he
thought degrading, abruptly quitted both his .work and
employer, and came to Paris, where he died in 1722, at
the age of fifty-nine, from the fatigue of the journey, in
addition to the vexation he suffered from having changed
his money into bank notes. *
CHAUVIN (Stephen)^ a protestant clergyman, was
bprn at Nismes in 1640, and being obliged to leave his
country upon the revocation of the^edict of Nantes, went
to Rotterdam, and afterwards to Berlin, where he became
professor of philosophy. He died in 1725 at the age of
eighty-five. He published, 1. A ^^ Lexicon philosophiciim,**
Rotterdam, 1692, fol. and at Leuwarden, nvSj wid^ platen '
2. A new '* Journal des S^avans,'' begun in 1694 at Rot-
terdam, and continued at Berlin, but less estieemed tl|a«
t Moreri.— Diet. HiBt.«.P«nattlt les ttOMUl lllMSlrw*
■ Moien«^Dict. Hwt.
C fl A U V 1 N, 2«S
t^e '^ Histoire des Ouvrages des S^avans'* by Basnage, who
on the continent was considered as a better writer, and a
man of more taste. ^
CHAZELLES (John Matthew de), a French matbe*
tician and engineer, was born at Lyons July 24, 1657,
and educated there in the college of Jesuits, from whence
he removed to Paris in 1675. He first made an acquaint^
ance with du Hamel, secretary to the academy of sciences ;
who, observing his genius to lie strongly towards astronomy,
presented him to Cassini. Cassini took him with him to
the observatory, and employed him under him, where he
made a very rapid progress in the science. In 1683, the
academy carried on the great work of the meridian to the
north and south, begun in 1670, and Cassini having the
southern quarter assigned him, took in the assistance of
Chazelles. In 1684, the duke of Montemart engaged
Chazelles to teach him mathematics, and the year after
procured him the preferment of hydrography-professor for
the gallies of Marseilles, where he set up a school for
young pilots designed to serve on board the gallies. la
1686, the gallies made four little campaigns, or rather four
courses, for exercise, during which Chazelles always went
on board, kept his school on the sea, and shewed the
practice of what he taught He likewists made a great
many geometrical and astronomical observations, which
enabled him to draw a new map of the coast of Provence.
In 1687 and 1688 he made two other sea campaigns, and
drew a great many plans* of ports, roads, towns, and forts,
which were so much prized as to be lodged with the
ministers of state. At the beginning of the war which
ended, with the peace of Ryswick, Chazelles and some
mari]\e o;fficers fancied the gallies might be so contrived as
to live upon the ocean, and might serve to tow the men of
war when the wind failed, or proved contrary ; and also
help to secure the coast of France upon the ocean. He
was sent to the western coasts in July 1689 to prove this
scheme; and in 1690 fifteen' Rallies, new-built, set sail
from Rochefort, cruised as far as Torbay in England,
and proved serviceable at the descent upon Tinmouth.
Here he perfonned the functions of an engineer, and
shewed the courage of a soldier. The general officers he
served under declaimed that when they sent him to take a
S2« C H A Z E L jL- E S-
Yieir of any post of the enemy, tbey could rely entirely
upop his inteliigenoe. The gallies, after their expeditiqn^
came to the mouth of the Seine into the ba^sonfi of Havro
de Grace and Honfleur; but could not winter because it
was necessary to empty the»e basK>ni several tim^s, to pre-*
vent the stagnation and stench of the water. He proposed,
to carry them to Rohan ; aod though all the pilots were
against him, objecting insuperable difficultie99 b^ sue*
ceeded in the undertaking* While he was at Rob^n he
digested into order the observations which he had made oa
the coasts, and drew distinct mapis, with a portulan t9
them, viz. a large description of every haven, of the
depth, the tides, the dangers and advantages discovered^
&c. which were inserted in the *^ Neptune Fran9ois," pubr
lished in 1692, in which year he was engineer at the
descent at Oneille. In i^93 M. de Pontchartrain, theft
secretary of state for the marine, and afterwards chanceL*
lor of France, resolved to get the ^^ Neptune Frau^oia^*
carried on to a second volume, which was also to include
.the Mediterraneaa. Cbazelles desired that be might have
a yearns voyage in this sea, for making astronomical ob*
servations ; and, the request being granted, be passed by
Greece, Egypt, aud the other parts of Turkey, with bis
quadrant an4 telescope in his hand. When he was ia
£g¥pt he measured the pyramids, and found that the four
aides of the largest lay precisely againat the four quarters
of the world. Now as it is highly probable that this eicact
position to east, west, north, and south, was designed
3000 years ago by those that raised this vast atru^ture, it
follows, that, during so long an interval, there h^ been
DO alteration in thefiituation of the heavens ; or, that the.
poles of the earth and the meridians have all along coor
tiaued the sanoe. He likewiae made a. report of his voyage
in the Levant, and gave tlie academy all the satisfaction
they wanted concerning the position of Alexandria : upoo
whieh he was made a member of the academy in 1695.
Cbazelles died Jan. 16, 1710, of a malignant fever. He
was a very extraordinajy and uaeful man ; and, betides hia
great geniua and attainments, was also remarkable for hia
moral and religioiis endowments. ^
CHEFFONTAINES (Ghiustopher}, in Latin, a Capite
FaQtiuaiy . a learned divine, fifty-fifth general of the oor-
> Eloge by f oatcneUe.^'-^ortri.^-^ultoii't Diet
C H E F f 0 *» t A I N E S. fi*
ahd mti^ht tmiiyj 9thd born in 16r32V H« ^^ HtiJilair
ad^clfbis&ojp Of CsAskredi to ei^et'ci^e ^ efibtopal offid^ iil
tbe dfb^ese of S^^risy ifi the ^hi^iit^ of OArdlbftI dd Pdev&
if^cli^nta^ £6, 1595, 1^ Rod«f, leatifig ikev^iral tfa^o«^
^effl li^rks; aM6tig tb^m, << D^ ifece^&rii The6t6gi2d
SciioUitlcit ttjfh^tiicnie/* Parts, 15^6,' 8y5. Of^hicbbib-
^i^gr^ph^ri iritis iHi tor b^ careful ihat tbd Kaf itiAtktd E
be jHyi WtftMihg, 6f is iv6t ffom ^nofk^f b66Ic^ it being fre-
^ti^ntl^ Wktititi^. rie iVrot^ ^1^ a tdlnik^ Against ditels^
^tftitlfea •* Cdfrftffatibn itf Potrft iTHortneilr/' 1579, 8V0,
d«<f " I>^ Vit-ginitafe Mariite et Josepbi," 1578, 8Va,- &c.
JDttpt^ hm a v^ Ibtlg artitle on <7beffontaines. Re ap-
p6uti Wirne b^en 'H iMLh of great leatniiig, And tinddr-
^d6d A± htngdig^s besides his natite Bi& Breton. >
CHE'KE fSfii J6ftK), a Jeai^fied Writer of the ^Hietiiih
6€miiff^ Ai^heii&ei irotH ^ti itticmi fdriiily in the Isie o^
Wiglft, w^ bd^h Hi CMnbrld^, Jmi« 16, 15^4, being th6
9dti 6f P6teY Cbeke, gi^ht. and AgnM, daughter of Mr.
Itiiftciti of CaiViMidgedhird. Aft^ rdctif itig bis ^ramnra^
t^fi e&haitidn (ihd«r Mr. Jdhn Mbrgan, he was adrtiitt^d
ifib S9t. 5dhti'i tane^ii, mtthriA^Hi itt lidf, where he
hecim^ fery ^lAeM fbt hM kn6itiedg^ in the learned
"KWgtfage^, ptfrtieutetly the Greek tongiley whifch wafti then
sCf j^ost unfliWttidtJr Aegleet^. 6eib^ fi^cdnolc^e^ded as sttcb,
BV Dt nitHiy to Kirfg Hehfj VlII. he ^trAs soOn »fiet made
lfni<**s scbohli-, *nd ^uppifed by his tfitogesty i^ montjr
f^f ''Ms ediicittioh,' l^nd fof bisr ch&rges in trarellj^g inttif
folYstgn 6tmArriei WhiK he cblfitihu^d in coltg^6' h6 ifr*^
fn^dCid^dt it more ^ttb'sta^fi&l khd t^^'ful Kind of IdLrningf
A^ti wb^i hkd Efe^n re<^«iVed f^ sorfi6 y^xth ; imd ^hcew«'
A^dd ^dciflH tfae Md'dy of thdi Oi*^^ And LAtin tin's
^Mig^, arMf df dS^Ihity. After having' tak^n bis degree!
ill arts be was chosen Greek lecturer of the university.
Tber^ was no salary .belonging no that place: but king
. Miiffy HAvthl fternnd^d^ ibotit the year 1540, a pfof^stlor*
smp of tbe bxeek bhgue in the university of Cambridge^
¥m i t/dpitid bf forty potinds ayear^ Mr. Cheke, fhougb
^ut MUntf-^k f^rf at ag^, wis choifen thfe:first jirofessoi
ThiA place he heli long after he ieit the university, namelyj
tilt pfiitMt 1^51, Arid t^Aisr highly im^triA^ntAl in btin^nf
tbe GreeK language into repu*ie. fite endieavouredi parti*
Vot. IX. Q
S26
C H E K E.
cularly to reform and restore the original pronunciation of
it) but met with great opposition from Stephen Gardiner,
bishop of Wincht^ster, chancellor of the university^ and
their correspondence, on the subject was published. Cheke»
bpweyer, in the course of his lectures, went through all
Homer, all Euripides, part of Herodotus, and through
Sophocles twice, to. the advantage of his hearers and bis
own credit He was also at the same time university-
orator. About the year 1 543 he was incorporated ipastet
of arts at Oxford, where he had studied some time. Oq
the 10th of July 1544 he was sent for to court, in order to
be school- master, or tutor, for the Latin tongue, jointly
with sir Anthony Cooke, to prince Edward : and, about
the same time, as an encouragemeiikt, the king granted
him, being then, as it is supposed, in orders, one of the
canonries in his new-founded college at Oxford, now Christ
Church ; but that college being dissolved in the beginning
of 1545, a pension was allowed him- in the room of bis
canon^ry. While he was entrusted with the prince's edu-
cation, he made use of all the interest he had in promoting
men of learning and probity. He seems also to have,
sometimes had the lady Elizabeth under his care. In
1547, he married Mary, daughter of Richard Hill, Ser-
jeant of the wine-cellar to king Henry VIII. When his
royal pupil* king Edward VI. came to the crown, he re-
warded him for his care and pains with an annuity of one^
hundred marks; and also made him a grant of several
lands and manors *, He likewise caused liim, by a man-
damus, to be elected provost of King^s college, Cambridge, ,
vacant by the deprivation of George Day, bishop of Chi-.
Chester. In May 1 549, he retired to Cambridge, upon
some disgust he had taken at the court, but was the same,
summer appointed one of the king^s commissioners for vi«.
■ * Id 1548 be granted to him and
Walter Moyle^ iht very advanta^reou*
purcttaM of the cckllege of St. John
Baptist of Stoke, near Clare, in Suffolk,
and likewise all the messuageg, tene-
ments, &c. with the appurtenances
belonging to the college of Corpus
Cbristi, in the paritih of St. Laurence
Poultney; London, lately dissolved ;
together with divers other lands and
tenements in 'the counties of Suffolk^
Devon, Kent, and in London ; for the
f um of 958/. 3s. 5d, ob, a good penny-
wortii, undoubtedly, as Mr. Strype ob-
serves. The next year he obtained the
house and site of the late priory oT
Spalding in the county of Lincoln, the
manor of Hunden in the same county. *
and divers other lands and tenenlelks'
in the counties of Lincoln and Suffalk^
to the yearly value of 118/. lid*, q. and
no rent reserved. As we bear no more
of church preferments given to him, it
seems doubtful whether he ever was in
orders, and it is certain that the ca«
nonrj of Christ Cburch> mentioned ia
the text, might have been held by a
layman at that time.
G H fi K Ei 327
Siting that university. The October following, he was one
of the thirty-two .commissioners appointed to examine then
old ecclesiastical law-books^ and to compile from thence a
body of ecclesiastical laws for the government of thb
church ; and again, three years after, he was put in a new
commission issued out for the same purpose. He returned
to. court in. the winter of 1 549, but met there with great
uneasiness on . account of some offence given by his wife
to Anne, duchess of- Somerset, whose dependent she was.
Mr. Cheke himself was not exempt from trouble, being o^
the number of those who were charged with having sug-
gested bad counsels to the duke of Somerset, and after-
wards betrayed him. But having recovered from these
imputations, his interest and authority daily increased, and
he. became the liberal patron of religious and learned men,
both English and foreigners. In 1550 he was made chie£
gentleman of the king's privy -chamber, whose tutor hm
still continued to be, and who made sv wonderful progress
through, his instructions. Mr. Cheke, to ground him well
in niorality, read to him Cicero's philosophical works, and
Aristotle's Ethics ; but what was of greater importance, in-
structed him in the general history, the state and interest,
the laws and customs of England. He likewise directed
him to keep a diary of all the remarkable occurrences that
happened, to which, probably, we are indebted for the
king's Journal (printed from the original in the Cottoniaa
Lbrary) in Burnett's History of the reformation. In Octo-
ber, 1551, his majesty conferred on him the honour of
knighthood ; and to enable hiuh the better to support that
rank, made him a grant, or gift in fee simple (upon
consideration of his surrender of the hundred marks above^
mentioned), of the. whole manor of Stoke, near Clare, ex-
clusively of the college before granted him, and the ap-
purtenauces in Suffolk and Essex, with divers other lands^
tenements, &c. all to the yearly value of 145/. \9s. 3d.
And a pasture,, with other premises, in Spalding; and the
rectory, and odier premises, in Sandon. The same year
he held two private conferences with some other learned
persons upon the subject of the sacrament, or transubstan-
tiation. The first on November the 25th, in secretary
Cecil's hbuse, and the second December sd the same year,
at sir Richard Morison's. The auditors were, the lord
Rwssel, sir Thomas Wroth of the bed-chamber, sir An-
thony Cooke, one of the king's tutors, Throgmorton,
a 2
^
V
d^^ C H E K fi.
atttriV^rfeih df ttit tecli^^c]^, Mr..Kn6!te^, rfnd MA m*^
flngrtoii, \^hh Whcnh ^6ife ^omed tfefe l»ar^(5tftS tf Ndrthafcm^^^
ttorf, afirrf <he^ eari of Hntlknd, ift^ the >ec(^(f ^oii'^^jrto^.
The pbnish disputantjr f6r the ferf p^6s*h6fe #6^^, F^cKm-
fiaiW, aftert^ards dctfn of St. PatA'i, and T6flg ; and at the?
rf6doridf dispfdtation, WatsCiW. The ditsp'uta^Wtt 6ri th6 dtHtnt
tftrfe w^re, Sr John Chefc6, sff WHlftam GecIFy H^rtf, dfea^
«^ Ddtiatn', Whitehead, atfef GrJndAf. Sbtn^ actoufnt 6P
tfr^^e dfeputatt<rt» is irtilT ext^irt W La<fft, iW tlic li»M^ rf
]if SS. Belonging id B6n6*t 66flege,- GitnbrMg^ ; irtS from
tli^rt'c^ ^uljfeherf iit Eti'gliA by Mr; Stry^^ in hi* riYt€W4ti%
Life of ^if Joh'rf Ctr€ke. Sh- Jdbn aflsey pi»6etfr^ B\i'(ft^"'af
SfSS. ^d the flfdstifityus* LtefKto Js valrfAte coIfe6'ti6rtf fcf
ifhe' king*^ ftb'^ai^y j but! dthtif <y«rtrig fa rfi* Jobtf^i ttrliW¥-
toUi^iy di tlhfdirgk ^ottte othei' accidertt; *ey iieieit ttXi^&3^
rfteiT desT!inati6n'. Four volume?s df thi^ 66Wectionsr wei^
gi^en' hy h% ^tin I*ehVy €hete, to ftuutj^hvey Pui'efoy, es^-
<yn6 of queen EH2fdbfeth*s c56unc?l 'M the nbr th,- whos* sohy-
TB6ttas^ Piirefoy, 6f Barwdl m LeicestWiMrt, ga*%£hett
t?6' the fatiibu^ intiqtrity, WHKadfi Hoftotf^ ifnf »« 1^ ; ihd' htf
mide' itstd of ihent i* biff deictipthti 6t LeiiesfeWMflE?.-
Many yejtfS after, fie pnresenrterf tWife ft) <hd Bo^leSfth' B-
braiy srt Ox:f6rd, wftete the?y nov* j^ie, SoflAe^otfrtr ^ thi^
c6ft6(itiot\^, acftif C^e^rf d^a*,^ e*me iWto- th* hands 6#
William tefff Paget; ^nd sir Wffliath CecfJ; The (Wi^tttf!
df tfi^' " It?rt6rkry,^^ M fi'^e yMxh^ 4io^ 19 fti tbte Bod^
letdti^ UbVaryr dutf t^<y volnmes of eollfectiotii', xeMifng^y
Afitairi, s^e in the 6ott6niatf.
Mr; Chefre fcein^ it CanWWid^' « tBe ^^aimtfehc*«eii#
in 15^^ 2, disptttedr thii*e agAihsl Je^tis Cfiriilfrf lofcrf descfeii*
ihW heir. 0\i rbfe 2ith'6f Atign^tj th^ ^i«n<i y^^y he ^te»
made cfratnb^rlain' of the' ekcheqir^r fdr Bfe ; aAtf ?n I i 55^
cotistittited clerk o^ tSife' coiiiitil j atttf, ^bori aftidr; 6m of
th6 ^cr6td/ies' of sta!tie; afnd a prtVy-'cburi^ribf. I* JHWjr
the sa'Tii^ yedr, the MiVg granted to him, aftd Mjh«i's»ABllW,'
the hdtioMT 6t ^I'are in Suffoffi, wfeh diver* oft?ey hen*,- tA
tfre ^eiri;^ va1Vi6 of ott^= h^indred pCmrtdb. EHs 2ieal fdf HWf-
protesta'nti refigM^ imfdeed Mm' to at^pfove Af tW4 slrtilei
riient 6f the croMrn upon* the ludfy Jdtte Grey? a^d- 1««
acted, but for a very short tinie, as stecretary to h^f atttf
hfer council ^fVer kin^ Edwalrd^s defeeas^, for *««*/ hpdti
queen Mary'3 afccessibn t!6 the thtonfe, hi Wa* ^bUim1fte#
to the Tovirer*, and edi indictitterit drivftt i4^ igalifist 1M%
the 12th ok* r3^h of August. Tht^ yeAr ftHfewi'Aif, afteY fitf
.^f {^di^f Md rft*4 M e^pl^n^d ^o %w sojipp Gij^ik
:^^it t^p ^^vipg p/jGqqded the pgpi^J) ;z;eplftJUJ w^ Cng\afl,d, Ijtfs
yrbp^jP f^ist^t^ was jcqnfi^oQJied ,to the jQueen's usej, upd^r
,V^*y4- 8W« Wy fie^oced ii) circufl^Uqc^^^ h^ was fpxfi^
49 J;^d ft Pfift^k-l^ftture fit Sti^^rg^ |br>is^ub^i?t^^9.
Ig.Jtl^ Jl^eg^ipiug 9f .the y^efir J 55^^ J^ wife bemg .c^^e
cjfl firj^^s^?, fejp reswjly.ed, Jpfeifefty WQ^i * trefcAefpws ;\nyji^.
.^^p b^ jT^cj^A^jBd J5«^^i?fi^ ioi:^ P^j^t and ^ jQbi)# Ji^sj^ip,
•«> fi9 M^kS^f S^ M^ 'b^ cQ^mnUpd ^XxflXogy, in Avbj^di '
¥ffde»^ftl«i^ *#t j^j^^^y^ .^n^ b^ug JpQdYj?^ by %; ^^Jfj.
w,«fiB. Fgr, fey^r4«r pf Jmas Pbjbp ^' W^ yf^Y'M^ .^Sfe
^ May, jxnbflrsp^, l^^j^dfoWed, |?flW, apd^fivp jintO(a
H^SBW^ fiWtV^#4 Jtj? tbe aftaf^tbarbpj^^,j^v^t on .l^qjr^.a
#^«P b^ iW«s pppiw.tted closj? pr^oyer. % ^0Q^ fopod
}JI»t ^)W ?»^9§ P». ?fiP9W^ ^ W Jtl^ilk^,; # .^9. W .t}je
iflij^eo^ c^^np vHif^re /jent tp tbe f 9wer |o /^de|i^TOwr.Jp
;;fqQl^qUe bi^^ vV> tfee pW^^ ^f .I^W^> tbonjg^ .yitbout #gf-
cess. But tbe desire of gaining so great a man, induced
the queen to send to him Dr. Fecbenham, d«an oi 8t Ptttfrs,
^ pijan pf ^ mi9djer9.te tejp»per, ^^n^ with wbp|p !?=e ^ad b^^nt
Aoqiifiiji^ed in 4he late reiga. This maA's arj^i^meiite being .
infoi;c^d by the dreadful alternative, " either copiply, or
JftMfiR*" sir J^obp's fr;»iUy w»s uo% able to ji^ijbbsitand Ui^epi.
He was, therefore, at his pwn desire, carried before cardi-
nal Pole, who grayrfy advised bim to return tp thp .uoity
ct fehe«httvch : and in this dilemma of £ear and perplexity,
he endeavoured to escape .by drawing up ^ pstper^ ep^^iift-
ing of quotation; ^HJ^ pi the fathers tbatt »&^0^d W .(LPmM*
^
^50 CHE K E.
nance transubstantiation, representing thetn as his-owti
opinion, and hoping th&t would suffice to jMrocure bim his
liberty, without any other public declarations of bis change.
This paper be sent to cardinal Pole, with a letter dated
July 15, in which he desired him to spare him from making
an open recantation ; but that being refused, he wrote a
letter to the queen the same day,^ in which he declared bis
' readiness to obey her laws, and other orders of religion.
After this, he made his solemn submission before the car-
dinal, suing to be absolved, and received into the bosond
of the Roman catholic church ; which was granted faim ks
H great favour. But still he was forced to make a public
recantation before the queen, on the 4th of October, and
another long one before the whole court ; and submitted to
. whatever penances should be enjoined him by the pope^
legate, i. e. the cardinal. After all these mortificatiohs,
his lands were restored to him, but upon condition of ah
exchange with the queen for others*. The papists, by
way of triumph over him and the protestants, obliged iiim
to keep company generally with cathofitis- and even to be
'present at the examinations and convictions of tbose^tbey
called heretics. But his remorse, and iextreme vexation
for what he had done, sat so heavy upon hrs mind, that
pining away with shame and regret, he drW September 13,
1557 y aged forty- three, at his friend Mr. Peter Osb<Mttd's
house, in Wood-street, London^ and wasburied vA ^t, AJ-
ban's chlirch there, irr the north chapel of the ch6ir, the
16th of 'September. A stone was set afterwards over bis
grave, with an inscrrprionf. He left three; sons; Johniand
Ed^td, the two youngest, died without issfue; Henry,
the eldest, was secretary to the council iti the north, uiid
' knighted by queen Elizabeth : he died about the year
1586. Thomas, his eldest son' and heir, was knighted by
• ,- . ■ • . ' • •
* upon hiB sarrenderioK tbe lands ** Docstripae Icimen Cbecus, vitseqjie
laentioned, t|ie queen granted. hinii magister,
April 13, 1556, the reversion of the Anriefa tfaturse fabrica, tnorte jaeet!
'jpsanor of Brampton-Abbot in Devdn- Non erat d multis nous, sed praeetitit
• ffbiref and the annual rents ni 3^L Qs. unus
6d, ohf and the reversion of customary Omnibus, et pai'trise flos erat ille suae.
landa of Freshford, and Wood wick, in Geinma Britanna fuit, tnm Bapintn
- Somenetsbire jibe capital messuage pf . nulla tulerunt
Batokysb^roiigh ; the manor of Ays- Tempora thesaurum, tempora nulla
cote; and the manor of Nortblode, in ferent^
the same county; tKe manor of More - tangbaine and ^ood f^ve-tlie ftnk
in Devonshire; and some oUier things, verse somewhat differently :
^ It was composed by bis learned '* JDocirinsB Cbecus linguseque utrlus-
IN^Dd Dr. Walter Haddon^ que toagisten''
C H £ K E. 231
<J$ines I. H^' ptir€;iia8ed tbe seat' of Pyrgo near Romford
in Essex/ where he and his posterity were settled several
year^. He was buried March 25, 1659) in St Alban^s,
Wood-street, ue^tr his grandfather. Sii* Thomases second
son, Thomas, commonly known by the name of colonel
Cheke, inherked the estate, and was lieutenant of the
Tower in. the reigns of Charles 11. and James II. This
Thomas had two sons, Henry, who died young, and Ed-
ward, who sQcceeded him in his estates. Edward dying in
1707, left two sons; but they died both under age; and
the estate devoWed to Edward's younger sister Atine, wife
of sir Thomas Tipjring of Oxfordshire, bart. who left only
two daughters, whereof Catherine, the youngest, was mar-
ri^ to Thomas Archer of Underslalde in Warwickshire,
«sq. the late possessor of tbe Essex estate of the Chekes. ^
Aft to bis character, he was justly accounted one of the
best and most learned men of his age^ and a singular orn?^
ment to his country. He was one of the revivers of polite
literature in England^ and a great loVer and encourager of.
ihe Greek language in particular. The authors h^ chiefly
admiredand reeommended were Demosthenes, Xenophon,
Plato, Anslptle, isocrates, and Cicero. He was very haJ3py
in imitating' tbe ancient and best writers, and discovered
-great judgment ia translating -them. In the orthography
and pconuskeiation of the Latin and Greek knguages, he
was Tery critical, and exact; and also took great pawns' to
correct, regulate, and improve the English tongue; but his
notions on ^his subject were rather capfictods, and nev^r
Jbiave been adopted. He was a steady adherent to the re-
formed religion, and extremely beneiceirt, charitable, and
<ommanicative. His unhappy fall is indeed a great ble-
mish to his memory, and a memorable -Example of htiman
frailty. With regard to bis {lenson, he had a full comely
couotehance, somewhat red, with a yellow large beard ;
and, as far as can be judged by his picture, he was tall
and well made.
His works are: 1. A Latin translation of two of St.
Cbrysostom's Homilies, never before published, *' Contra
^bservatores novilunii;" and ** De dormientibus in Chris-^
to,'' London, 1543, 4to. 2. A Latin translation oF si±
homilies of tbe same father, ^* De Fato," and ** Providentja
Dei/' Lond. 1547, 3. " The hart of Sedition, how ^riev-
4nis it is .to . a commonwealth/' The running title is,
^' The true subject to tbe rebel." It was pubKi^ed in
lH9fan oc^^/op of ^Iif^ |9siiiTep«igMi ibf BfTonfltine and,
Norfolk; wd ^^si^^ b^iag ioscu'ted ia HotinthodVOhrb-
picle, under th^ yteftr 15499 .Wft$ r^rittted in 1576^ as ^
^gLSQuahle di^P^^Sle i^pon .9pprel^eoaiQii«of.tiiiiiiiltb from
malcontents ^ iiooie, or roq^g^does aiifQad. fiv. Gerard
)L^ng^aine of Q^e^i^'^ ^Ql).eg4^, Oxod^ cauaed it.toi>e re*
printed figain about I64I9 fojr the jnse ^ad. consideratiefi of
ttiQsp i^ho took frmg 9gainaA iCliarl^ I. in the ume 4if tke
c^vi) warf , ^jad pr^£;(ed ito it a short )^ of tha z^it/dust.
4f, A La^n tra^fil^iM^ jof th^ Knglish <^43ioniniiimQii-hook )*'.
doji^e ^or Jii^ vm^ pf M* 9w&^, mi pt ioted amoBg Bacerls
<^ Op^pi^ AipgiAca^n^.'^ iS. >^ iXe ^idu doGUuia^ «t isano*-
ti$|^i Th^plpgi xli9fiii9i Mur^iui Buceri, /&c. EpistcAss
dw^/VLpftd. 154^1, «ta, pmi^ in Bttceft's f/SeiijptaAaglU
caoi.^ jd^ ^1^ Piy?t$ jMt ^pififidiaiB aq tbe dcaEh b€ phat
l^rp^d xoan. ^« ^< G«i^^n keroicntOf or Epiiapbkn, in
4Atonj^]ia Jiev^i^m fs^mmnm wum/^ Loud. 410. Tlus
4)r Api^Qify Oepi^y .wi(# pi9^J9aUy of j^t. Jofain'^a college in
Cambridge) ^ad # )$«r9Qd 0K|lo : aftefiwan^ he beceme 4Miie
f^ ^ gn^!^m§n iPf Ibe pjf JFy cb^fubear, and ffrooBi c^f 4^
9tpli? to Kei^igr y>m. ^d imfi of tbe^^XMsuarti of bia wiH.
iipp^V iJc^. poM^iog i^ di$f mba 00 tiM ^}act with
P^ii4Ui€yr, 6a§it, If; 5 5, «9;9. ». *> ^^ Bupmtid^ ad m^
gpm {{aaricwn*'^ Tbif di^OQiMne an sUpaiatitiiMi twaa 4q)iiMm
19 ior >i^g He^ry^s iM^a, ia oijder io aaoiate tbat pnnoe^aa
)^p^^ tisfyf9i$itm of MVgiajn. tt is «n;itten ia T^evy aiew
1^^ La^iPf 9Qd .wifs pr«fii;<eid by tba JM^tbo^) ^^ dadica^
p.on jtp ^ ^tift ^r^siatiAa ol bis, ctf Plutarcdti^s iiock hi ^^
{i^stition. A <r<i|>y fol tbia dtfcojifse, in m|i>uifttopt, is ftttU
j^^^irirad An tfo/^ libirary pi pnimersiiy college, Oxcmi^ ««h.
TJipiM^ly Mnrit|t^ff> «q4 bound ;up in cjatb of s^etj aibicfa
w4^s i^ jprobublf } th^ ii; was tbe vety book 4hat wa§ f>re^
^f 9jted tp |;be Hng. An Eng^ifh kramliutioo (sf it, doaa by
'i(^^ Vj^n^.^d W' S<lf tQb, ^meriy fi^lbiiv ctf >th»t college, waa
pubiisfaed by Mr. Strype, at the end of bis Life of .iii J<dm
Cbej^. 9. Seviar^d ^^ JUetters^' of his are pubfisfaad in the
Life jpst npi^r oj^Q^a^, aiid^^tia Hanlngtao^s ^^^^fai^
a^^lia^V 'upd p^rtops in Other places. 18. A latiii Mroa-
l^ioQ of 4^p))hbi9bop Cjeanftier's book on the LordW ^Supper,
^as also done by ^ir 4obl» £lbek^,'aiid panted in 1 SS3; 4 !•
pe ii^^wif^ ^MAlalied i*i.eo de apparatu belliao,^' 9aaii,
V^Sjf, Svo. StirypQ giyes also a long cal;alo^e of hts unpab-
U^l^ ^f iti|^% jjirbi^ are^^ndiaU^l^^ "* ' '^ ^^^-^-^^
iC H E K £L ' tn
torn <^ber lefyrned men jof liU tkne^ pjart^csafeiiy Smitib,
£iv^l, and Aftobani) vrcote a yery bit and beanifciCul band, f
£;H£l-8iiM <iAii£3), D. D. a laarned divine «if ithe
duii^xif £ii§^d, jiras honn ahoul 1740 in WesttrnxM^,
nod edttotfed atWestmiiister school, oq bishop Wiiik^tasfA
found^ation. FjBotaliiatsGfafiipliifivafitloiSit. John's i^oUc^ .
.Catshriilge, but did notcQBtinue long Abene ; as Dr. f reiiul»
one of ibe.caopnfiof Ghciat church, gaare bio; a jiUidootship
in thafc celabraied eoilege. iiere be jreaided for many
y^esu^ taking his master's degree ^n 1762, thiMt of fa^cbdbr
tf)f ib^ky.in 11772, and that of D. Dv in 1793, it has been
§Bfid he wa^lbr some time udber at Westminater sobooU
h^ this is doubtful. At OKfeord be ester^ into ocden ifi
U65r, and wauy {irefented to Ifae college .curacy of Latbbiiry
fiear I^etvpoct Pc^n^l, and to the benefice of Badger in
fihrfipsfaine,. i^ Isaac iiaw|ans Pioin^e, esq. His oliher
and chief preferment, was the rectory of Dcoxford in
HaaipRhftfe, given hioi by Dr. North, bislpp of Winchester,
jfhose xhaplain he ^^. His leanning vKas eacteiisiye ; and
bii manoei's, ith/q|igh somewbal^ aansfiec^, onere jretamMibie.
Badibealth, hoiMeyer, erected an UAoqual Aoair «f spirits,
iidiiol)>inj^iised the powovs of jbirauiid towards the cibse gf
bis liJfe. He died ' in 1 iO 1 , and was b&9^d at fimkfond.
Besides soiQe f ogilsve pieees twathout his oame, and a Sw
aocaaifieai sesmons, he «nr«te one of the ai>l^t seiti^ tof
.^-jleiViacks 4HI Cibboa^s. Soman History/^ 1992, 8 vo, .i^hioli
jCihboo having noticed' iaa; ooMleaiytaoMs jmanner, Br.
^helsum ftosw^sed himini a '^ilepiyto ]|4^. Gifabonfs VJodic
^catioo,^ 1 7«5,4Mro. Tlie best edkioo of bis ^ Remarks'*' was
the second, puUlisfaed in mn^y inuoh enlarged. Dr. Chel«
iHim |B also supposed tp have had a share in the coUeotiooi ^
■^ fOifen puhmhed at O&lbed under the tkAe of ^ QUa
fiodnda," and' to have pufaliAed^an ^ Essay on the ijUstorjr
of Mae7^tinto.-^ As an amatenii''of the >fiae ^rts^ he made h.
attlnajiie •coUeolaon of pripts and gems^ .especiaily TassieVi
imitations, to ^whom be was an eaiiy and zealous patKoq/^ •
^CHSAlililAIA <TiM0w.8O«[), ^ a odebvated Fvendi
preacher, 47V(as bom at Pans Jati.-S, 16)52, and entered tfa^
fooiety of Jei^ihs in 1667, wbei'e he n^ade a consideraUe
^u«e, and afitenjwards -taught classical literatore and rhe-
toric at Orleans: but his talents being psculiarly oalei»-
< . . ' * *
> Life by Strype, 1705, 8ro.— Biog. Brit.— Ath. Ox. vol. I.— Wood's Aonalf
hf Gutcb. — Strype>i Life of Qrffi^XAj^mx.-^^ryftt'M Parker, p. S3,
• GeaL Mag* ^ot LXXI. p. 1 176, thd LXtll. 9.. 100. 293.
M4 C H E M I N A I S.
iaied for the pulpit, he became one of the most popnlat
preachers of his time in the churches of Paris. It became
the fashion to say that Bourdaioue was the Corneille, and
Cbemii>ais the Racine of preachers ; but his fame was
eclipsed by the superior merit of Massillon. When on ac«
xoant of his bealUi^ he was obliged to desbt from his public
.senricets he went every Sunday, as long as he was able,
to die country to instruct and exhort the poor. Hie (tied
in the flower of bis age Sept. 15, 168r9. Bretonneau, an^^
•Aier preacher of note, published his ^^ Sermons'* in 1690,
•^vols. 12mo, which were often reprinted, and Bretonneau
J added a third volume, but the fourth and fifth, whieh ap**
Speared in 1729, 'were neither written by Cheminais, nor
edited by Bretonneau. The only other production of Che*-
minaiswas his/< Sentimens de Piet^," 1691, 12mo, but it
is; said be had a turn for poetry, and wrote some verses of
the Hghter kind. ^
. CHEMNITZ (Mautin), an eminent LutiieraTt divine,
and ooe of the reformers in Germany, was born at Britzenr,
a town in the marquis£M:e of Brandenburg, in 1522. His
father was a> poor wool*Gomber, who found it difficult to
.give him much educatioi)^ but his son's industry, supplied
the want in a great measure.. After having learned the
, mdinients of literature in a school neat home,, he went to
Magdeburg,^ where he made some progress in arts and lan»-
goages. Then he removed to^ Francfort upon the Oder,
to cultivate philosophy iunder hia relation George Sabinus';
•and to Wittenburg, whete he ^adied under Philip Melanc-
tbon. Afterwards he became .a^ schooUmaster in Prussia;
and, in 1552, was made librarian tortbe prince. He now
:devoted himself wholly to the study of divinity, though he
was a considerable mathematician, and skilled particularly
in astronormy. Aften he bad continued in the court of
.Prussia three years, he returned to the university of Wit*
temberg, and lived in friendship with Melaactbon, who
employed him in reading the common-plaoes.< From thence
be removed to Brunswick, where he spent, the last thirty
years of his life as pastor, and commenced D« D. at Ros^
iock. He died April 8, 1586. His principal works are^
I. '^Haurmonia Evaugeliorum," Francfort, 1583 and 1622i,
Geneva^ .1628, 4to. 2. ^^ Examen Cpncilii Tridentini.^'
3. ^^ A treatise against the Jesuits," wherein he explained
1 Moreii.— Picf. Hist.
C H E M N I T Z. 23S
to the Germans the doctrines and policy of those crafty
devisers, &c. His •* Examination of the Council of Trent*'
has always been reckoned a very masterly performance,
and was translated and published in English, 1582, 4to.
Chemnitz, according to Thuanus and many others, was
a man of great parts, learning, judgment, and of equal
modesty ; and was very much esteemed by the princes of
bis own communion, who often made use of him in the
public affairs of the, church. Some protestant writers have
not scrupled to rank him next to even Luther himself, xor
the services he did in promoting the reformation, and ex«
posing the errors of the church of Rome. Blount has an'
ample collection of these encomiums. His son of the same
names, who was born at Brunswick Oct 15, 1561, studied
at Leipsic and Francfort, and became successively syndic
of the council of Brunswick, professor of law at Rostock,
' chancellor and counsellor at Stettin, and lastly chancellor
>t Sleswick, where he died Aug. 26, 1627. He wrote
several works, and among them *^ Historia Navigationis
Indiae Orientalis.*' ^
CHEMNITZ (BoGESLAUs Philip), grandson of the
preceding Chemnitz, the reformer, was born at Stettia
May 9, 1605, and after completing his education, served
in the army, first in Holland, and afterwards in Sweden,
where his merit raised him from the rank of captain to that
of counsellor of state, and historiographer of Sweden.
Queen Christina also granted him letters of nobility, with
the estate of Holstsedt in that country, where he died in
1678. He wrote, in six books, an account of the wai:
carried on by the Swedes in Germany, which was published
in 2 vols, folio, the first at Stettin in 164S, and the second
at Holme in 1653; the whole in the German language:
the second volume is most highly esteemed, owing to the
assistance the author received from count Oxenstiern.
The abb^ Lenglet mentions a Latin edition, at least of the
first volume, entitled '< Bellum Germanicum ab ejus ortii
anno 1612, ad mortem Gustavi Adoiphi anno 1632.**
Chemnit:^ is also said to be the author of ** De ratione Sta*
tus Imperii Romaoo-Germanici/' which was published at
Stettin in 1640, under the sissumed name of Hyppolitus a
Lapide. Its object is to impugn the claims of the house
1 Melchior Adam id vitis Theolog.— Freheri TheatruoL— Fuller's Abel R^di-
«ifui»<— Saxii OiMauit.—$louiit's Ctntunu— Morari. '
9ifi
C^EfAfil J ^.
ui^er.Uie fi4e.Qf ?* I)^? Jjj^pt^ 4^ PWRe? d'AJte'p^ve,"
Jsite ^' J17^?^ .uu(Je^r rk^ tit^ ^9^ A'X^s y^^? i^^^ffif^ RP
CJt^e^QH)^ ^ p^Mitex ii? iftofiwej^ Mf tWe \owff of Me^^ i^fts
)t>.prj^|it V^v^ in J,6^J|, ?^ti;dfs4 VRflpr Ji^ ^#^/> fin4 ftt
l^^ Brpn in f 67$ pj;^^eju.^ ^^ pofh^.^o^iy o/ppiutiifg
P0i?.t;ry^ find ipu^ic. §he di^w ,Qn ,a l^g^ ^^^e 9 gr^ ^ujpg-
*Pjr 9/ g^j^s, .^ ^oxY in ,ja^i^l^ she pfi:t^cuj^}y.e^{f;^5^.
These pictures were no less admirable for f Sfiff^ ^t^ )n
^drawing, ^ smgji^lar ^go^of apd qf l^P^i, ^ :fy^ ?^lf of
;PSi#mgj W»9^ a sup^^ior j^dgjpf nt jjj ^t^^ cJ^Wi^^jcxi^.
T^.^ ^B,rfpm WiWH^erp ip p»i«tmg y^W? ?U favvilj^r Jp ^.
$|a^ ,e;^:i:eUpd iij Jiit^ory, ?# pajr^^^lc^pi^, m faipi^ijr^ ii^
fl[V^s, ipjpftrtraj^ JPW"?tiPS, ^^ fi^^c^llf v;^ ^9^ ^9* jl^"
flialgsi. It ^s ^^id ittg^t sh^ ire<|!ji^tLy jBj^ecHte;^ fll^e poir^r^ifs
,pf ftbsi^nt pepqt^s, we;;^ry fr cw ^^e^wcu-y, tp w]^\di ,sbe
^^ ptr^ng ^ i^^pss ,^ if ij^ip per?pc|^ ii^^ ^t ffi |i^r.
^CiSLd.ejwy qf ^ic^^yrati fit P^(^iyi ^9P^wei^ fi^ m\if thg^p
i^^^e of fl^o^ aM9 p^fC her ;a jpl^q^ in tb,^if ^qj^ty, ^
j^i^dat }?aria, ^e^. ?, jL7i,i/^jttb(5 a^g^ of (53, jvypy^^
^Jft^er i^hie h^h^ep iod|i9eid i9 WW ¥• ?^?^ R^y> r^i^JgV^^r
IP t^e i^mg, , whj9 j^is^ ^sp *4v^i;ip^d Vf y^^^- S^ru^t ^m
jjh^ ,de^ig^ed; tl?j;ee ^pr^ ftp^^ by bpi;?^^ yjz. :p?iQfi^ips
j)9ppi|es. Sbe ^ft ^^gr^^d ^ ".fte^q^t from tb^ Cyp^,**
iM^4 * ,*^ Drawipg-iipqV con^J^tipg pf 36 pript^ i^ fqlio,^ .
jir9^l¥>W .?* l??ria ip jl§,6p; jjiwj bf YNM bfi?^ . t^VSftJ J*P
jrttdiqae^^tjs ff{ t^p^rjt in bis ,Q,^n fcyjnjry^ Jje trav^HspJiP
Italy, wbere his sister supplied him with a competency, to
1 MorerU*-Dtct Hut
.9 P4lkui9feOD.^]yAiieAvim, vol. IV^ ftwrtt^
£^ing hi^ cominiMi^iin IMy, fa<f made tlie W6rkii of Ite-
ptaaef! am) Jul!6^ R^yiA^tfo the |>rificipaf object of Iri^ sitdteiS,
bjr iirhicll Ms :l^utufe coMp^ittoHis had alwaj^ ar 0«i^tain tfhf
dfttfe alnfti^qt^, th(yi!i^h fife hatf dcf grdat ]^o^iol^ 6f gfraee^
and hii^ fl^cfrefe iv*?re fre^qdenffy to^6 mfustufUr. Ti^6 6f hiif
pk%6rea( are in ifa^ chof eh 6f Notice Dlnk^, M P^}§ ; tb^
6t^y of n6r6dt^ holffiryg th^ cUatg«f^ li^idk tb« he&d of St.
Jo^n tb^ Baptwi! ; the other,> of Agabtis foY^^lHrfg tte per-
^eatioti. of St. ^stdl. Or/ seccouRt of hii feUgioiii' b^iiig a^
CiOVihfsir, hie wa^ dotnpelfed t6^ cfilit his i!i^«h^^ e^fifry,
and i^iYed ih London, tMe hap/py tetreale of tf» disnr^ssed
.dfiHTi^ ; and iXi^k he foMd vtiMy pa^roifs. tfnybiig the to--
8iH^ iM gerVtf/y, plttticuKrfy tfte diA« of MAntagcw, for
#I]f6o(k' ]f>6 fiMd^ih^ eavttttWof (tie GddBj tii^ J^dgmiant
cKVifis, and b^ iVas also employed ^ Btif'teigh ^f»d Cfaats;^
^'crftfi ;• but ffmJiiTg fiini^etf *cBf>s*d by Bitwise, RO«ife««tf,'
^nSrd La Fo^s^, Vi tbttHmtcid paitttiirg ^iMi iri^rleat
fiiieH. fii^ mM prdR)ciV[^ erhphyHimty Iftywet^, was
ddsij^htiir^ fdt pimir^ and ei^Mve^, lifid M^ dV^Mritlg^
Wire 6y loc^ pif^ifeif fed to bb pdinttn^. R^ e1l$c)y(fed peroral
6f hft ow^n desigH attrf in particnfer, a ier^dt ^nty-twd
*fiaH prints for the Kfe of Dtfrid, Wtb Which Oiffatt^ if
IfcokseHer af Pirf is, ornamehte'd ^ Frt'rfdi edHlioVi irf «fce'
Pfeilrtis' ptiblistifed in 11 n^. fStfHtt A6li6es' iflsb t^6 ^if-
f f atiil]^^ ^h^cb: he exe6nted frditi Mi' o^n dedl^Asv of ^ea^
ta*te, **'Thtf Deatft of Anantas' and Saf^Mr^" AAd « 8t.
rm ba'pti8i%' ih6 Etoncfc" Hirf ^rf^tfe etiav^ftter Wft^
ei^eeltenrt. He died in tilJy of in dpoplexy^ kt bis Kftl^
ifi^ fh the fti^za,' GoVeAt-gai^dehv and f^is' fcWried irt the?
ADrcfb of ll^t. I^aifl'^ cl^r6& in tb^t parifsh. He h^d f^owe
tlAe heidife sold hi^ drdMii^ frotn Rd^ely Md hh aoa^
ddray figAresi to &i^' ^art of D^rby^ M a bfrge iutA Of
money. *
CttE-SELBTEW ^WiiLl^aM), Ati feni?A*ttt Wii^oh aJnd
Aattomist, an^d ^etflebrafed Writer, #as hditi Oci. 19) ftMy '
af BtrrroW-6tf-tbi6-HilL neaf SOrtrOifby irf Leicest^tshire.
Aftfer haf^i% tcfcei^ed a classic^ edO^Aiony aiiti been
ftistriii'cted iii t^e tudith^nts of his pi^6fession at Ldfoe^-
<er, bt WaSs placed about 1709, mVder th^ itttttiodiate
tnitSofr of tfefe ti^fattA afnatohiist C6w^p*ry atid resided
firfib&ouijd^ an^datf the same tibali^tddi^^uVgery tindeii'
138 C H.E S E L D B N.
Mr. Feme, the head surgeon of St Thomas's hospitat
Such was the proficiency he made under these able mas^
ters, that he himself began, at the age of twenty-two, to.
read lectures in anatomy, a syllabus of which, in 4to, was^.
first printed in 1711. Lectures of this kind were then,
somewhat new in this country, having been introduced,,
not many years before, by M. Bussiere, a French refugee,
and a surgeon of high note in the reign of queen Aime., Till,
then, the popular prejudices had run so high against the,
practice of dissection, that the civil power found it difficult
to accommodate the lecturers with proper subjects ; and
pupils were obliged to attend the uuiversitieis, or other publio.
seminaHes, where, likewise, the procuring of bodies was bo.^
easy task. It is an extraordinary proof of Mr. Cheseldeu's
early reputation, that he had the honour of being chosen a-
member of the royal society in 1 7 1 1, when he could be little,
more than twenty-three years of age ; but he soon justified
their choice, by a variety of curious and useful communica-.
tions. Nor were his contributions limited to the royal society,
but are to be found in the u^moirs of the royal academy of,
surgeons at Paris, and in other valuable repositories. In
1713 Mr. Cheselden published in Svo, his ^^ Anatomy of
the Human Body," reprinted in 1722, 1726, 1732; iiv
folio in 1734, and in Svo, 1740, and an eleventh edition as late
as 1778.. During the course of twenty years, in which Mr.
Cheselden carried on his anatomical lectures, he wascon^,
tinually rinsing in reputation and practice, and upon Mr^
Feme's retiring from business, he was elected head surgeoiv
of St. Thomas's hospital. At two other hospitals, St.
George's, and the Westminster Infirmary, he was choseii
consulting surgeon; and at length had the honour of^
being appointed principal surgeon to queen Caroline, by^
whom he was highly esteemed ; and was indeed generally
regarded as the first man in his profession.
In 1723 he published in Svo, his *^ Treatise on the high
operation for the Stone." This work was soon attacked
in an anonymous pamphlet, called *^ Lithotomus castratus,
or an Examination of the Treatise of Mr. Cheselden,'' and
in which he was charged with plagiarism. How unjust this
accusation was, appears from . his preface, in which he had
acknowledged his obligations to Dr. James Douglas and
Mr. John Douglas, from one of whom the attack is sup-'
posed to have come. Mr. Cheselden^s solicitude to da
justice to other eminent practitioners is futher manifest^
C H E S EX DEN. 23d
from his having annexed to hi» book a translation of what
Had been written on the subject by Franco, who published
"Trwte vdes Hernies," &c. at Lyons, ih 1561, and by
Roaset, in his ^^ CsBsarei Partus Assertio Historiologica,^*
Paris, 1390. The whole affair was more candidly explained
in 1724, by a writer who had no other object than the
public good, in a little work entitled ^^ Methode de la Taille
aa baut appareile recuillie des ouvrages du fameuK Tri«
umvirat." This triumvirate consisted of Rosset, to whom
the hopour of the invention was due ; Douglas, who had
revived it after long disuse ; and Cheselden, who had
practised the operation with the most eminent skill and
luccess. Indeed Mr. Cheselden was so celebrated on this
atcouDt, that, as a lithotomist, he monopolized the prin*
cipal business of the kingdom* The author of his eloge,
in i^he *^ Memoires de UAcademie Royale de Chirurgerie,^'
who was present at many of his operations, testifies, that
one of them was performed in so small a time as fifty-four
seconds. In n28, Mr. Cheselden added greatly to his*
reputation in another view, by couching a lad of nearly
founeea years of age, who was either born blind, or had
lost his sight so early, that he had no remembrance of his
having ever seen. The observations made by the young
gentleman, after obtaining the blessing of sight, are sin*
gularly ci^rious, and have been much attended to, and
reasoned upon by several writers on vision. They may be*
found in the later editions of the " Anatomy.", In 1729,
our author was elected a corresponding member of the
royal academy of sciences at Paris; and in 1732, soon
after the institution of the royal academy of surgery in that
city, he had the honour of being the first foreigner asso-
ciated with their learned body. Mr. Oheselden's " Osteo-
gr^ph^:, x)r Anatomy of the Bones," inscribed to queen
Carolincj and published by subscription, came out in 1733,
a splendid folio,' in the figures of which' all the bones are
Represented in their natural size. Our author lost a great
suiia of money by this publication, which in 1735 wjw at-
tacked with .much severity by Dr. Douglas,, whose criticism
appeared undqr the title of ^^ Remarks on that pompous
book^ thp Osteography, of Mr, Cheselden." The work
received a more judicious censure from the celebrated
Haller, who, whilst he candidly pointed out its errors, paid
the writer that tribute of applause which he so justly de-
served. Heister, likewise, in bis *' Compendium of Ana*
2W G K E S E L D B N,
mx\%^ did jfti^tic^ fo bi^ ih^rit. Mf. Ch^^Ntdh bof}0^
^bed^ bis desires witb re^pe^t ta fanr^ atid fyttt^dj V^gavi
at\etigth to' wish fenr tt Iffe of gretffer trAnq^iflit^ add fe-i
^ lliremetit ,*^ dnd iit 1737 be oBtairfed Art htkfonri^fe sHiMi^
i\oh 6f ibid kind^ i>f bein^ dp^oi¥it«d hi^a^ ^ur^toi* Hf
CheUeti libspH^; which place Ut h^ld,* #i«h ibe bigb«i«
. reptitsrtion, till hi^ d^^tR H^ did! iiot, hoi^t^r, #boIiy
ifmit iAi eh'deiv6urs to' ddtslffcd th^ kito^IeJdg^ of UK i^8^
ifes^dh ; fo^ ^'jbfd^n th^ ^iMitiY^dh of Mf . Glt^aft«Pj iAm-
lat?e)n bf M6ns. Ife l>raB*fr " OpfertttiOtfrf of Ste-^fery/* Kg
tomrW^ted t#e»ty-6fi^ tif^^ut frl^^« Cd^l^db it; and fl
f ^i^teijr of t^Iuiabfe /eiiiflrk^, sdme of wbkb h6 had liKlUH;
^o el^iy ks ^mi^ iWW^it pi^il {^ ifit. ¥€n^i TU^ Unb
Ifte mt iiieiirf #cift ifi whicB he ^^dgtfd. In' 175^^, Mf/
^be^gld^n, a^ a g6Vei'oor M ffce FomdTlir^ hos^t^l, s^^ «
Bgn^faietioii ef fifty pounds^ io thaCt cKaHty, ^rncfosS^ M «
^' 'tis what thfe h^rt^y <& t!lit'6rfiappy 6wfe 5
Foi* #hift iMn ^«sy ffaie g^^ % hto bestdi^.*'
In ffae lifter etiR of th« i^/be y^ar^ be ti^a^ istiiei ¥H0H it
Aitfatytic ^tMt^,, frofai ti^hfitB in ai(t/eahiW<J^ hd io6iS pfe^.
tiftctly rSto^^ed. Thfe flditering j/rospfefet,- fidwfevir, of
bfd co)iiinxidHtk ih life, ^6aM v&iri^bM ; ttity on W^ ^6tfr
of Aprrl, iISi; he W^ ^AJeMy carried off by « fit 6f Art
Srbjfifexy, ^t Etfth, ib tb* rixty-fbtfrtb yea* of bk ^ge.
e hfartfed VfkibbMl Kiiigitt; k cHi^ert'af dittgWer, arid, it
m oiHtM hot, si^^ 6f tfag faiiii<yu^ Rdb^^t Urii^t; ^bi^^
lb' ihe Sooth-sei toki^y In i7ii&. fiy tfiriil ikdy Mt;
Chfefeld^h hdd emty 6hf!6 datf^bter,^ Wiftelmiirt Webordi,-
. who ivrfs married td thiirtei Cdteft, M. U. of Wtfddcbtej Ifr
Shropshire, abd ttfenibit of ijatliafnent fbr T'driH^«rcK, Ifi
iJt^tfhWshire. Dr. Cotfes difcd wlthdui t^m; ori tb^ ift^
0^ Mirch, 119^ ; a^d Mtk. Cbtes, #ho ifurVlviia hiih,' dm
^tbe y^afs ^ncd at O^^ebbtihe', in thd paVish ifi S^iths^
Cdtfibe; irf the t6b«ty d( keni Mrs. CH*seWtdb died ib 1 7*4.
Mf. (Db^seld^b'd ir^ptitatiom w^s gre^t Ib ilMtcirihy, hut
^'e a^^rfebfend tbdt it vfras itill ^^feat^,' ^S ritor^ jil«t»^
fbanded, itt ^ij^krf. Thfe emrncfrtt strf^ebb M^. I^r^;
ib a d^dibatiod' £b 6itt abtbor, cei^bHii^^ HtOEt as ifa^
dhidMHi bf fals ^rofe^iob ; aclttio^ledges Ms bvH slflff J
ih ^ijf^fety tb bavfe bfeeb drieflydfeflved froiri iflrai ««(!
ref^fesehts, ihit pdiittiif <*rill be ever indM^fed for &t6
Bigtiil ^Hrcis he bas don^ id thk bhibdi of thtsS ]iie(fi6^
J
GfiESKLt)Elff. 241
^H^ In surgery he was undoubtedly a great improver,
having introduced simplicity into the practice of it^ and
iaid aside the operose and hurtful French instruments
which had been formerly in use. Guided by consummate
skill, perfectly master of his hand, fruitful in resources,
he was prepared for all events, and performed every ope-
ration with remarkable dexterity and coolness. Being
fully competent to each possible case, he was successful
ip^lL. He was at the same time emin^ently distinguished
By bis tenderness to his patients. Whenever he entered
the hospital on his morning visits, the -reflection of what
h^ was unavoidably to perform, impressed him with un-
easy sensations ; and it is even said that be was generally
' sick with anxiety before he began an operation, though
during the performance of it he was, as hath already been
observed, remarkably cool and self-collected. Our author's
eulogist relates. a striking contrast between him and a
French surgeon * of eminence. The latter gentleman,
having had his feelings rendered callous by a course of sur-*
gical practice, was astonished at the sensibility shewn by
Mr* Cheselden previously to his operations, and considered
it as a .great mark of weakness in his behaviour. Yet the
same gentleman, being persuaded to accompany Mr. Che-
selden to the fencing*-scbool, who frequently amused him-
self with it as a spectator, could not bear the sight, atid
was( taken ilL The adventure was the subject of conver-
sation at court, and both were equally praised for goodness
ci heart; but the principle of humanity appears to ha vis
been stronger in Mr. Cheselden, because the feeling of it
was not weakened by his long practice.
The connections gf our eminent surgeon and anatomist
: were not ccHifmed to persons whose studies and pursuits
were congenial to those of his own profession^ He was
fond of the polite arts, and cultivated an acquaintance with
men of genius and taste. < He was honoured^ in particular,
with the friendship of Pope, who frequently speaks of
dining with htm, but once bad an interview rather of an
V anpleasing kind. In 174>2, Mr. Cheselden, in a conver-
sation with Mr. Pope at Mr. Dodsley's, expressed his sur-
prisBe at the folly of those who could imagine that the fourth
book oS the Dunciad bad the least resemblance in .style^
* wit, ^humour, or fancy, to the ^hree preceding booklet
Though he was not, perhaps, altogether singular in t|iis
\ opinion, which is indeed a very just one, i£ was no small
Vol. IX. R v
•
1
.242 C H £ S £ L D E N.
, mortification to him to be informed by Pope, tbut be binf-
self was the author of it, and was sorry that Mr. Cheselden
did not hke the poem. Mr. Cheselden is understood to
•have too highly valued himself upon bis taste in poetry
.and architecture, considering the different nature of bis
real accomplishments and pursuits. His skill in the latter
art is said not to have been displayed to the best advantage
in Surgeons' -hall, in the Old Bailey, which was principally
built under his direction. These, however, are triHing
. shades in eminent characters. '
CH£SN£ (Andrew du), an eminent historian, and
justly considered as the father of French history, was born
in the Isle of Bouchard, in Torraine, May 1564. He was
the youngest of the four sons of Tanneguy Du Chesne,
lord of Sausoniere. His name has been Latinized in dif<*
ferent forms. He has at different times called himself
QuernoBus, Quercetanus, Duchenius ; and by others he
has been called Querceus, a Quercu, Chesneus, and Cbes-
nius* In his historical works he assumed no other title
than that af geographer to the king, except in his history
of the house of fietbune, printed in 1639, where be calhs .
•himself historiographer to the king. His family produced
many men of talents in the army and at the bar^ He was "
first educated at Loudun, and after a course of grammar
and rhetoric, came to Paris^ where he studied pbUosophy,
.in the college of Boncours, under Julius Caesar Boulanger,
.an eminent philosopher^ and one of the best historians of
that period.
. . Du Chesne's first attempt as an author, was a duodecioiQ
volume, printed in 1602, and dedicated to Beulanger,
entitled '^ Egregiarum seu Electarum Lectionum et Anti-
quitatum liber.'' The same year he dedicated another to
M. de Cerisy, archbishop of Tours, entitled ^^ Januarise
.Kalendae, seu de solemnitate anni tarn Ethnica quam ,
Christiana brevis tractatus^" with a Latin poem, ^^ Gryphus
de Ternario numero." In 1605 he composed for. a young
lady whom he married in 1608^ ^^ Les figures mystiques
du riche et precieux Cabinet des Dames," apparently a
moral work. In his twenty-third year he began a transla^
tion of Juvenal^ which he published with notes, in 1607.
This is a work of very rare occurrence. In 1609 be pub-
lished ^' Antiquitez et Recherches de la gi*andeQr et ma«
t Biog. BriU-^Nichols's Bowyer, in which are some additional particulars.
C H E S N E. ' ' 2*3-'
jesti cks Rois de France/^ dedicated to Louis XIII. tlren
dauphin. In 1610 he wrote a poem, ^^ Chandelier de
Justice,^' and also a panegyrical discourse on the cere-
BBonies of the coronation ot' queen Mary of Medicisj with
a treatise on the ampulla and ileur-de-lys, &c. but owing
to the assassination of the king, which happened after this,
cerenaony, these productions were lost. The same year
he published a funeral discourse on king Henry IV. and
the first edition of his *^ Antiquitez et Recherches des
Villes et Chateaux de France," which has been often re-
printed. In 1611, appeared his translation and abridge*
ineut of the controversies and macrical researches of Delrio,
the Jesuit, -Svo. In 1612 and 1613, he was employed on
his " Histoire d' Angleterre," the first edition of which was
published in 1614 ; and the same year, in conjunction with
father Marrier, he published in folio, a collection of the
works of the religious of Cluny, under the title " Biblio*
theca Cluniacensis.^' This was followed in 1615, liy his
^^ Histoire des Papes,'' fol. reprinted in 1645, but as this
last edition was very incorrect, his son Francis Du Chesne
published anew one in 1653,. enlarged and illustrated with
portraits. In 1616 he published the " Works of Abelard,'*
with a preface and notes, which are rarely found to*
geiher.
In 1617 he undertook an edition of the " Histoire de
k Maison de Luxembourg,'* written in 1574, by Nicholas
Viguier, and continued it to the year 1557. He was also
editor this year of the works of Alain Chartier, and of Al-
cuinus, aud at the same time projected two great works;
the one, " A Geographical Description of France," which
was to extend to many volumes. This work, of which he
published a specimen, was begun to be printed in Hol-
land, but was not continued ; the other was that on whioh
his fame chiefly rests, his collection of French his«
torians, under the title ^^ Historia Brancorum Seriptores
cosetanei ab ipsius gentis origine ad nostra usque tempora.'*
In the preface to his eoUection of the historians of Nor-
mandy, he gives some account of the plan, which may be
jseen in the life of Bouquet, in this Dictionary, (vol. Vi.)
Peter Pithou and Marquard Freher had given him the idea
of it, and he undertook it by order of Louis XIII. who
encouraged him, by a pension of 2400 livres, which he
£ujoyed till his death, with the title of royal geographer
find historiographer in ordinary. As a preparation for this
R 2
244 C H IE S N E.
work, he published in 1618, his ^^ Bibliotheque des Au-*
teurs qui ont ecrit Histoire et Topographic de la France,''
8vo, which is now superseded by the more extensive work'
of Le Long. It appears that in forming his collections for
the French historians, he was assisted by Peiresc, who^ ex-
amined the church and monastic libraries for him.
in 1619, be published his ^^ Histoire des Rois, Dues,
et Comtes de Burgogne," a new edition of the " Letters*
of Stephen Pasquier,'* and his */ Histories Normannorum
Scriptores antiqui,'* which forms the first volume of his
collection of French historians. The following year ap-
peared his ^^ Histoire genealogique de la Maison de Cbas-
tillon-sur-Marne, &c.'' As his intended publication of
the geographical history of France was interrupted in Hol-
land, he published an abridgment of it at Paris, under the
title of ^' Antiquitez et Recherches des villes, chateaux, et
places remarkables de la France selon Pordre et les ressort
des parlemens," which passed through several editions, as
already noticed ; that of 1647 was edited "and improved by
his son. In 1621 was printed his " Histoire genealogique
de la Maison de Montmorency,'* folio, which Le Long
thinks a capital work of the kind ; it was followed in 1626
by a similar history of the house of De Vergy. In 162*
he published a second volume of the history of Burgundy,
under the title of ** Histoire genealogique des Dues de-
Bourgogne," and in 1631, two other genealogieal histories
of the houses of Guines, Ardres, Dreux, &c. The accu-
racy of these family histories has been very generally
acknowledged, but it is unnecessary to specify the- dates of
each publication.
With respect to his collection of French historians, he
published the first two volumes in 1636, fol. after having
two years before issued a prospectus of the whole, and the
third and fourth volumes were in the press, when on May
30, 1640, he MTSLS crushed to death by a cart, as he was
going to his country-house at Verrieres. He was at this
time in full health, and bade fair for long life and useful-
ness. The two Volumes, then in the press, were completed
by his son, and .published in 1641, to which he added a
fifth volume in 1649, without any assistance from go-
vernment, as the pension granted to his father, and con*
tinned to him on his death, was taken from him about
three years after that event. Some particulars of the con-
tinuation of the work to the present time may be seeo in
I
I
C H E S N E. 245
our life of Bouquet. In Du-Chesne's " Historiae Nor-
mannorum,'' is the '^Emmae Anglorum reginae encomium,'*
of which an edition, with William of Poictier's history of
William the Conqueror, and other historical documents,
was -published, or rather printed for private distribution^
in 1783, 4to, by the learned Francis Maseres, esq. F. R. S.
cursitor-baron of the court of exchequer.
* Extensive as Du Chesne's published labours were, they
give but a faint idea of his immense industry in collecting
historical materials, and of the works which might have
been expected from him. He had intended to confine his
collection of French historians to 24 folio volumes; but
according to Le Long, forty would not be sufficient to
contain the manuscripts worthy of publication, and which
were discovered after his death ; and he had himself
written with his own hand above an hundred folio volumes
of extracts, transcripts, observations, genealogies, &c. most
of which were deposited, for the use of his successors, in the
king's library. Du Fresuoy speaks with less respect of Da
Chesne's labours than they deserve. In collecting so
many original authorities, and producing so many tran-
scripts from valuable and perishing MSS. he has surely
proved himslelf a great benefactor to general history ; and
it is much to his honour that he always was ready to com-
municate his discoveries to persons engaged in the same
study, but .who did not always acknowledge their obli«
gations. ' '
CHESNE (Joseph du), called also Qusrcetanus, lord
of La Violette, and physician to the French king, was born
at Armagnac, about the middle of the sixteenth century.
After having passed a considerable ^ime in Germany, and
being admitted to the decree of M. D. at Basle, 1573,
he practised his art in Paris, and was made physician to
Henry IV. He had made great progress in the study of
chemistry, to which he was particularly devoted. The
success that attended his practice in this. science, excited
the spleen of the rest of the physicians, and especially
that of Guy Patin, who was continualjy venting sarcasms
and satires against him, but experieoce has since shewn
that Du Chesne was better acquainted with the properties
of antimony than Patin and his cdleagues. This learned
ehemist, who is called Du Quesne by Moreri, died at Paris,
1 Le Long Bibl. Hitt'^-NiceroD, ▼o).ViI,-.*^imOnoiaatt«
JH4S C H E S N E.
at a very advanced age, in 160^. He wrote in Frehch
verse, «* The Folly of the World," 1583, 4to. 2. «^ The
great Mirror of the World,"' 1593, Svo. He also com-
posed several books of chemistry, which had great repu-
tation once, although they are now forgotten. Haller has
given the titles of them, and analyses of the principal of
their contents. The most celebrated among them, which
passed through the greatest number of editions, is his
** Pharmacopoeia Dogmaticorum restituta, pretiosis, selec-
tisque Hermeticorum Floribus illustrata," Giesse Hess.
1607. This is said to have been recommended by Boer*
haav£ to his pupils. ^
CHETWOOD (Knightly), D. D. was born in 1652.
fie was educated at Eton, and thence removed to Cam-
bridge, where he was fellow of King's-coUege in 1683,
'when he contributed the life of Lycurgus to the transla-^
tion of Plutarch's Lives, published in that year. He was
intimately connected with Wentworth, earl of Roscom^
mon, whose life, written by him, is preserved in the
public library of Cambridge, among Baker's MS Col-
lections, (vol. XXXVI.) and furnished Fenton with some
of the anecdotes concerning that nobleman, which are found
among his notes on Waller's poems. The life of Virgil,
and the preface to the Pastorals, prefixed to Dryden'$
Virgil, were written by Dr. Chetwood, for whom Dryden
had a great regard, a circumstance very necessary, to be
mentioned, as that life has always been ascribed to I)rydei\
himself. '
. Jacob mentions that Dr. Chetwood had a claim to an
ancient English barony, which was fruitlessly prosecuted
by his son, and which accounts for his being styled ^^ a
person of honour," in a translation which he published of
some of St. Evremont's pieces. By the favour probably
of the earl of Dartmouth, he was nominated to.tlie see of
Bristol by king James H. but soon after his nomination,
the king's abdication took place. In April 1707, he waa
installed deau of Gloucester, which preferment he enjoyed
till his death, which happened AprU tl, 1720, at Temps-*
ford, in Bedfordshire, where be h^d an estate, and where
he was buried. He married a daughter of the celebrated
Samuel Shute, esq. sheriff of London in the time. o§
Pharles IL by whom. he left a son, John, who wa^ feltow
«
). M^rerl«*»I>ict« Hist.— >Haller ^nd MangeU— -Gen, PioK,
CHETWQOD. 34»
1
of Trinity-ball, Cambridge^ and died in 17S5. Tyiro co-
pies of verses by Dr. Chetwood, one in English, and the
other in La^in^ are prefixed to lord Roscommon's ^^ Essay,
on translated Verse," 1685, 4to. He was author also of
several poems, some of which are preserved iu*Dryden's*
Miscellany, and in Mr. Nichols's Collection. He likewise
published three single sermons, and ^^ A Speech to tha
Lower House pf Convocation, May 20, 1715, against the
hte riots."
The following particulars concerning Dr. Chetwood
are found in one of Baker's MSS. in the British Museum^'
(MS. Harl. 7038), *^ Knightley Chetwode, extraordinarie
electus, born at Coventry, came into the place of Tho.
Brinley [as fellow of King's-coUege] ; chaplain to the lord
Dartmouth, to the princess of Denmark, and to king
Jaines II.; prebend of Wells; rector of Broad Rissington^
Gloucestershire; archdeacon of York; nominated bishop
of Bristol by king James, just before his abdication ; went
afterwards chaplain to all the, English fojrces [sent] intO'
Holland under the earl of Marlborough 1689 ; commenced
P,D. 1691; dean of Gloucester." *
CHETWOOD (WiLUAM Rufus), was once a bookseller
in Covent-g?irden, and many years after prompter at Drury-
lane Theatre, g.nd an instructor of young actors. After
passing tl^rough the miserable vicissitudes of inferior drav
^atic rank, he died poor, March 1766. He wrote some'
pieces, long since forgotten, for the stages^ and in 1749,
published *i A General History of the Stage," which al-
though undervalued by the editors pf the Biographia Dra-.
matica, is amusing, and contains much of the information,
^ansferred since into compilations of that kind. ^
CHETWYND (Jo^JJ), was the son of Dr. Edward Chet^^
wynd, dean of Bristol, \yho published some single sermons,
^numerated by Wood, and died in 1639. His n^other was
Helena, daughter of the celebrated sir Joh^ Harrington,
author of the "Nugae Antiquce.'* He was born in 1623,
Qt Banwell in Somersetshire, and admitted commoner of
" Exeter college, Oxford, in 1638, where he took one degree
iji^arts; but iii 1642 left the college. Having espoused
the c^qse of the presbyterians, he returned to Oxford,
when the parliamentary visitors had possession of tl^e u|u*)
I H>cbQU*s Poemt, iroh. I. andlll.— Atterbur^'ftCarrefpfBdence, vol* I. |^
P, 430.~.Malon«'s DrydcD, ?ol. IV. p. 547. * Biog. Dramatica.
&4S C H E T W Y N D.
Tersity, And in 1648 took his master's degree. He was
afterwards one of the joint«pastors of St. Cuthbert in Wells,
and printed some occasional sermons preached there, or in
tiie neighbourhood : but on the restoration he conformed,
and became vicar of Temple in Bristol, and one of the city-
lecturers, and a prebendary of the cathedral. He was much
admired as a preacher, and esteemed a man of great piety.
He died Dec. 30, 1692, and was buried in the chancel of
the Temple church. Besides the " Sermons" already no-
licedy he published a curious and sc£Lrce bookj entitled
** Anthologia Historica ; containing fourteen centuries of
memorable passages, and remarkable occurrences, &c."
Lond. 1674, 8vo, republished in 1691, with the title of
** Collections Historical, Political, Theological, &c.'* He
was also editor of his grandfather sir John Harringtou^s
** Briefe View of the State of the Church of England, &c.
being a character and history of the Bishops,'' l6dS, 12mo.^^
CHEVALIER (Antony Ralph le), a protestant divine,
was born at Montchamps near Vire in Normandy, in 1507.
He learned Hebrew under Vatablus at Pa.ris, and having
gone to England, became of the household of the princess,
afterwards queen Elizabeth, whom he taught French. He
then went to Germany, where he married the daughter of
Tremellius, and this alliance procured him the assistance*
of Tremellius in his Hebrew studies, in which he made'
▼ery distinguished progress, and became one of the first
Hebrew scholars and critics of his age. In 1559- he was
invited to Strasburgb, and thence went to Geneva, where
he taught Hebrew, and published an improved edition of
)?agninus's Dictionary of that language. His love, however,
for his native country induced him to return to Caen, which
the civil wars soon obliged him to leave, and take refuge in
England : he again returned on the peace, but the mas-
sacre of St. Bartholomew's day obliged him to escape to
the island of Guernsey, where he died in 1572. He
translated from the Syriac into Latin the *^ Targum Hiero-
solymitanum j'* and two years after his death, his " Rudi-
menta Hebraicae linguae,'* a very accurate work, was pub-
lished at Wittemberg, 4to. He had designed to publish
an edition of the Bible in four languages, but did not livQ
to accomplish it. ^
% >ii(h. Ox. TOlt. I. and 11. * Mor«ri.-i»S8illet Jugemeni.
C H E V I L L I E R. 249
CHEVILLIER (Andrew), a doctor and librarian of the
Sorbonne, was born at Pontoise in the isle of France in
1636, of poor parents. One of his uncles, a clergyman of
Veaux in the diocese of Rouen, undertook his education,
and afterwards sent him to Paris, where he took his degrees
in divinity, and he was received uito the house and society
of the Sorbonne in 1658, where he was equally admired
for learning, piety, and charity, often stripping himself to
clothe the poor, and even selling his books to relieve them,
which, all book-collectors will agree, was no small stretch of
benevolence. Having been appointed librarian to the Sor*
bonne, his studies in that collection produced a valuable
work, well known to bibliographers, entitled >^ Origine de
rimprimerie de Paris, dissertation historique et critique,**
Paris, 1694, 4to. Maittaire frequently quotes from this
dissertation. 2. A translation, or rather paraphrase of the
" Grand Canon de I'Eglise Grecque," written by Andrew of
Jerusalem, archbishop of Candy, Paris, 1699, !2mo. He
also published in 1664, a Latin dissertation on the council
of Cbalcedon, on formularies of faith, and had some hand
in the catalogue of prohibited books which appeared in
1685. Chevillier died Sept. 8, 1700. *
CHEVREAU (Urban), was born at Loudun, a town of
Poitou in France, May 12, 1613. His inclination led him
to the study of the belles lettres, in which he made so con-
siderable progress, that he obtained a distinguished rank
among the learned. His application to letters, however,
did not unqualify him for business ; for he was a man of
great address and knowledge of the world, and on that
account advanced to be secretary to Christina queen of
Sweden. The king of Denmark engaged him also at his
court. Several German princes entertained him, and
among the rest the elector palatine Charles Lewis, father
to the duchess of Orleans. He continued for some time at
this court, sat at the council-board, and helped to bring
over the princess just mentioned to the Romish commu«
nion. At bis return to Paris, he was made preceptor and
afterwards secretary to the duke of Maine. Then he re-
tired to Loudun, where he had built an elegant habitation,
for the repose of his old age ; and, after spending there
the last twenty years of his life in study and retirement, he
died Feb. 15, 1701, almost 88 years of age.
1 Tloreri.
250 C HE V R E A U.
He left a very noble library bebind him, and was hiih«
self the author of some works : 1. *^ Le Tableau de la For<«
tune,'' 1651, 8vo, in which he relates all the considerable
revolutions that haye happened in the world. It was re-r
printed, with alterations, under the title of ^^ Effets de la
Fortune," a romance, 16S6, 8vo. 2. " L'Histoire du
Mortde," 1686, frequently repriuted ; the best edition is
that of Paris, 1717, $ vols, l^mo, with additions by Bour«
geois de Chastenet : but although the author had recourse
Xq original information, his quotations are not always to
be depended on^ He often mistakes in matters of fact,
and the style is harsh and unpolished. In 1697 were
printed at the Hague, 2 volumes of his ^^ Oeuvres melees,'*
consisting of miscellaneous letters 9nd pieces in prose and
Terse. He wrote also notes on Petroniusi and Malherbe^
and was esteemed a good critic. Much of his turn of mind
and sentiments may be seen in the " Chevraeana," Paris^
1697 and 1700, 2 vols, »
CHEYNE (George), a physician of considerable emi-i
nence and singular character, was descended from a good
fi^ily in Scotland, where he was born in 1671. He
received a regular and liberal education, and was at first
intended by bis parents for the church, though that design
was afterwards laid aside. . He passed his youth, as he him-^
self informs us, in close study, and in almost continual ap-p
plication to the ab.stracted sciences ; and in these pursuits.
bis chief pleasure consisted. The general course of his.
life, therefore, at this time, was extremely temperatp and
sedentary ; though he did occasionally admit of some relax-
ation, diverting himself with work^ of imagination, and
^* roi)sing nature by agreeable comp$tny and good cheer.'*
But upon the slightest excesses he found such disagree-^
able effects, as led him tp conclude, that his glands were
naturally lax, and his solids feeble: in which opinion he
wa& confirmed, by an e^rly shaking of his hands, and adisn
position to be easily ruffled on a surprize. He studied
phytic at Edinburgh under the celebrated Qn Pitcairne, to.
whom he was much attached, and whom be styles ^^ his
gre^t master and generous friend." Having taken the
degree of doctor of physic, he repaired to London to prac-*
tise as a physjqian, when b^ was about thirty years of age.
On his arrival in the metropolis, he soon quitted the regulac.
1 Moreri.— Baillet Jagemens des Sa?ai|S.v-GeUt Diet.— Niceroui vol. XX^
C H E Y N E. 6St
tnd temperate matiDer of life to which he had been chiefly
accustomed, and partly from inclination, and partly from
a view to promote his practice, he passed much of his time
in company, and in taverns. Being of a cheerful temper,
and having a lively imagination, with much acquired
knowledge, he soon rendered himself very agreeable to
those who lived and conversed freely. He was, as he says,
much caressed by them, ** and grew daily in bulk, and in
friendship with these gay gentlemen, and their acquaint-
ances." But, in a few years, he found this mode of living
very injurious to his health : he grew excessively fat, short-
breathed, listless, and lethargic.
But before his health was in this unfavourable state, he
had published a medical treatise, in 8vo, under the follow-
ing title : ** A new Theory of acute and slow-continued
Fevers : wherein, besides the appearances of such, and
the manner of their cure, occasionally the structure of the
Glands, and the manner and laws of Secretion, the opera-
lion of purgative, vomitive, and mercurial medicines are
JBecfaanicaily explained.'' To this he prefixed .^*An essay
concerning the Improvements of the Theory of Medicine.*'
This treatise on fevers was drawn up by Dr. Cbeyne, at the
(jesire of Dr. Pitcairne ; but it was a hasty performance ;
^nd therefore, though it seems to have been favourably
recieived, our author never chose to prefi;^ his name to it.
His next publication was a piece on abstracted geometry
and algebra, entitled " Fluxionum Methodus inversa; sive
quantitatum fluentium leges generaliores." He afterwards
puhlished a defence of this performance, although he never
had a very good opinion of it, against Mr. De Moivre,
VRder the following title : ^^ Rudimeiitorum Method!
fluxionum inversae Specimina, adversus Abr. De Moivre.'^
In 1705, when he was about thirty- four years of age, at
which time he was a fellow of the royal society, he pub-
lished, in 8vo, " Philosophical Principles of Natural Reli-
gion : containing the Elements of Natural Philosophy, and
the proofs for Natural Religion arising from them." This
pi^ce be dedicated to the earl of Roxburgh, at whose de«
sire, and for whose instruction, it appears to have been
priginally written.
In consequence of the free mode of living in which our
author had for some time indulged himself, besides the ill
consequiences that have been already mentioned, be at
length brought on himself, as be ini]C)rms \xsj an autumnal
tSS C H E Y N E.
intermittent fever ; but this he removed in a few weeks by
taking the bark. He afterwards went on tolerably well for
about a year, though neither so clear in his faculties, nor
so gay in his temper, as he had formerly been. But the
following autumn, he was suddenly seized with a verti-
ginous paroxysm, so alarming in its nature, as to approach
nearly to a fit of an apoplexy. By degrees, his disorder
turned to a constant violent head-ach, giddiness, and low«
ness of spirits : upon which he entirely left off suppersg^
which he never resumed, and also confined himself at din-
ner to a small quantity of animal food, drinking but very
little fermented liquors." The decline of his health and
spirits occasioned him^to be deserted by many of his more
airy and jovial companions ; and this circumstance contri-
buted to the increase of his melancholy. He soon after
retired into the country, into a fine air, and lived very low ;
and at this time he employed himself in the perusal of some
of the most valuable theological writers. He bad never,
even in hiis freer moments, deserted the great principles of
natural religion and morality ; but in his present retire-*
ment he made divine revelation the more immediate ob-
ject of his attention. The books that he read were recom-
mended to him by a worthy and learned clergyman of the
church of England, whom he does not name, but whom he
represents to be.the man, that of all his numerous acquaint-
ance, he the most wished to resemble.
.. Dr. Cheyne's retirement into the country, and low regi-
men, having not entirely removed his complaints, he was
persuaded by his medical and other friends, to try the
Bath waters. He accordingly went to Bath, and for some
time found considerable relief from drinking the waters.
But he afterwards returned to London for the winter season,
and had recourse to a milk diet, from which he derived the
most salutary consequences^ He now followed the busi-
ness of his profession, with great diligefnce and attention,
in summer at Bath, and in the winter at London, applying
himself more particularly to chronical, and especially to
l6w and nervous cases : and at this period of his life, he
generally rode on horseback ten or fifteen miles every day,
both sufnmer and winter : in summer on the Downs at
Bath, and in winter on the Oxford road from London.
After our author had found his health to be tborbughly
established, be again made a change in his regimen, gra-
dually lessening the quantity of his milk and vegetableS|
C H E Y N E. 2SS
mad by slow diegress, and in moderate quantitiesy living on
the lightest and tenderest animal food. This he did for
some time, and at last gradually went into the common
mode of living, and drinking wine, though within the
bounds of temperance ; and appears to have enjoyed good
health for several years. But his mode of living, though
he indulged in no great irregularities, was still more free
dian his constitution would admit ; and at length produced
very ill effects. In the course of ten or twelve years he
continued to increase in size, and at length weighed more
than thirty-two stone. His breath became so short, that
upon stepping into his chariot quickly, and with some
effort, he was ready to faint away, and his face would turn
black. He was not able to walk up above one pair of stairs
at a time, without extreme difficulty ; he was forced to
ride from door to door in a chariot even at Bath ; and if
he had but a hundred paces to walk, he was obliged, as he
informs us himself, to have a servant following him with a
stool to rest upon. He had also some other complaints;
and grew extremely lethargic; and at Midsummcf in 1723,
i ^ he was seized with a severe isymptomatic fever, which ter-*
I minated in a most violent erisipelas. He continued to be
in a very bad state of hea Ja for about a year and a half,
having now resided for a considerable time almost entirely
at Bath. But in December 1725,* he went to London,
where be had the advice of his friend Dr. Arbuthnot, Dr.
Mead, Dr. Freind, and some other physicians. From no-
thing, however, did he 6nd so much relief as from a milk
and vegetable. diet ^ by a strict adherence to which, in
somewhat more than two years, his health was at length
thoroughly established; and he almost entirely confined
himself to this regimen during the remainder of his life.
Its the mean time, our author continued to publish some
other medical works ; particularly ^^ An essay of the true
nature and due method of treating the Gout, together with
an account of the nature and quality of Bath Waters, the
manner of using them, and the diseases in which they are
proper : as also of the nature and cure of most Chronical
distempers.*' This passed through at least five editions ;
and was followed by " An essay on Health and Long Life ;'*
which was well received by the public, but occasioned
sundry reflections to be thrown out against him by some
persons of the medical profession. In 1726, he published
the same work in Latin, enlarged, under the following title :
«54 (5 H E Y N.£?
** Georgii Cheynsei Tractatus de Infirmortim Sartitafe
tuenda, Vitaque producenda, libro ejusdem argumenti Ang-^
lice edito longe auctior et limatior ; huic accessit de natura
fibrae; ejusque laxse sive resolatss morbis tractatus nunc pri-»
mum editus." In 1753, he published a piece in 8vo, under
the title " The English Malady : or, a treatise of Nervous^
diseases of all kinds ; as Spleen, Vapours, Lowness of
Spirits, Hypochondriacal and Hysterical distempers, &c/''
His next publication, which was printed in 1740, was en-'
titled " An essay on Regimen ; together with five dis-
courses, medical, moral, and philosophical : serving ta
illustrate the principles and theory of philosophical Medi-
cine, and point out some of its moral consequences.'* The
last work of our author, which he dedicated to the earl of
Chesterfield, was entitled *^ The natural method of curing
the Diseases of the Body, and the Disorders of the Mind
depending on the Pody ; in three parts. Part I. General
reflections on the oeconomy of nature in animal Life;
Part II. The means and methods for preserving Kfe and
faculties ;* and also concerning the nature and cure of
acute, contagious, and cephalic disorders. Part III. Re-^
flections on the nature and cure of particular chronical
distempers." ^
Dr. Cheynedied at Bath, April 12, 1743, in the seventy-
second year of his age. He had great reputation in his own
time, both as a practitioner and as a writer ; and most of
his pieces passed through several editions. He is to be
ranked among those physicians who have accounted for
the operations of medicine, and the morbid alteration?
which take place in the human body, upon mechanical
principles. A spirit of piety and of benevolence, and an
ardent zeal for the interests of virtue, are predominant
throughout his writings. An amiable candour and inge-
nuousness are also discernible, and which led him to re-'
tract with- readiness whatever appeared to him 'to be
censurable in what he had formerly advanced*. Some of
* Of ibis we have a remarkable in- far as it is personal or peevish, and ask
stance iti the preface to bis Essay on him and the world pardoa for it; a$ (
Health and Long Life, in which is the do for the defence of Dr. Pitcairne's
following passage : " The defence of Dissertations, and the New Theory of
that book (his Methodus Fluxionum Fevers, against the late learned and
inversa) against the learned and acute ingenious Dr. Oliphant. I heartiljf
Mr. Abr. de Moivre, being written in a condemn and detest all personal reflec-
spirit of levity and resentment, I most tions, all malicioas and unmanoerlir
sincerely retract, and wish undone, so • terms, and all false and unjust rppre-
C H fi Y N E. ^>55
the metaphysical notions which he has introduced into bb
books may perhaps justly be thought fanciful and ill-
grounded ; but there is an agreeable vivacity iii his pro-
ductions, together with much openness and frankness, and
in general gteat perspicuity. — Of his relations, his half-
brother, the rev. William Cheyne, vicar of Weston near
Bath, died Sept. 6, 1767, and his son the rev. John Cheyne,
vicar of Brigscock, Northamptonshire, died August il,
1768.'
CHEYNE (Jameb)j professor of philosophy, and rector
of the Scotch college at Doway in Flanders, was of the t.n*
cient family of Arnage, or Arnagie in Aberdeenshire,
where he was bom in the early part of the sixteenth cen-
tury. After studying classical and philosophical learning
in the uhiverstty of Aberdeen, he applied to divinity under
Mr. John Henderson, a celebrated divine of that time ; but
on the establishment of the reformation, Cheyne (as well ad
bis master) went over to France, and taught philosophy fot
spQie time in the college of St. Barbe at Paris. From
thence he. went to Doway, where he taught philosophy for
several years, and was made rector of the Scotch college,
and canon and greatpenitentiary of the cathedral of Tournay.
He died in 1602, and was buried in that church under a
marble monument,' with an inscription. The authors quoted
by Muchenzie give him the character of one of the first
mathematicians and philosophers and most learned men of
his time. He wrote, 1. " Analysis in Philosophiam Aristot.'*
Duac. (Doway), 1573, 1595, 8vo. 2. " De sphaera seu
globi coelestis fabrica," ibid, 1675. 3. " De Geographia,
lib. duo,'* ibid. 1576, 8vo. 4. ** Orationes duo, de per-
fecto Philosopho, &c." ibid. 1577, 8vo. 5. " Analysis et
scholia in Aristot. lib. XIV.'* ibid. 1578, Svo. *
CHEYNELL (Francis), a nonconformist of some note,
the son of John Cheynell a physician, was born at Oxford
in i>608 ; and after he had been educated in grammar
seotationd, as, unbecoming gentlemen, to adhere: << To neglect n.othing to
KCholars, and Christians; and disprove secure his eternal peace, any more
and undo both performances, as far as than if he had been certified he should
in me lies, in every thing that does not die within the day; nor to mind any
strictly and barely relate to the argu- thing that his secular obligations and
ment.^' Another of Dr. Cheyne's reso* duties demanded of him less, than if
lutions onght never to be forgotten, he had been insured to live fifty year»
and to which he sincerely endeavoured more.*'
} Biog. Brit. — Chesterfield** Miscellanies. — Gent. Mag. see Index.
' Machenzie*;> Scotch writers, vol. HI. — Ikmpjitec Hist. Eccles. — Tanner.
&-•
256 C Ji E y N E L L,
learning, became a tnember of the university there io
1623. When he had taken the degree of B. A. he was,
by the interest of his mother, at that time the widow of
Abboty bishop of Salisbury^ elected probations fellow of
jMerton college in 1629. Then he went into orders, and
officiated in Oxford for some time ; bat when the church
began to be attacked in 1640, he took the parliamentarian
side, and became an enemy to bishops and ecclesiastical
ceremonies. He embraced the covenant, was made on6
of the assembly of divines in 1643, and was frequently
appointed to preach before the members of parliaments
He was one of those who were sent to convert the university
of Oxford in 1 646, was made a visitor by the parliament
in 1647, and tbe year after took possession by force of the
Margaret professorship of that university, and of tbe pre^
sidentship of St. John^s college. . But being found an
improper man for those places, he was forced to retire to
the rectory of Petworth in Sussex, to which be had been
presented about 1643, where- he continued aa useful mem-
ber to his party till the time of the restoration, when he
was ejected from that rich parsonage.
Dr. Cbeynell (for he had taken his doctor's degree) was
a man of considerable parts and learning, and published a
great many sermons and other works i but now he is chiefly
memorable for his conduct to the celebrated Chillingworth^
in which be betrayed a degree of bigotry that has not been
defended by any of the nonconformist biographers. In
1643, when Laud was a prisoner in the Tower, there was
printed by authority a book of CheynelPs, entitled ^* The
rise, growth, and danger of Socinianism,'' and unques-
tionably one of his best works. This came out about six
years after Cbillingworth's more famous work called " Tbe
Religion of Protestants," &c. and was written, as we are
told in the title-page, with a view of detecting a most
horrid plot formed by the archbishop and hb adherents
against the pure Protestant religion. In this book the
archbishop, Hales of Eton, Chillingworth, and other emi-
nent divines of those times, were strongly charged with
Socinianism. The year after, 1644, when Chillingworth
was dead, there came out another piece of CheynelPs with
this strange title, ^^ Cbillingworthi Novissima ; or, the sick-
ness, heresy, death and burial of William Chillingworth."
This was also printed by authority ; and is, as the writer
of Chillingworth's life truly observes, a most ludicrous
■d lA E ¥ N E L t; 257
65 well as melancholy instance of fanaticism, or religious
madness. To this is prefixed a dedication to Dr. Bayly^
Dr. Prideaux, Dr. Fell, &c. of the university of Oxford^
who had given their imprimatur to Chillingwbrth^s book J
in which tbo^e divines are abused not a little, for giving
«o much countenance to the use of reason in religious' mat*
ters, as they had given by their approbation of Chilling^
Worth*s book. After the dedication follows the relation
itself; in which Cheynell gives an account^ hovjr he camd
acquainted with this man of reason, as he calls Chilling-
worth ;- what care he took of him ; and how, as his illness
increased, "they remembered him in their prayers, and
prayed heartily that God would be pleased to bestow saving
graces as well as excellent gifts upon him ; that He woula
give him new light and new eyes, that he might see aiad
acknowledge, and recant his error ; that he might deny
hb carnal reason, and submit to faith :'^ in all which he i^
supposed to have related nothing but what was trae. Foi*
he is allowed by bishop Hoadly to have been as sincere, ad
honest, and as charitable as his religion would suffer biiH
to be ; and, in the case of Chillingworth, while he thought
it his duty to consign his soul to hell, was led by his hu-
manity to take care of his body. Chillingworth at length
died; and Cheynell, though he refused, as he tells us, to
bury his body, yet concdi.ved it very fitting to buryhii
book. For this purpose be met Chillingworth*s friends at
the grave with' his book in his hand; and, after a short
preamble to the people, in which he assured thtem •* hoW
happy it wotild be for the kingdom, if this' book jind
all its fellows could be so buried that they might tiever rise
more, unless it were for a confutation," be exclaimed^
** Get thee gone, thou cursed book, which has seduced so
many precious souls: get thee gone, thou corrupt rottert
book, earth to earth, aufldust to dust: get thee gone into
the place of rottenness,* that thou nxaye3t rot with thy
author, and 6ee cdrrup.tioh:" ' * '
* Clieynell's death happened in J 665, at an obscure vil-
lage called Pir€iston, in Sussex, wherie he had purchased
an estate, to which hfe retired upon his being turned out
of the fiVmg of »PetWokh. The Warnith of his ^eal, in-
creased by thp turbulence of th^e tinaes in which be lived,
amd hy the opposition to which tji« unpopular nature of
some of. bis jem^ployments exposed him, was at last 'height*
ened to'distraction, and he was for some years disordered
Vol. IX. S
258 C H E Y N E L L.
in his understanding. Wood thinks that a tendency to
madness was discoverable in a gireat part of his life ; Ca«
lamy, that it was only transient and accidental, tlmugh be
E leads it as an extenuation of that fury with which his
indest friends confess him to have acted on some occa-
sions, particularly, we may add, at Oxford, when one of
the parliamentary visitors, where his behaviour was savage
enough to justify more than the retaliation inflicted on his
party.' Wood declares that he died little better than dts-
tracted ; but Calamy, that he was perfectly recovered be-
fore the restoration. He had many good qualities, parti-
cularly a hospitable disposition, and a contempt for money ;
but his extravagant zeal marred his usefulness, and re-
flected no honour on his general character, or on his party.
With regard, however, to his charging Chilling^orth with
Socinianism, that is now universally allowed. '
CHIABRERA (Gabrielo), an Italian poet, was bom M
Savone, in 1 552. He went to study at Rome, where Aldus
Manutius and Muretus gave him their friendship and advice^
and pope Urban VHI. and the princes of Italy honoured him
with many public marks of their esteem. In 1^24 Urbany
himself a poet, as well as a protector of poets, invited him
to Rome for the holy year ; but Chiabrera excused himself
on account of old age and infirmities. He died at Sayone
in 1638, aged eighty-six. His Lyric Poems, Rome, 17 18^
3 vols. 8vo, and << Amadeida,** Napoli, 1635, 12mo,^re
particularly admired. All his works were collected ;at
Venice, 1731, 4vols. Svo.* •
CHIARAMONTI (Scipio), iii Latin Claramontios^
an eminent Italian astronomer and philosopher, was born
at Cesena in the province of Romagna in June 1565. His
father was a physician at Cesena. He studied at P^rUgia
and Ferrara, and became distinguishect for his progress;, in
philosophy and mathematics; the former of wkicb -he
' taught for some time at Pisa. He passed, however, '^e
greater part of his long life at Cesena, and in his history
of that place, which he published in 1641, he informs -vs^
that for fifty -nine years he had served bis country in apuhr
lie capacity. He was, in particular, frequently deputed to
Rome, either to offer obedience to the pope in the name
" • . *
- 1 Fram tli6,few incidentt of hb life Dr. Johnson dr«w out mn elegant naiT%tiTe
in 1751, now printed in big worlu. See also, Atb. Ox. vol. II.— -Wood's Ami*
^uities of Oxford, by Gutcb.-^aiamy. — ^Neal's Puritans, &c.
» XUib)Hchi.?f']^aiUet JttgeiiieBt4«*£rytbr«9l ?iBii«otiiecfi.^lf«r^^ J;
C HI ARAM O N T I. 2Sa
of his countrymen, or on other afikirs.- He had married a
-Jady whom be calls Virginia de Abbatibus, but becoming
a widower at the age of eighty, he went into the church,
received priest's orders, and retired with the priests of the
congregation of the oratory, for whom he built a church at
Cesena, and there he died Oct. 3, 1652, in his eighty*
feyepth year. He established at Cesena the academy of
jth^ Oifuscati, over which he presided until his death. His
works, written partly in Italian and partly in Latin^ are
very numerous, and filled a considerable space in the li*
tjOrary history of his time : 1. '^ Discorso della Cometa po«
gon«ure deir anno 1618> &c»" Venice, 1619, 4to, in which
- he suggests . that comets are sublunary, and not celestial
bodies. 2. ^^ Anti-Tycho, in quo contra Tychonem Brabe,
^et nonnullos alios, &c. demoustratur Cometas essesubki-
nares,'* Venice, 1621, 4to. Kepler on this occasion stept
forward in defence of Tycho Brabe, who had been dead
some, years. 3. '^ De conjectandis.cujusque moribus et
^ latitantibus animi affectibos semeiotice moralis, seu de sig-
. .nis libri decern," ibid. 1625, 4to, reprinted by Herman
Conringius, who calls it an incomparable work, at Helm*
:8tadt, in 1665, 4to. MorhofF also praises, it highly. M.
. Trichet Dufresne brought a copy of it for the first tim^
. iuto France, and M. de la Cbambre availed himself of it
in his work on the passions. 4. *< Notae in moralem;Suam
semeioticam> seu de ^ignis,** Cesena, 1625, 4to. It is,
, peihaps,. unnecessary to inform our readers that physio-
gnomy was a favourite study from the beginning of the
^fteenth to the end of the sixteenth century, and Chiara^
men ti appears to have made as much progress in it as any
. «f his contemporaries. 5. An answer to Kepler, under the
title '^ Apologia pro Anti-Tycbone suo adversus Hyperas-
'piteaJoaanis Kepieri," Venice,. 162 6, 4to. 6. "De tri-
Jbu8 novis stellis, qufls annis 1572, 1600, et 1604, com-
: pi^meie," Cesena, 1628, 4to. Galileo now took the part
, of Tycho Brabe, and published, in Italian a work against
^ .Chiaramonti, who answered it in, 7. ^^ Difesa di Scipioni
Chiaramonti,^e/' Florence, 1633^ 4to. 8. << Delia ra«
. gione di statp libri tre» nel quale trattato da primi pnn«
. -cipii dedotto si suo pcona la natiira, le ms^sime, e le specie
de^ governi buoni, cattivi e mascherati,'' Florence, 1635,
* 4tx>, and translated into Latin, Hamburgh, ,1679, 4to. 9.
'^ Examen ad censuram Joannir'Camilli Gloriosi in libruni
de tiibut novis stellis,'' ibid. 1636^ 4to* 10. << De sede
3 ;2
^60 C H I A R A M O N T L
sublunari dotnetftrum, opuscula tria/* Amst. 1636^, 4to. 1 1^.
*< Castigatio J» CamiUi Gloriosi adversus Clatamontium
castigata ab ipso Clavamontio/' Gesena, 1638, 4to. -^12:
^* De inetbodo ad doctrinam spectante, Hbri quatuor, &c."
abid. 1639, 4to. IS. ^^ Caesene Historia libris sesdecim,
ab initio civitatis ad h^e teropora/* with a sketch of the
general history of Italy during the same period, Cesena,
1'641, 4to, 14. " De atrabile, quoad mores attinet," Pa-
ris, ^641, 6vo, dedicated to Naud6, but in the licence it
H erroneoosly said that the author was physician to the
p>pe» 15. ** Anti-Philolaus, in quo Philolaus redivivus de
tevrae motu et solis ac fixarum quiete impugnalur," &c.
Cesena> 1643, 4to. This was written against BuUialdus's
attempt to revive the system of Philolaus, but in this we
doubt whether our author was equal to his antagonist. 16.
^* Defensio ab oppognationibus Fortunii Liceti de sede Co-
me tarum,'' Cesena, 1644, 4to. 17. " De Universe, libri
sexdiecim/- Cologne, 1644, 4to. 18. One of his best
works, ^* De altitudine Caucasi liber iinuS| cura Gab. Nau*
diei editus," Paris, 1649, 4to, and 16»0, 4to. 19; " Pfai^
losophia naturalis methodo resolutiva tradita, &c.^* Cesena,
1652, 4to, 20. ** Oiniscula varia mathematica," Bologna,
1653, 4to. 2 1 . " Commentaria in Aristotelem de iride,
fcc'* ibid, 1654, 4tQ. 22. " In quatuor meteortim Aristo*
telis librum commentaria,*' Venice, 1668, 4to, 23. "Delle
scene, e tbeatri opera poschuma,^^ Cesena, 1675, 4to. *
CHICHELE (Henry), archbishop of Canterbury, and
founder of All Souls college, Oxford, was born, probably
i» 1362, at Higham-Ferrars in Northamptonshire, of pa-
rents who, if not distinguished by their opulence, were at
least enabled to place their children in situations which
c}ualified them for promotion in civil and political life.
Their sons, Robert and Thomas, rose to the highest dig-
nities in the magistracy ef London ; and Henry, the sub*-
ject of this memoir, was, at a suitable age, placed at Win«>
Chester school, and • thence removed to New coUegei
where be studied the civil and canon law. Of his pro-
ficiency here, we have little information, but the progress
ef his advancement indicates that he soon acquired distinct-
tion, and conciliated the affection of the first patrons of
the age. From 1392 to 1407, he can be traced through
•■ . .
1 Moreri. — Saxii Onomast. in CUtranontioSj and Movboff Polyhist. in tbt
saii^e. — ^Nicer^n, vol. XXX,
C H I C H E L E, 861
vsiriou^ ecclesiastical preferments and dignities, for some
at least of which he was indebted to j^ichard Metford,
bishop of Salisbury. This valuable friend be had the mis-
fortune to lose in the last mentioned year ; but bis repu«
tation was so firmly established, that king Henry IV.
about this time employed him on an embassy to pope In-
nocent VII. on another to the court of France, and on a
third to pope Gregory XI L who was so much pleased with
his conduct as to present him to the bishopric of St.
David'S| which happened to become vacant during his
residence at the apostolic court in 1408. In the following
year he was deputed, along with Hallum, bishop of Salis-
bury, and Chillingdon, prior of Canterbury, to represent
England in the council of Pisa, which was convoked tQ
settle the disputed pretensions of the popes Gregory and
Benedict, both of whom were deposed, and Alexander V,
chosen in their room, who b^^d once studied at Oxford.
. On our founder^s return, he passed some months in dis-
charging the functions of his diocese. In May 1410, be
was again sent to France, with other negociators, to ob-«
tain a renewal of the truce between the two kingdoms;
but this was not accomplished until the year following, nor
without considerable di65culties. For nearly two years
after this, we find him residing on his diocese, or paying
occasional visits to the metropolis, which his high charac-
ter as a statesman rendered no less necessary than grateful
to bis royal master.
On the accession of Henry V. he was again consulted
and employed in many political measureQ, and appears to
have completely acquired the confidence of the new sove-
reign, who sent him a third time into France on the sub-
ject of peace. The English were at this time in possessioa
of some of the territories of that country, a circumstance
which rendered every treaty of peace insecure, and create4
perpetual jealousies and efforts towards emancipation ou
the part of the French.
In the spring of 1414, Cbichele succeeded Arundel as
archbishop af Canterbury, which he at first refused in de-
ference to the pope ; but on the pontiff^s acceding to the
election made by the prior and monks, he was put in com-
plete possession, and soon had occasion to exert the whole
of his talents and influenee to preserve the revenues of the
church, wbich the parliament had more than once advised
tlie king to take into hi^ own band$. The time was crit^*
262 C H I C H E L E.
cal ; the king had made demands on the court of France^'
which promised to end in hostilities, and large supplies
were wanted. The clergy, alarmed for the whole, agreed
to give up a part of their possessions, and Chichele under-
took to lay their offer before parliament, and as far as
eloquence could go, to render it satisfactory to that assem-
bly. It is here that historians have taken occasion to cen«
sure his conduct, and to represent him as precipitating the
king into a war with France, in order to divert his atten*
tion from the church. But while it is certain that he
strongly recommended the recovery of Henry's hereditary
dominions in France, and the vindication of his title to that
crown, it is equally certain that this was a disposition
which he rather found than created ^ and in what manner
he could have thwarted it, if such is to be supposed the
wiser and better course, cannot be determined without a
more intimate knowledge of the state of parties than is
now practicable. The war, however, was eminently suc-
cessful, and the battle of Azincourt gratified the utmost
hopes of the nation^ and has ever since been a proud me-
mento of its valour. During this period, besides taking
the lead in political and ecclesiastical measures at home|
Chichele twice accompanied the king's camp in France.
After the death of Henry V.' in 1422, and the appoints
ment of Humphrey duke of Gloucester to be regent during
the minority of Henry VI., Chichele retired to his pro-
vince, and began to visit the several dioceses included in
it, carefully inquiring into the state of morals and relig^ion.
Tlie principles of Wickliffe h^ made considerable p/o-
grress, and it was to them chiefly that the indifference of
the public towards the established clergy, and the efforts
which had been made to^ alienate their revenues, were
attributed. Officially, tberefojis^, we are not to wonder that
Chichele, educated in all the prejudices of the times, en-
deavoured to che^k the growing heresy, as it was csdled ;
but from the silence of Fox on the subject, there is reason
to hope that his personal interference was far more gentle
than that of his predecessor Arundel. On the other hand,
history has done ample justice to the spirit with which be
resisted the assumed power of the pope in the disposition
of ecclesiastical preferments, and asserted the privileges
pf the English church. In all this he was supported by
the nation at large, by a majority of the bishops, and by
the university of Oxford, nor at this time was more zeal
C H I C H E L E. 363
r
sbbwn against the Lollards, or first protestaDts, than against
the capricious and degrading encroachments of the court
of Rome. Among the vindications of Chichele's character
from the imputations thrown upon it by the agents of the
pope, that of the university of Oxford must not be omitted.
They told the pope, that ^ Chichele stood in the sanctu*
ary of God as a firm wall that heresy could not shake, nor
simony undermine, and that he was the darling of the
people, and the foster parent of the clergy." These re-
monstrances, however, were unsatisfactory to the proud
and restless spirit of Martin V. but after he had for some
time kept the terrors of an interdict hanging over the na«
tion, the dispute was dropped without concessions on either
side, and the death of this pope, soon after, relieved the
archbishop from farther vexation.
^ He was now advancing in years, and while he employed
his time in promoting the interests of his province, he
eonceived the plan of founding a college in Oxford, which
he lived to accomplish on a very magnificent scale. One
benefit he conferred, about the same time, of a more gene«
ral importance to both universities. Puring the sitting of
one of the convocations in 14^38, the universities presented
a remonstrs^nce, stating the grievances they laboured under
from wars, want of revenues, and th^ neglect of their
'inembers in the disposal of church livings. Chichele im-
mediately procured a decree that all ecclesiastical patrons
should, for ten years to come, confer the benefices in their
^ift on members of either university exclusively ; aqd that
vicars general, commissaries and officials, should be chosen
.otkt of the graduates in civil and common law.
He had now held eighteen synods, in all of which he
distinguished himself as the guardian of the church, and
was eminently successful in conciliating the parliament
and nation, by such grants on the part of the clergy as
showed a readiness, proportioned to their ability, to siip-
port the interests of the crown and people. The most
noted of his constitutions were those which enjoined ^e
celebration of festivals ; regulated the probates of wills ;
provided against false weights; and augmented the, sti-
pends of vicars. That which is most to be regretted wiete,
hi^ instituting a kind of inquisition against LoUardism. i
In 1442, he applied to pope Eugenius for an indulgence
to resign his office into more able hands, beiiig now nearly
eighty years old, and, as he pathetically urges, <^ heavy
264
C H I C H E L E.
iadfen, aged, infirm, and w^ak beyond measure.'* He io-*
treats that be may be released from a burthen which he
was no longer able to support either with ease to . himself,
or advantage to others. He died, however, before the
issue of this application could be known, on the 12th of
April 1443, and was interred with great solemnity in the
pathedral of Canterbury, under a monument of exquisite
workmanship built by himself. As a farther mark of re-
spect, the prior and monks decreed that no person .should
be buried in that part of the church where his remains
were deposited^
His character, when assimilated to that of the age in
which he lived, is not without a portion of the dark senti«
ment, and barbarous spirit of persecution, which obstructed
the reformation ; but on every occasion where be dared to
fxert his native talents and superior powers of thinking,
ye discover the measures of an enlightened statesman, and
that liberal and benevolent disposition which would confer
pelebrity in the brightest periods of our history.
The founclatipn of AH Souls college is not the 6rst in-
stance of his munificent spirit. In 1422, he founded a
collegiate church at his native place, Higham-Ferrars, so
amply endowed, that on its dissolution by Henry VIII. its
revenues were valued at 1^6^. This. college consisted of a
quadrangular buildings of which the church only now re« .
mains, and is used sls a parish church. . To this he attached
^n hospital for the poor, and both these institutions were
long supported by th^ legacies (^ his brothers Robert and
William, aldermen of London *, He also expended large
sums in adorning the catl^efiral of Canterbury, founding a
library there^ and in adding to the buildings of Lambeth
palace t, Croydon churcbj and Rochester-bridge.
His first intentipHs with respect to Oxford ended in the
erection oif a house for the schplar^ of the Cistercian order,
who at that time had no settled habitatiqn at Oxford. This
mansion, which wa& called St. Bernard's College, wasi afteri
^ Robert Chichele, citizen and gro-
cer, served the oAoe of fheriff id 1409>
and that of lord mayor twice, in:14U
and 1422. He died without issue.
William served the office of sheriff in
1409, and his spn, John, was cfaam-
berlaia of London. He had a very
Dumeroos issue.
f He.boiit the great tewer at the
vest end of th^ chapel, called the Lol-
lard*s ToWer, at the top of which is a
prison room. Before the rtfbrmation,
the archbishops had prisons for eeele*
siastical offenders, who, if persons of
rank, were kept in separate apartments,
and used to eat at the archbishop's
table, Lysoas's Environs, ait. Lah-
BETH, and Churton's Lives of the Fouih;
ders, p. 189, et seqq.
C H r C H E L E. 265
awards- alienated to sir Thomas White, and formed part of
St. John's college. The foundation of All Souls, however,
is that which has conveyed his memory to our times with
the highest claims of veneration. Like his predecessor
and friend Wykeham, he had amassed considerable wealth,
and determined to expend it in facilitating the purposes of
education, which, notwithstanding the erection of the pre-
ceding colleges, continued to be much obstructed during
those reigns, the turbulence of which rendered property
insecure, and interrupted the quiet progress of learning
and civilization.
At wiiat time he first conceived this plan is not recorded.
It appears, however, to have been in his old age, whep be
obtained a release from interference in publiq measures.
The purchases he made for his college consisted chiefly, of
Berford hall, or Cherleton's Inn, St. Thomas's hall, Tinge^
wick hall^ and Godknave hall, comprising a space of one
hundred and seventy-two feet in length in the High street,
and one hundred and sixty*two in breadth in Cat, or Cathe^
rine street, which runs between the High street and . Hert-*
ford college : to these additions were afterwards made, which
enlarged the front in the High street. The foundatioti
stone was laid with great solemnity, Feb. 10, 1437. John
Druell, archdeacon of Exeter, and Roger Keyes, both
afterwards fellows of the college, were the principal archir
tects, and the charter was obtained of the king in 1438,
and confirmed by the pope in the following year. In th^
charter, the king, Henry VI. assumed the title of foun^lei^
at the archbishop's solicitation, who appears to have paid
him this compliment to secure his patronage for the ii^sti-
tution, while the full exercise of legislative, authority vffi.%
reserved to Chichele as co-founder.
According to this charter, the society was to consist of a
warden and twenty fellows, with power in the warden to
increase their number to forty, and to be called The war-
den and college of the souls of all the faithful deceased^
Collegium Omnium jinimarum Fidelium defunciorum de
Oxan. The precise meaning of this may be understood
from the ol)ligation imposed on the society to pray for the
good estate of Henry VL and the archbishop during their
lives, and for their souls after their decease ; also for th6
aouls of Henry V. and the duke of Clarence, together with
those of all the dukes, earls, barons, knights, esquires^
and other subjects of the crown of England, who had fallen
266
C H I C H E L E.
in the war with France ; and for the souls of all die faithful:/
deceased.
Sixteen of the fellows were to study the civil and canon
laws,* and the rest, philosophy and the arts, and theology*
But the most remarkable clause in this charter, when com-
pared to former foundations, is that which gives the society
leave to purchase lands to the yearly value of 300/. a sum
very far exceeding what we read of in any previous foun-
dation, and which has more recently been increased to
1050/. by charters from Charles I. and George II. Ano-
ther diarter of very extensive privileges was granted soon'
after the foundation by Henry VI. ; and this, and the char-
ter of foundation, were confirmed by an act of parliament
14 Henry VII, 1499.
It was not till within a few days of his death that the
archbishop gave a body of statutes for th& regulation of his^
college, modelled after the statutes of his iUustrious pre-
cursor Wykeham. After the appointment of the number
of fellows, already noticed, he ordains that they should be
born in lawful wedlock, in the province of Qanterbury^
with a preference to the next of kin, descended from his
brothers Robert and William Chichele *. To the society
were also added chaplains, clerks, and choristers, who
appear to have been included in the foundation, although
they are not mentioned in the charter.
• For the more ample endowment of this college, the
founder purchased and bestowed on it the manor of Wedon
jtnd Weston, or Wedon Pinkeney in Northamptpnshire.
King^s college, Cambridge, became afterwards possessed
of a pah of it, bqt All Souls has, besides the advowson of
the churches belonging to it, the largest estate, and thi^
lordship of the waste. The founder also gave them the
4nanors of Horsham, and Scotney^ or Bletching-court in
Kent, and certain lands called the ThriiFs or Friths in
.* This part of the fouDder's statutes
lias occasioned much litigation, as the
'farther the time is remored from> bis
age, the difficulty of ascertftiniog con-
iiaDguinity becomes almost iosupera-
ble. According to the ** Stemmata
^tticbeleatta," published in 1765, the
collateral descendants of our founder
were then to be traced through nearly
Iweke hundred families; but this,
which seems at first to Administer iaci-
' IKj* M in tact the soarce of many dis*
puted and disputable claims. In ITtS,
on an application to CornwalUs, areh^
bishop of Canterbury) as visitor, he
decreed that the number of fellows to
be admitted on claim of kindred should
be limited to twenty. In 1792, on the
dain of kindred by s person, when the
nuai)'«r of twenty: happened to be QOfls-
plete, the matter was re-he«fd, and th^
former archbishop's decree ratified and
oonfinned*
C H I C H E L E. «67
Wapenbain, Northamptonshire ; with the suppressed alien
priories of Romney in Kent ; the rectory of Upchurch ;
the priory of New Abbey near Abberbury, in Shropshire ;
of St. Clare in Carmarthenshire, and of Llangenith in
Glamorganshire. Wood says, that king Edward IV. took
into his hands all the revenues of this college and these
priories, because the society had "sided with Henry VL
against him ; but it appears by the college archives, that
the king took only these alien priories, and soon restored
them, probably because he considered it as an act of jus**
tice to rest(Mre what had been purchased from, and not
given, by the crown. Besides these possessions, the trus-
tees of the founder purchased the manors of Edgware,
Kingsbury, and Malories, in Middlesex, &c*; and Hebe*
queathed the sums of lZ4l. 6s, Sd. and«« thousand marks,
to be banked for the use of the college *.
These transactions passed -i^iefly during the building of
the college, which the aged founder often inspected. - In
14<42, it was capable of receiving the warden and felldws^-
who had hitherto been lodged at the archbishop*s expenses
in a hall and chambers hired for that purpose. The cha«
pel was consecrated, early in the same year, by the
founder, assisted by the bishops of Lincoln (Alnwick)^
Worcester (Bourchier), Norwich (Brown), and others who
were suffragans. The whole of the college was not iinisheil
before the latter end of 1444, and the expense of buildings
according to the accounts of 'Druell and Keys, may be
estimated at 4156/. 6s. 3ld. The purchases of ground^
books, chapel furniture, &c. amounted to 4302/. 5s, %(k
The subsequent history of this college is amply detailed in
t>ur authorities. ^
CHICOYNEAU (Francis), counsellor of state, and
first physician to the French king, was born at Montpellief
in 1 6f 2. Having obtained his doctor's degree, though no
more than twenty years old, he was sent to stop the pro-
gress .of the plague then raging at Marseilles, by the duke
of Orleans, regent of the kingdom. The boldness and
confidence with whicEi he entered that city, where every
. # He gmve ajio 1*23/. .6*. $d, to New to Um iaenilM!i9» end fabMribedLUifeljr
eollege, and the Mine f urn to Uie uni- to.Uie publie library,
Ternty cbest, ai a food for imall kians
1 Chalniert's Hitt. of Oiford.— Life of Chichele by Duck, an^ a better cbe
by Spenser, 1783, Sto, — ^BM)g.Brit-^ Wood's Colleges apd ^alU, and Auoals,^
^ateite Vte, p. 1.
268 C H I C O Y N E A U.
■ • •
one seemed only waiting for death, had a striking effect on
their fears. He encouraged the inhabitants^ and quieted
their alarms by his presence ; and his success was beyond
expectation. His services were rewarded by marks of
honour and a pension from the king. In 1731 he was
called to court to.be physician to the royal children, by
the interest of Chirac, whose daughter he had married;
and after whose death he was made first physician to the
king, counsellor of state, and superintendant of the mine-
xal waters of the kingdom. He died at Versailles in 1752,
aged near 80. The most curious o^ his works is that
wherein he maintains that the plagu<^ is not contagious,
entitled ^^ Observations et reflexions touchant la nature,
les evenements, et le traitement de la Peste de Marseilles,"
Paris, 1721, 12mor He published also a valuable collec-
tion of facts relative to the plague, under the title of
•* Traits des causes, &c. de la Peste," Paris, 1744, 4to. *
CHICOYNEAU (Aime Francis), born at Montpellier
in 1702, was brought up under his father, the subject of
the foregoing article. The famous Chirac afterwards
taught him the elements of physic, and he was instructed
in anatomy by Du Vernay and Winslow, and botany by
Yaillant, under whom he made great progress. The de-
monstration of the virtues of plants was his first function in
the university of Montpellier, which he executed with
great success, and the royal garden of that town, the most
ancient in the kingdom, the work of Henry IV. was en-
tirely renewed in a very short time. He died in 1740, at
t}ie age of 38, professor and chancellor of the university of
Montpellier, being the fifth of his family that had enjoyed
that dignity. '
CHJFFLET (John James), a physician and politician,
was born at Besan9on, a town of Franche Cpmt^, in 1588.
H<e was descended from a fao^ily distinguished by literary
merit, as well as by the services it bad done its country*
He was educated at Besan^on, and then travelled through
several parts of Europe, where he became acquainted with
all the men of letters, and in every place made his way
into the cabinets of the curious. At his return he applied
himself to the practice of physic ; but being sent by the
town of Besangon, where he had been consul, on an em4
bassy to Elizabeth Clara Eugenia, archduchess of the Low
t Moreri.-*X>ict Hist. > Ibid,
C H I P F L E T. S6f
Countries, thiat princess was so pleased with him, that she
prevailed with him to continue with ber in quality of phy-
sician in ordinary. Afterwards be became physician to
Philip IV* of Spain, who honoured him very highly, pnd
treated bim with great kindness-. ChifBet imagined, that
these bounties and honours obliged him to take up arms
against all who were at variance with his master ; and ac*>
cordingly wrote his book entitled " Vindioise Hispanicae,"
against the French. He wrote several pieces in Latin,
which were both ingenious and learned, and were collected
and published at Antwerp, 1659, fol.
His medical works were, ** Singulares ex curationibns
et cadaverum sectionibus observationes,^' Paris, 1611, 8vo,
in which he is weak enough to suppose many diseases to
be produced by the influence of the stars, but there are
nevertheless some useful and valuable observations in this
volume. *^ Pulvis febrifugus orbis American! ventilatus,*'
Lorain, 16^3, 4to. Intermittents that had' been stopped
by taking the J Peruvian bark^ frequently, he says, returnr,
and with increased violence ; he therefore dissuades from
using it.
Chifflet died in 1660, leaving a son, John Chifflet, who
afterwards made a figure in the republic of letters, parti-
cularly for his knowledge of the Hebrew. He had another
son, called Julius Chifflet, well* skilled in languages and
in the civil law, and who bad the honour to be invited to
Madrid by the king of Spain in 164S, where he was made
chancellor of the order of the golden fleece: He published
the ^< Hist, du Chevalier Jaq. de Lalain,'*' Brussds, 163^^,
4to; " G6nealogie de la Maison de Rye," 1644, folio;
*^ G6\\63iogie de la Maisdn de Tassis,'' 1645; fol; His^-
toria Velleris Aurei," Ant? 1653, 4to. Tbete was als6
Philip Chifflet^ canon, of Befian^on, &c. ^ Laurence and
Peter Francis Chifflet, Jesuits, who were all men of high
reputation \p the^learned world. The last-mentioned, who
died May II, 1682, aged ninety^two, left various woAs t
among the rest,^^^ L*Histoire de I'Abbaye' de Tournus,"
1664, 4to ; ^> Lettre sur Beatrix- Comtesse de Champagne/^
There hav^ been other learned men of this name, as may
be seen in Moreri, who is rather prblit on this family.^
CHILD (Wiluam), Mus. D. was a native of Bristol
anc^ a disciple of Elway fievifi. In 1 63 1, being then oF
I Moreri.— H«n«r BiU. M4d.-*SakU Onoduut
270 CHI LD. '
Christ- church <iollege, Oxfori), he took bis degree of btf*
chelor in music ; and in 1636, was appointed one of the
organists of St George's chapel at Windsor, in the roeHn
of l>r. John Munday, and soon after one of the organists
of the royal chapel at White-hali. After the restoration
be was appointed chanter of the king's chapel, and one of
the chamber musicians to Charles II. In. 166 3, the uni-
versity of Oxford conferred on him the degree of do<^or
in music, at an act celebrated in St. Mary's church. Dn
Child, after having been organist of Windsor chapel sixty*
five years, died in that town 1697, at ninety years of age*.
In tbe inscription on his grav^^stone, in the same, chapel,
it is recorded that he paved the body of that choir at.his
,own expense; he likewise gave 20L towards building
the town -hall at Windsor, and 50L to the corporation to
be disposed of in charitable uses, at their discretion. His
works are '^^ Psalms for Three Voices," &c. with, a con-
.tinued base either for the organ or theorbo^ composed
after the Italian way, London, 1639. ^ Catches, Rounds,
and Canons," published in Hilton's <' Catch that C&tch
can," 1652. << Divine Anthems and Compositions to se«
veral Pieces of Poetry," some of which were written by
Dr. Thomas Pierce, of Oxford. , Someof his secular com-
positions likewise appeared in a book entitled ^^ Court
Ayres," printed 1655. But his priucipal productions are
his services and full anthems, printed in Dr. Boyce's col-
lection. His style was so remarkably easy aiui natural^
compared with that to which choirmen had been accus*
tomed, that it was frequently treated by them with de-
rision. Indeed, his modulation, at present, is so nearly
modern, as not to produce that solemn and seemingly new
effect on our ears, which we now experience from the
productions of the siocteenth century. There are several
inedited and valuable compositions by Dr. Child preserved
in Dr. Tudway's manuscript ^^ Collection of Engli^ Church
Music," in the British Museum.^
• CHILDREY (Joshua), . a divine and Mtural philoso-
pher, was bom in 1623, and educated, at Rochester,
.whence he removed to Magdalen^^coUege, Oxford, io
164^, and became one of the clerks of the house, but ap-
pears to haye left the university on the iMreakiug out^of
the rebellion* When Oxford was surrendered to the par-^
1 Buniey sad Hswkiai^ Hitt of Mttiic«
c H 1 L D R E Y. an
liameDtary forces, he returned and took his bachelox's
degree, but two years after was expelled by the parlia-
mentary visitors. He then subsisted by teaching . sbhool
at FeversbaiDy in Kent, although not without interruption
from the republican party ; but on the restoration, he was
made chaplain, to Henry lord Herbert, was created D. D.
and bad the rectory- of. Upway, in Dorsetshire, bestowed
upon him. In Jan. 1663, be was collated to the arch*
deaconry of Salisbury, and in June 1664 to the- prebend
of Yatmittster prim^ in the same church, by bishop Earle,
who valued him as a learned and pious divine, and a great
virtuoso. He died at Upway, Aug, .26, 1670, and was
buried in the Cancel of Us cbarcb. He published, 1. a
pamphlet entitled <^ Indago Astrologica,'' 1652, 4to. 2.
'^ Syzygiasticon instauratum,< or an Epheroeris of the places
and aspects of .the Planets, &c«" Lond. 1653, 8 vo. In
both these is socpexvhat too much leaning to the then
fashionable reveries of astrology ; but it appears by his
correspondence with the secretary of the royal society, that
he had. made large collections for a more* sound pursuit .of
the subjects usually investigated by that learned body,
particularly of > jiatural curiosities. His other publication
was entitled ^^, Britannia Baconioa,-or the natural raritiesv
of England, Scotland, and Wales, historically related, ac-
cording to the precepts of lord Bacon," &c." Lond. 16dJ,
8vo. It was this work which first suggested to Dr. Plot his
^VNatural History of Oxfordshire/^ .
CHILLINGWORTH (WiLUAM*), adivinoofthechucch
^f .England,' celebrated for ius coiutroversial talents, .was
>the soa of William ChiUingworth, citizen, afterwards «mayor
of Q:i|fi>rd, and bom. these. Oetobec . ] 602^ He was bap«
tizedon the. last of that months. Laud^ archbishop of Can*
terbary,. but then fellow, of St* John's-ccilege^ i>eing his
godfather.:. A&e(r he had biaen educated io grammar
learnii^ ^ & prinato school in thatieity, he was adibitted
H scholar of Trinity-college^. June 2, 161(8;, and elected
r felloNflf Juna <^ip,: I62^.;ra£ter h^vin^« t^kea his .degrees of
B. A« arid M. A«un tby^; regular way. . He did : not confine
.fai3 studies (0 divinity: be applied himself ivitk gceatsuc*
ceas tq;inf^tbematics; nand, 1 whit ^howwtbe^ extent of- his
genius,, he wastaUo aQoou^vted^a good.^aet:, ^ Accordingly,
1 1
" ' ' * AUip Ox, vqI. iLr^^aikeW ^u^Bnifs of the cUrgy,
J72 C H I L L I N G W O R T tt
sit John Suckling has mentiotied him in his Session of the
Poets : '
" There was Seldeti, and be set hard by the chair ;
Wainman not &r off, which was very hat.
Sands with Townshend, tor tfaey kept no order^
Pigby and ChiUingsworth a little further/'
The conrersation and study of the uhiirersity scholars, in
his time, turned chiefly upon the controversies between
the church of England and the church of Ronrfe, occa-
sioned by the uncommoti liberty allowed the Romish priests
by James I. and Charles I. Several of them lived at or
near Oxford, and made frequent attempts upon theyodng
acholars ; some of whom they deluded to the Romish re-
ligion^ and afterwards conveyed to the English seminaries
beyond sea. Among these there was the famous Jesuit:,
John Fisher, alias John Perse, for that was his true name,
who was then muoh at Oxfbrd ; and Cbiiiingworth '' being
accounted a very ingenious man, Fisher used ^11 possible
means of being acquainted with hiin. Their (Conversation
$oon turned upon the points controverted between the two
chiinches, but particularly on the necessity of an infeillible
living judg^ in matters of faitli. Chiltingwortfa found him*
self unable to answer >tbe arguments of tlie Jesuit on this,
head; and being convinced of the* necessity of such a
judge, he was easily brought to believe that this judge
was. to be found in the church of Rome ; that therefore the
church of Rome must be the true ^ church, and the only
dburch in which men could be saved. Upon thiahe for-
sook ^he communion of the church of England, and cor-
dially embraced the Romish religion.
" In order to secure his conquest, Fisher persuaded hini
to go over to the college of the Jesuits at Doway ; and he
was desired to set down in writing the'niotives or reasons
which had engaged hint to embrace the Romish religion.
But his godfttther, Laud, who was then bishop of London,
hearing of this afiair, and being extremely concerned at
it, wrote to. him; and Chiliihgworth*s answer expressing
much moderation, candour, and. iihparjtiality, that prelate
continued to correspond with him, and to press' hinni with
several argutiaent^ against ihe doctrine and practice of the
Bbmafnists. '^\s set him dpon a new inquiry, ^hicb had
the desired effect. But the place where he was not being
suitable to the state of a free and impartial inquirer, he
resolved to come back to England^ and left Doway ia
CHILLI N G W O R T B^ ^S^
i^Sly after a short stay there. Upon bis return, h^ was'
received with great kindness and affection by bishop Laud»,
who approved bis design of retiring to Oxford, of which'
tiniversity that prelate was then chancellor, in order to
complete the important work he was then upon, ** A free
Enquiry- into Religion." At last, after a thorough ex*ami*
nation, the protestant principles appearing to him the most
agreeable to holy scripture and reason, he declared for
them; and having fully discovered the sophistty of the
motives which had induced him to go over to the church
of Rome, he wrote a paper about 1634 to confute them,
but did not think proper to publish it. This paper is no\r
lost; for though we have a. paper of his upon the same
subject, which was first published in 1 687, among bis ad«
ditional discourses^ yet it seems to have been written on
some other occasion, probably at the desire of some of
bis friends. That his return to the church of England was
owing, to bishop Laud, appears from that prelate's appeal-
to the letters which passed, between them ; which appeal
was made in his speech before the lords at his trial, in order
to vindicate himself from the charge of popery. '
As, in forsaking the chutxsh of England, as well as in
returning. to it, he was solely influenced by a love of truths
so, upon the same principles, even after his return toprO'-
testantism, he thought ijt incumbent upon him to re^exa«-
mine the grounds of it. This appears from a letter he
wrote to Sheldon, containing some scruples he had about
leaving the church of Rome, and returning to the church
of England ; and these scruples, which be declared in«
genuously to his friends,, seemed to have occasioned a re^
port that he had turned papist a second time, and then
prot^stant i^ain. It would have been more just, perhaps^
to conclude that his principles were still unsettled, but, as
his retuni to the . protestant religion made much noise, he
became engaged in several disputes with those of the
Romish ; and particularly with John Lewgar, John Floyd
a Jeauit, who went under the name of Daniel, of Dan. a'
Jesu, and White. Lewgar, a great zealot for tl>e church
of Rome, and one who had been an intiniate friend of our
author, . as soon as he heard of his return to the church of
England^ sent him a very angry andabosive letter; to which
ChilliBgworth returned so mild and affectionate an answer,
that Lewgar could not help being touched with it^ and '
desired to see his old friend again. They bad a eonference
Vol. IX. T
I
f76 C H I L L I N G W O R T H.
notice of at the bottom of each page^ with the word* OxC
or Lond. after them. The tenth and last edition is of the
year 1742, with the "Life of Mr. CbilUngworth/* by Dr. Bircb^
lyhich life was copied into the General Dictionary^ 10 vols.
fol. The Jesuit Knotty as well as Floyd and Lacy^ Jesuits^
wrote against Chillingworth $ but their answers were soon
forgotten.
In the mean time he had refused preferment, Which wa9
offered him by sir Thomas Coventry, keeper cS the great
seal, because his consciei?ce would net allow mm to sub->
scribe the thirty-nine arilqlea. Con«derin^ that^ by,sub«
scribing the articles^ he must qot only declare^ willingly^
and €x animOf that every one of the sinticles is agreeable
to the word of God, mxt also that the book of commoir
prayer ebntained nothing contrary to the word of. God ^
th^t it might lawfully be used ; and that he himself would
ilse it : and conceiving at the same time that, both in the'
articles and in -the book of common prayer, there were
siome things repugnant to the scripture, or which were
not lawful to.f»e used, be fully resolved to lose for ever all
hopes: Q^; preferment, rather tbapi comply with &e sub-^
scriptiofls required. One of his chief objections to the
common, prayer related to the Athan^si^n creed, ther
daiQuatpry clauses of which he looked upon as contrary to
the wprd of Gp^* Another objection qoncemed the fourtb
<;pmniandmeDt^ which, by the prayer subjoined, to it^
*^ Lord, have merdy upon us,^^ &c. appeared t^ him to be
n^de a part of the Christian lawy and corvsequently to bind
Christians to the observation of the Jewish sabbath. . These
scruples of oc^ author, about subscribing the articles, fur-
liished his antagonist Knott with an ob^ctioh against hioo^
ajT ai^ improper champion for the protestant* cause. Tor
which he answers in the close of his preface to the *^ Re-
ligion' of Protestants.*'' He expresses' here not only bi9
readiness to subscribe, but also what he conceives to be
the sense and,ii>tent of such a subscription ; thait.is, a sub-'
scription of peace or union, and not of belief or assent, as
he formerly thought it was. This was also the sense of
archbishop Laud, with whiph he could not then be unac-
quainted ; and of his friend Sheldon^ who laboured to
convince hin» of it, md was„ no doubt, the person that
brought him at^ last into it. For there is in Des Maiseaux^st
a^comit, a letter which he wrote to Sheldon upon this oc-
casion ; and it seems tliere passed several letters betweefk
CHILLINGWORTH- 277
them upon ^is subject. Such at least is the apology wbieli
tkis biographers have o^ered for his ready subscriptioiii
' after it bad appeared to every impartial person that hisob*
Jections were insurmountable. The apology we think as
weak, as bis subscription was strong and decisive, runnkig
in the usual language, ^^ omnibus hisce articulis et singtiUs
In lisdeto amtentis volen;}, et e^ animQ . s.iibscriboy et c^<»
^nsum mtum iisdem pr^sb^o.'' The distinction, after sueh
a declaratljion, between pe^ce and union, afid belief and
assent, is, we fear, too subtle for conotmon understaodiogi*.
When, by whatever means, he bad got the better of Mi
scruples, he was promoted to the chanc^Uorsbip of Sali9*
bury, with .the prebend of Bri|f:worth, in Northampto{)$hin8^
annexed; and^ |ks appears from the subscription-book of
the church of ^lisbury, upon Ji^ly 20, 16S8, C!OQi||>Hdd
fvith the usual subscription, in the map^u^r just relsited;'
About the same time he was appointed mastin: Qf Wigston*^
hospital, in t<^icestershire ; ^^ both which," s^ya Wood^
^^ and {)erbaps some other preferHQents, k^ kept to bis
flying day/' In 1640 he was deputed by the chapter of
Salisbury th^eir proctor in ocHivocation. . He was likewise
deput/^ to ^e cQnvocation which ti^et the same year with
the new parliament, and was opened Nov. 4, In 1^42 b«
was put into the roll with some others by bis majesty, 1^
be created D. D. ; but the pivil war bt^^fiy o^ti he never
received it. He w^s zealously attached to. tb^ royal paM;y)
latnd at the siege of Gloucester,, begun Attg> 10, tQ43, wm
present in {the king^s army, where he a4y^d »ad directed
the making certain, engines, for ^ssau}ting th^ town, aft^
^he manner of ^e Roman tcstudin^s cum pl^Aw^ but whidi
tihe success of the enemy pr^v^nted bim itam .e9»|>loying^
jSoon aft^r, having accompanied the lofd ilopton, geneml
of the king's foixes in the west, to Arundel castle,, iq Su^SeK^
^nd choosing to repose himself in tfafit garrison, on accottnt
of an indisposition, opcaaioned by the severity of the seit't
son,. he was taken prisoner Dec. 9, .164$, by the pltr^
ment forces under the cojQAmand of sir WUlian^ Waller^
when the cjastle surrendered* £ut bi^ liUn^sa increasing^
and not being able to go to London witb the gfurrisan^ Jmt
obtained leave to be couvewd to (>hiche)ster<; wbem bei
was lodged in the bishop's p^ace^ ai^ where, after a sh^nrt
illness,, be died. We h^ve ^ )^ery particular It^^count o£
his sickqe^$ and* death, written by bis ^reat adversary, . Mr.>
Cheynell, in bis ^^ Chillingwortbi Novissima, or the sick-
^s
C H I L L I N G W O R T H.
ness, heresy, death, and burial, of William Chilling-'
worth, &c/* London, 1644, 4to. Cheynell accidentally
xnet him at Arundel castle, and frequently visited him at
Chichester, till he died. It v^s indeed at the request of
this gentleman, tliat our author was removed to Chichester;
where Cheynell attended him constantly, and behaved to
him with as much compassion and charity as his bigotted
and uncharitable principles would suffer him. There is na
reason^ however, to doubt the truth of CheynelPs account,
as to the most material circumstances, which prove that
Chillingworth was attended during his sickness, and pro-
Tided with all necessaries, by one lieutenant GoUedge,
and his wife Christobel, at the command of the governor
of Chichester; that at first he refused the assistance of sir
William Walier^s physician, but afterwards was persuaded
%to admit his visits, though there were no hopes of his re*'
coTery ; that his indisposition was increased by the abusive
treatment he met with from most of the officers who were
taken prisoners with him in Arundel castle, and who looked
upon him as a spy set over, them and their proceedings ;
and that during bis whole illness he was often teased by
Cheynell himself, and by an officer of the garrison of Chi*
Chester, with impertinent questions and disputes. ^ And on
the 8an>e ahtbority we may conclude that lord Clarendon
was misinformed of the particulars of his^ death ; for, after
having observed that he was taken prisoner in Arundel
castle, he adds : ^^ As soon as his person was known, which
would have drawn reverence from any noble enemy, thq
clergy that attended that army prosecuted him with all
the inhumanity imaginable ; so that by thair barbarous
usage, he died withiii a few days, to the grief of all that
hnew'him, and of many who knew him not, but by his
hook^ and the reputation he had with learned men.'*
From this it appears that the noble historian did npt know,
or bad forgot, that he was sent to Chichester, but believed
that he died in Arundel castle, and within a few days after
the taking of it by sir William Waller. Wood tells us
alsOy that the royal party in Chichester looked upon the
hBpertinemt discourses of Cheynell. to our author, as a
ahortening of his days. He is' supposed to have died Jan.-
30^- tBbugh 'the day is not precisely known, and was bu-
lied, acoording to hi$ own desire, ' in the cathedral church,
pf Chich^st^. Cheynell appeared at bts funeral^ and gav^
C H I L L I N G W O R T H. 27S
:43iat instance of bigotry and bufibonery which we have related
'already under bi$ article.
For his character Wood has given the following: ** He
was a most noted philosopher and orator, and, without
doubt, a poet also ; and had such an admirable faculty in
reclainiing schismatics and confuting papists, that none in
his time went beyond him. He had also very great skill
in mathematics. — He was a subtle and quick disputant, and
would several times put the king's professor to a push.
Hobbes of Malmesbury would often say, that he was like
a lusty fighting fellow, that did drive his enemies before
hitn, but would often give bis own party smart back-blows^
and it was the current opinion of the university^ that he
and Lucius lord Falkland,'' who by the way was his most
iutimate friend, ^' l>ad such extraordinary clear reason,
that, if the great Turk or devil were to be converted, they
were able to do it He was a man of little stature, but of
great soul: which, if times had been serene, and life
spared, might have don« incomparable services to the church
of England." Archbishop Tillotson has sf^oken of him in
the highest terms :^^ I know not how it comes to pass,!'
Stays that eminent prelate, ^' but so it is, that every on^
that offers to give a reasonable account of his £aith, and to
establish religion upon rational principles,, is presently-
branded for a Socinian ; of which we have a sad instance
in that incomparable person Mr. Chillingwortb, the glory
of this age and nation: who, for no other cause that I
know of, but his worthy and successful attempts to make the
Christian religion reasonable, and to discover those firm
and solid foundations upon which our faith is built, has
been requited with this black and odious character. (But,
if this be Socinianism, for a man to inquire "into the"*
grounds and reasons of Christian religion, and to endea)^
vour to give a satisfactory account why he believes it, I
know no way, but that all considerate and inquisitive men,
that are above fancy and enthusiasm, must be either Soci>>
nians or atheists." Mr. Locke has also spoken of Chilling^
worth with equal commendation. In a small tract, coob
taining ^' Some thoughts concerning reading and study for
a gentleman," after having observed that the art of speaks-
ing well consists chiefly in two things, .namely, perspicuity
and right reasoning, and proposed Dr^ Tillotson as.a pat*
I tern for the attainment of the art of speaking clearly, he
adds : *^ Besides perspicuity, thejce miist be also right
2tO ,C H I L L I N O W O R T a
tm^oning, Brilhout wbich, perspicuitv sevros but t6 ttacfiMiB
the speaker^ And for attaining of .tbts, I should {nrotloapttiid
'.Gon9t2^iH Beading oif ChiUingwortb, who, by bia ekample,
^ili .teacb both perspicuity and the way of tight reasoniiig^
rbetter than a^y book that I know i and thetadbre will de*
:SiSirv» to .be jr^d lupoD thait acoouoi cnrer «nd jover agaiii ;
jHOt to say any /thing of his m^ument.*^
LcMrd Clarendon^s ^aracter of him, -however, appeam
jraperior to any given by those wbo had no pcsrsoiud know-
ledge of ChiUingwortb. ** Mr. Obiliingworth,^* sa3its that
fudjaoirable portrait-painter, ^^ was of a statuiie little sup^if
•rioMT to Mr. Hales, (and it was an agpe in wiucb there •wei«
many great and wonderful 4asen of that size)' ami a inaKof
MO great a subtilty of uhdeni^ndifig, and so rare a tempei^
in debate, that as it was impossible topxiovoke him inisqp
any passion, so it was very diffieult to keep a man^s •self
irom being a little ^scomposed by his sharpness. Mi
quidmess of argument, and instances; in which he had ^
jrare. facility, and a great advantage over all the qo^n I «veif
knew. He bad spent all his younger tioie in 4ispu4^oti i
^jul bad arrived to so great a mastery, as he was inferioii
to no man in those skirmisrties ; but be had, witb bi^-n^^tt-
ble perfection in this exercise, eontraoted such an irreso*
lutioQ, and h^bit of dpubtkig, thftt iby^ "degiees he gr6«^
confident of nothing, and a sceptic at least, in tbe greatest
ipy^teries of faith.
. >^This inade him from first wavering it| religion, an^
indulging to scruj^les, to reconcile bi0self too soon, am)
too easily to the church of Rome ; and carrying still bii
9wn ipquisitiveness about him, without any resignation t<>
their authority (which is the only temper can makq
that cbvircb spre of its proselytes) having made a journey
to St Om^s (Doway), purely to perfect his oonvevsion,
by the conversation of those who ha4 the greditest name,,
be fouod as little satisfaction there, and returned with as
much baste from them; with a belief that an entire e)^-
^mption from error was neither inherent in, nor necessary'
to any church :< which occasioned that war, which was car-?
vied on by the Jesuits with so great asperity and re«
proaches against him, and ^ in which he defende'd himself
by such an admirable eloquence pf language, and clear,
and incom^parable power of reason, that be qot only made
tbem i^pear unequal adversaries, but. carried tbe war ioto'
|bpir awn quarters ; and mad^ tbe pope^s infallibility to be
JD H I L L I N O W O It T H. Ml
^imooh Aludcen, »iid dedioed by theit own doctors (and
as great an acrimouy amonggt themselves upon that subjeci^
aad to be 4U least as much doubted, as in the schools of
the reformed or pi»testaiit; and forced tbem since^ to
defend and maintain those unhappy controversies in reti-
gion, with arms and weapons of another iiatnre, than werb
used) or known in the church of Rome, whenBellarmine
died ; and which probably will i& time undermine the very
iiattudation that supports it.
'* Such a levity and propensity to change is commonly
attended with great infirmities in, and no less reproach
and prqudioe to the person ; but the sincerity of his heart
was so conspicuous and without the least temptation of any
comipt end, and the innocence and candour in Us nature
#0 evident and without any perverseness ; that all who
ifjkew him, clearly discerned, that all those restless motions
and fluctuations proceeded only fmm the warmth and jea*
Ipttsy of bis own tbonghts, in a too nice inquisition for
truth. Neither the books of the lidversary, nor any of
their persons, though he was acquainted with the best of
both, had ever made groat impression upon him : all hh
dosibts gr^w out of himself, when he assisted his scruples
with all the strength of his own reason, and was then tab
})ard for himself; but finding as little quiet and repose in
Itfaose victories, he quickly recovered, by a new appeal tb
bis own judgoient; so that he was in truth, upon the mat-
ter, in all his sallies, and retreats, his own convert ; though
be was not so totally divested of all thoughts of this world,
but that when be was ready ibr it, he admitted some greiit
and considerable churchmen to be sharers with him in his
public oonversion.
^* He did readily believe all war to be unlawfiit ; and
did not tbiffk that the parliament (whose proceedings he
|>erfectly abhorred) did in truth intend to involve the na-
tion in a civil war, till after the battle of Edgehilt ; and
then he thought any expedient, or stratagem that was like
fo put a speedy end to it, to be the most commendable. '
*^ He was a man of excellent parts, and of a cfaeerfaf
disposition; void of all kind of vice, and endiked With
fnany notable virtues ; of a very public heart, knd' an 'in-
defatigable desire to do good ; bis ^nly unbappiness pro**
oeeded from his sleeping too little, and thinking too much ;
whjch sometimes threw him into violent fevers.'* <
sm CHILLING WO R T tt
With respect to his inclination to Socinian tenets, that
pdint has heen so clearly demonstrated by the. late Mr*
Whitaker, in his <' Origin of Arianism disclosed/' p. 482-r-
.492^ as to admit of no doubt. Dr. Kippis, in the last
edition of the 3iograpbia Britannica, acknowledged him-
self to be convinced by Mr. Whitaker's testimonies and
reasonings, and therefore retracted what he had said on the
subject, in a preceding volume.
Besides the works already noticed, there are extant of
Mr. ChilUngworth's, ^^ Nine Sernions on occasional sub-
jects,'' 1664^, 4to; and a tract called ^^ The Apostolical
Institution of Episcopacy," 1644, 4to« It was also added
to an edition of a tract on the same subject, by Dr. Morton,
bishop of Durhaqa, entitled ^^ Confessions and proofs of
protestant divines," 1644, 4to. A volume. of bis manu-
script tracts, chiefly of the controversial kind, is among
the manuscripts in the Lambeth library, which. archbishop
Teuison purchased of Mr. I^enry Wharton. Mr. Chilling-
worth left his relations residuary legatees to his property,
after a few trifling legacies, and the sum of 400/. to the
corporation of Oxford for charitable purpoaies. ^ .
CHILMEAD (Edward), an excellent Greek and Latin
scholar and mathematician, was born in 1610 at Siow in
the Wold, in Gloucestershire, and became one of the clerb
of Magdalen college, Oxford; and in 1632, one of the petty
carions or chaplains of Christ church. Being ejected from
this by the parliamentary visitors in 1648, he came to
London in great necessity, and took lodgings in the bouse
of Thomas Est, a musician and music pripter, in Alders^
^gate street. There being a large ropm in this house, Chil-
mead made use of it for a weekly music meeting, from the
profits of which he derived a slender subsistence,. aQ4 Pro-
bably improved it by being employed as translator. He
died in 1653, having for some years received relief from
Hdward Bysshe, esq. garter kipg at. arms, and sir Henry
Holbrook, the translator of Procopius. He was interred in
the church of St. Botolph without Aldersgate* Among
bis works, qur musical historians notice his tract ^' De
musica antiqua Gra&ca,'' printed in 1672, at the end of the
Oxford edition of Aratus: he abo wrote annotations on
three odes of Dionysius, in the same volume, with the
•- •
' Life by Des Malzeauz, London, 1725, 8vo. — Gen. DicJt. — Biog. Brit-^
Cheyneil's ChilliDsworthi No^issima.— Clarendon's Life, — Ath. Ox. vol. IL
C H I L M E A D. ass
anicient Greek musical characters, which Chilmead ren-^
dered in the notes of Guido*s scale* His other works are,
1. *^ Versio Latina et Annotationes in Joan. Malaise Chro-
Bographiam/* Oxf. 1691, 8vo. 2. A translation, from the
French of Ferrand, of ** A Treatise on Love, or Erotic
Melancholy,*' 1640, Svo. 3. Gaffarel's *« Unheard-of Cu^
liosities/' 4. Campanella's ** Discourse touching the
Spanish monarchy," which not seiling, Prynne prefixed aa
epistle and a new title, *^ Thomas Campanella's advice ta
the king of Spain, for obtaining the universal monarchy of
the world," Lond. 1659, 4to. 5. Hues' ^•'Treatise of the
Globes," ibid. 1639 and 1659; and 6. Modena's << History
of the Rites, Customs, &c. of the Jews," ibid* 1650. He
also compiled the ^* Catalogus MSS. Gseecorum in BibL
Bodl/* 1636, a manuscript for the use of the Bodleian,
and the most complete of its time. ^
CHILO, one of the -wise men of Greece, as they arc
called, flourished about the first year of the fifty-sixth^
Olympiad, or 556 B. C. Diogenes Laertius, however^
think? he was an old man in the fifty -second olympiad.'
Fenelon, with his usual respect for the ancient philoso**
phers, asserts that he was a perfect model of virtue. About
the fifty-fifth olympiad, he was made one of the ephprt
at Lacedsmon, a dignity ^which counterbalanced the au«
thority 6f the kings. He appears to have been supersti*
tiously attached to divination, and stories are told of his'
fi^retelling future events, which he contended might be
done by the human intellectl He died at Pisa^ through
excess of joy, when embracing his son, who had retomed
ffom the Olympic games, crowned as victor. He executed
the offices of magistracy with so much uprightness, that in
bis old age, he said, that he recollected nothing in his public
eonduct which gave him uneasiness, except that, in onein*^'
fttance, be bad endeavoured to screen a firiend from punish-:*
menti He held, however, the selfish maxim of Pittacus^
that ^^ we ought to love as if we were one day to hate, and
bate, ad if we were one day to love.'* The more valuable
of hu precepts and maxims, were :< — ^Three things are dif**
ficult: to keep a secret,* to bear an injury patiently, and
to spend leisure well.-^Visit your fviend in misfortune
rather than in prosperity. — Never ridicule the unfortunate.
<v!r>Think befbfre you speak.-^— Do not desire impossibilities*.
\ Ath. 0;|. wl. ll.«*9awkini's Hisfc. of Musk:.
2011 C H I S H U L L.
a sennon, on the 23d of November, at SeijeftntViitil
^hapel, in Chancery'laney which was published in the
beginning of 1708, and was entitled, *^ The great Danger
and Mistake of all new. uninspired Prophecies relating to
the End of the World,'' with an appendix of historical
collections applicable to subject. On the 1st of SepteoA-
ber, in the same year, he was presented to the vicarage of
Walthamstow, in Essex; and in 1711, he had the honour
of being appointed one of the chaplains in ordinary to the
^ueen. About the same time, he pubHshed a visitation
Mid, a few other occasional sermons, preached on public
occasions, all which were favourably received. But he^
soon became, more distinguished for his researches in an-
cient literature and history*
One of his first publications in these sciences appeared in*
1721, and was entitled, . <^ Inscriptio Sigsea antiquissin&a
BOT£TPO$HAON exarata. Commentario earn Historico-
Grammatico-Critico illustravit Edmundus Chishuil, S.T.B*
' retgiae majestati a sacris,'' folio. This was followed by'
^VNotarum ad inscriptionem Sigaeam appendicula ; addit&
a Sigaeo alter^ Antiochi Soteris in^criptione,'' folio, in
fifteen pages, without a date. Both these pieces were
afterwards incorporated in his << Antiquitates Asiaticae.**
When Dr. Mead, in 1724, published his Harveian oration^
delivered in the preceding year at the royal college of
physicians, Mr. Chishuil added to it, by way of appendix^-
*^ Dissertatio de Nummis quibusdam k Smyrnseis in Medi-
corum honorem percussis,^' which gave rise to a contro-»
versy very interesting to the professors of the medical art,
and amusing to the learned world in general. The ques*
tion was, whether the physicians of ancient Rome were not
usually vile and despicable slaves, or whether there were
not some, at least, among them, who enjoyed the privileges
of a free condition, and the respect due to their services. '
The history of this controversy will be found in the articles of
Mead and Middleton ; but Mr. Chishuil has not been deemed
happy in all his explanations of the Smyrnsean inscriptions*
In 1728 appeared in folio, his great work, '^Antiqui-
tates Asiatics^ Obristianam JEram autecedentes ; ex pri-
mariis Monumentis Grsecis descriptse, Latine v^sse, Notis-^
que et Comquentariis illustrates. Accedit Monumentum
Latinum Ancyranum.'' Dr. Mead contributed fifty-one
guineas. Dr. William Sherard twenty, and* Dr. Lisle five
guineas towards this book^ which was published by sub-
CHISfiULL. S37
ittriptioQ, afc on& goitiea the common copy, and twa gui«^
peas the .royal paper. The work contains a collection of^
ioscriptions made by consul Sherard, Dr. Picenini, and
Dr. Lisle, afterwards bishop of St. Asaph, which was de-
posited in the earl of Oxford's library, and is now in the
British Museum. Mr. CbishaU added to the ^^ Antiquitate»
Asiatics^'' two small pieces which be had before published^
mz, ^^ConjectaneadeNummoCKIini inscripto/' and ^^ Iter
AsisB Poeticum,'' addressed to the rev. John Horn. Our
author not having succeeded in his explication of an in*
jvcription to Jupiter Ourios, ' afterwards cancelled it, and
substituted a different interpretation by Dr. Ashton, which
was more satisfactory; but our author did- not submit in
ihis case with so good a grace as might have been wished^
^d was reasonably to be expected. He added also, at the
saoae time, anoth^ half sheet, with the head of Homer, of
which only fifty copies were printed. He had formed the
design of publishing a second volume, under the title of
'^ Antiquitates Asiaticae ; pars altera diversa, diversarum
Urbium inscripta Marmora complectens,*' and the printing
was begun ; but the author's death put a stop to the pro-
gress of it, and the manuscript was purchased at Dr. As-
I^ew'ssale in 1785 for the British Museum, for about 601.
It is to be regretted that the learned Thomas T3nrwhitt de-
clined being the editor of this second volume. Mr. Chi- :
shuirs printed books were sold by a marked catalogue by
lyhiston in 17^5. In 1731, Mr. Chishull was presented
to the rectory of South-church in Essex. This preferment
he did ^ot long live to enjoy ; for he departed the present
life at Waltliamstow, on the 18th of May, 1733. Mn
Clarke, of Chichester, writing to Mr. Bowyer, says, '^ I was
viery sorry for Mr^ ChishuU's death as a public loss." That -
our author sustained an excellent character, as a clergy-
man and a divine, cannot be doubted. Two letters, writ-
ten by him to bis friend Mr. Bowyer, and which Mr.
Nichols has preserved, are evident proofs both of the piety
and benevolence of his disposition. With respect to hi^
literary abilities, Dr^ Taylor styles him " Vir celeberrimus
iBgenii acumine et ^terarum peritta, quibus excellebat'
maxime ;'' and Dr. Mead has bestowed a high encomium
i:q»on him, in the.preface which introduces Mr. ChishuU^s.
Dissertation on the Smyrnaean Coins. The same eminent
pbjrsician testified his regard to the memory of his learned
friend, by publishing in 1747 our author's "Travels in
fSS CHISHULL.
I
Turkey, and back to England/' fol. They were originally
poblisbed at a guinea, in sheets,, and in 1759, the remain^-
ing copies, which were numerous, were advertised by tbo
proprietors at fourteen. shillings bound.'
CHISI, or CHIGI, or GHISI (Agostixi), a merchant
at Rome, and a patron of literature and the artst was a na*^
tive of Siena, in the fifteenth and sixteenth: centuries, who-
having frequent occasion, in his mercantile coaeernB, to
lesort to Rome, at length fixed his abode there, and erects
ed for himself a splendid mansion in theTmnstevere, which
he decorated with works in painting and sculpture by ther
greatest artists of the time. He had long been considered
as the wealthiest merchant in Italy ; and on the expeditiait
of Charles VIIL against the kingdom of Naples^ had ad-^t
vaiiced for the use of that monarch a considerable sum of
moneyy which it is thought he never recovered; His wealtla
be employed in encouraging pahiting, sculpture, and every
branch of the fine arts, and likewise devoted himself tothcr
restoration of ancient learning. Among the learned meii
whom he distingoisbed by his particular favour, was Cor«
nelio Benigno of Viterboy who united to a sound critical"
judgment an intimate acquaintance with the Greek tongue^
and had before joined with a few other eminent «cholarsia
revising and correcting the geographical work* of Pt(4o«
ssseus, which was published at Rome in 1507. Under the
patronage of Chisi, Comelio produced atZaccaria Callier«»
go's press, the fine edition of the works of Pindar, 1515^
4to, the first Greek book printed at Rome ; and from the
same press issued the correct edition of the Idyilia and
Epigrams of Theocritus, 1516. It is. said that it was not
only in his patronage of letters and of the arts that Chisi
emulated the Roman pontif!s, but vied with them also i»
the luxury of his table, and the costly and ostentatious ex -^^
travagance of bis feasts. His death is said to have oecurred
in 1520. After this event, his family were driven froat
Rome by Paul III. who seized upon their mansioft in the
Transrevere, and converted it into a sort of aqipendage to
the Famese palace, whence it has since been called the
Farnesina. But in the ensuing century, the family of
Chisi, or Chigi, rose to pontifical honours in the person of
Alexander VII. Fabio Chigi ; who established it : in great
- 1 Biog; Brit, from infornuticm chieSy in Kichok-s BoirfeP| whsm Me
curioas letters of Mr. CiMihull.'-Atik Ov^o^* II*
C H I S I. S89
«i^t^ witifaout, however, restoring to it the family mao^
sion, which has descended with the possessions of the Far*
Bese to the king of Naples, to whom it now belongs. ^
CHOISI (Francis TiMOLEON de), dean of the cathedral
at Bayeax, and one of the members of the French aca- '
demy, was born April 16, 1644, at Paris. He was sent to
the king of Siam, with the chevalier de Chauimont in 1685,
and ordained priest in the Indies by the apostolical vicar.
He died October 2, 1724, at Paris, aged Hi. Although his
life in our authorities is very prolix, he seems entitled to
very little notice or respect. His youth was very iVregular.
Disguised as a woman, under the name of comtesse dea
BarreSj he abandoned himself to the libertinism which su<^
a disguise encouraged ; but we are told that he did not act
thus at the time of writing his ecclesiastical history ; though
sudi a report might probably arise from his having been so
accustomed from his youth to dress in woman^s clothes, to
please Monsieur, brother of Louis XIV. who liked such
amusements, that be wore petticoats at his house as long as
iie lived, equally a disgrace to himself and his patron. The
principal of his works are, 1 . ^' Quatre Dialogues sur I'lm^
mortality de TAme," &c ; which he wrote with M. Dan-»
geau, f2mo. 2. "Relation du Voyage de Siam," 12mo.;
S. **HistDijres de Piet6 et de Morale," 2 vols. 12mo. 4.
^^ Hist. Ecclesiastique,'' 11 vols, in 4to, and in 12mo. 3:
** LaVie de David, avec une Interpretation des Pseisiumes,^*
4to. 6. <*The Lives of Solomon j of St. L6uis, 4to; of
Philip de Valois, and of king John, 4to ; of Charles V. 4to;
of Charles VL 4tp ; and of Mad. de Miramion, 12mo; his
Memoirs, 12mo. These are all superficial works, and have
found readers only from their being written in that free and
natural style which amuses the atteotion. What he wrote
on the French history has been printed in 4 vols. 12mo.
His Ufe was published at Geneva, 1748, 8vo, supposed to
be written by the abb6 d'Olivet, who has inserted in it the
Historyof la comtesse des Barres, 1736, small 12mo, written
by tfae^bb^ Choisi himself/'
' CHOKIER (John Ernest de), the brothear of Erasmus
de Surl^, lord of Chokier (one of the ablest lawyers of his
time, who died in 1625), was born at Liege Jan. 14, 157]>
of .an ancient and noble family^ * He studied lai# at the
university of Lova^ne, and especially the Roman history
* Roscoe's Leo.— Gen. Diet* art Chi^i.
^ D'Alembert's Hist, de Pacad. Franc. — Moreri.
Vol. IX. U
290 C H O K I E R.
and antiquities under Lipsius. After taking the degree of
doctor in canon and civil law at Orleans, he went to Rome,
and was introduced to pope Paul V. On hij return to
Liege, he received some promotion in the church ; and
Ferdinand of Bavaria, bishop and prince of Liege, made
him vicar-general of his diocese, and one of his cbunsel-
lors. Chokier.was not more esteemed for his learning than
for his benevolence, which led him to found two hospitals,
one for poor incurables, and the other for female penitents.
He died at Liege, either in 1650 or 1651; but his bio*
graphers have not specified the particular time, although
they notice that he was buried in the cathedral of Liege,
under a magnificent tomb. Among his works, are, 1.
** Notae in Seneca^ libellum de tranquillitate animi," Leige,
1607, Svo. 2. " Thesaurus aphorismorum politicorum,
sen commentarius in Justi-Lipsii politica, cum exemplis,
notis et monitis," Rome, 1610, Mentz, 161^, 4to, and with
corrections and the addition of some other treatises, at
Liege, 1642, folio. Andrew Heidemann translated this
wbrk into German, but with so little fidelity, as to oblige
the author to publish against it in a volume entitled '^ Spe-
cimen candoris Heidemanni,'' Liege, 1625, Svo. 3. "Notae
et dissertationes in Onosandri strategicum," Gr. and Lat.
1610, 4t6, and inserted in the latter editions of his
*^ Aphorismi." 4. " Tractatus de permutationibus bene-
ficiorum'," 1616, 8vo, and afterwiirds Rome, 1700, folio,
with other treatises on the same subject. 5. " De re num-
maiia prisci sevi, collata ad sestimationem monetas presen-
tis," Cologne, 1620, Svo, Liege, 1649. . Another title of
this work we have seen is ** Monetae antiques diversarum
gentium maxime Romanae copsideratio et ad nostram ho->
diernam reductio." He published some other works on
law subjects and antiquities of the courts of chancery, the
office of ambassador, &c. ; and some of controversy against
the protestants, and one against the learned Samuel Ma-
rets, entitled " Apologeticus adversus Samuel MaresU
librum, cui titulus, Candela sub modio posita per clerum
Romanum,*' 1635, 4to ; but he had not complete success
in proving that the Roman catholic clergy at that time
did not ^< hide their candle under a bushel.*' *
CHOMEL (James Francis), a French physician, was
the son of Noel Chomel, an agriculturist, and the author of
1 Moreri.«^Foppeb Bibl» Belg.-^Saxii Onomast.
C H O M £ L. 291
the ** Dictionnaire oeconomique," of which we have an
English translation by Bradley , 1725, 2 vols, folio* He was
born at Paris towards the end of the seventeenth century,
and studied medicine at Montpellier, where he took his
degree of doctor, in 1708. Returning to his native city,
he was appointed physician and counsellor to the king.
The following year he published " Universae Medicines
Theoricae pars prima, seu Physiologia, ad usum scholae ac-
commodata," Montpellier, 1709, 12mo ; and in 1734,
*^Traite des Eaux Minerales, Baines et Douches de Vichi,**
1734, 12mo, and various subsequent editions. To that of
the year 1738 the author added a preliminary discourse on
mineral waters in general, with accounts of the principal
medicinal waters found in France. His elder brother,
Peter John Baptiste, studied medicine at Paris, and was
admitted to the degree of doctor there in .1697. Applying
himself more particularly to the study of botany, while
making his collection, he sent his observations to the royal
academy of sciences, who elected him one of their mem-
bers. He was also chosen, in November 1738, dean of
the faculty of medicine, and the following year was re-
elected, but died in June 1740. Besides his "Memoirs**
sent to the academy of sciences, and his '^ Defence of
Tournefort,'* published in the Journal des Savans, he pub-
lished ** Abrege de PHistoire des Plantes usuelles," Paris^
1712, 12mo. This was in 1715 increased to two, and in
1730, to three volumes in 12mo, and is esteemed an useful
manual. His son, John Baptiste Lewis, was educated also
at Paris, and took his degree of doctor in medicine in
1732. He was several years physician in ordinary to the
king, and in November 1754 was chosen dean of the
faculty. He died in 1765. He published in 1745, 1.- " An
account of the disease then epidemic among cattle,** and
boasts of great success in the cure, which was effected, he
says, by using setons, imbued with white hellebore. 2,
^^ Dissertation historique sur la Mai de Gorge Gangre^
neaux, qui a regne parmi les enfans, en 1748:** the ma-
lignant sore throat, first treated of in this country by Dr.
Fothergill, about ten years later than this period. 3. ^^ £s-
sai historique sur la Medicine en France,*' 1762, 12mo.
He also wrote, ^* Vie de.M. Morin,*' and ^^Eloge hbtorique
de M. Louis Duret,** 1765.'
1 Diet. Hist— Haller Bibl. Med. et Bibl. Botaq.
U 2
292 e H O P I N.
CHOPIN (Rene), an eminent lawyer, born 1557, at
Bailleul in Anjou, was counsellor to the parliament of
Paris, in which situation he pleaded with great reputation
a long time, and afterwards, confining himself to his study,
composed a considerable number of works,, printed in 1663,
5 vols, folio ; and there is a Latin edition of them in 4 vols.
He was consulted from all parts, and was ennobled by Henry
III. in 1578, for his treatise '* De Domanio.'' What he
wrote on the custom of Anjou, is esteemed his best work,
and gained him the title and honours of sheriff of the city
of Angers. His books ^^ De sacr^ Politic Monastica,'' and
*^ De Privilegiis Rusticorum," are also much valued. Cho*
pin's attachment to the league drew upon him a macaronic
satire, entitled <* Anti-Chopinus,'' 1592, 4to, attributed to
John de Villiers Hohnan ; but the burlesque style of this
piece being unsuitable to the subject, it was burned by a
decree of council* The occasion of its being written was,
*^ Oratio de Pontificio Gregorii XIV. ad Grallos Diplpmate
a criticis notis vindicato,'' Paris, 1591, 4to, which is not
among Chopin's works. On the day that the king entered
Paris, Chopin's wife lost her senses, and he received orders
to leave the city ; but remained there through the interest
of his friends, upon which he wrote the eulogy of Henry IV.
in Latin, 1594, 8vo, which is also omitted in his works, as
well as <' Bellum Sacrum Gallicum, Poema,^' 1562, 4to.
He died at Parisian. 30, 1606, under the hands of the sur-
geon, who was cutting him for the stone. ^
CHOUET (John Robert), a learned philosopher, and
one of the most eminent magistrates of Geneva, was bom
there in 1642. He was the first who taught the philosophy
of Descartes at Saumur. In 1669, he was recalled to Ge»
neva, and gave lectures there with great applause. Chouet
became afterwards counsellor and secretary of state at Ge-
neva, and wrote a history of that republic. He died Sep-
tember 17, 1731, aged 89. His publications are, <^An
Introduction to Logic," in Latin, 1672, 8 vo; ^^ Theses
Physic8B de varia Astrorum luce,'' 1674, 4to; ^^Memoire
succinct sur la Reformation," 1694; ^^ Reponses si des -
Questions de Milord Townsend sur Geneve ancienne fiaites, .
en 1696, et publi^es en 1774." Besides these, he left in ,
MS. in 3 vols, folio, a work, entitled ^< Diverges Recbercbes ~
t Diet, L*A4Tocat.—]Xct. Hilt,— Moreri.
C H O U L. 293
sur PHist. de Geneve, sur son Gouvernement et sa Con-
stitution.***
CHOUL (William pu), a gentleman of Lyons, of the
sixteenth century, bailiff of the mountains of Dauphiny,
travelled over Italy to improve himself in the knowledge
of antiquity ; and is principally known by a scarce and ex-
cellent treatise of the '^ Religion and Castrametatidn of the
ancient Romans/* folio, Lyons, 1556, 1569, 4to, and 1580,
4to. This singular work of antiquities is remarkable, espe-
cially for its second part, which treats of the manner of
pitching and fortifying the camps used by the Romans, of
their discipline and their military exercises. It has been
translated into Latin, Italian, and Spanish: the Latin,
Amst. 1685, 4 to, the Italian, Lyons, 1559, folio; both edi-
tions are scarce, but less so than the French original,
though not so well executed. He has the honour of being
one o£ the earUest French antiquaries, but his countrymen
have {freserved no memorials of his personal history. The
last edition of the French Diet. Hist, attributes to him two
other treatises, "Promptuaire des Medailles,*' and "Trait6
des Bains des Grecs et des Romains,** but we suspect this
last is included in the larger work above mentioned. '
CHRETIEN (Florent), or as he was called Quintus
Septimus Florens Christianus, a French poet, was born at
Orleans Jan. 26, 1541. He was called Quintus, because
he was his father*s fifth child, and Septimus, because he
was born in the seventh month of his mother*s pregnancy*
He was well skilled in languages and in the belles lettres ;
and was tutor to Henry IV. whom he educated in the re-
formed religion; but he himself returned to the Roman
catholic church before his death, which happened in 1596.
He was author of some satires against Ronsard, tinder the
name of '^ La Bisironnie,** 1564, dvo; poems, printed scr
parately in 8vo, and some translations ; the principal of
which is that of Oppian, 4to. He had a part in the Satyrs
Menipeee. Notwithstanding his disposition to satire, he
preserved the attachment of his friends, and the genei*al
esteem of the public. Wjilliam his father, physician to
Francis I. and Henry II. translated some medical works into
xrench.*
t Momi.— •«!• t. Lit. de O^neTe. * Mbrnl'^-Diet Hi«t«9>8uii Onontit
! Moreri-^IKct. Hist«— >Baillet Juf enens dtt Satsbs, /
294 ' CHRISTIE.
CHRISTIE (Thomas), aa ingenious writer, was the son
of a merchant of Montrose in Scotland, where be was born
in October 1761 ; and after a good school education, was
placed in the counting-house by his father, whose opinion
was, that whatever course of life the young man might
adopt, a system of mercantile arrangement would greatly
facilitate hb pursuits. It is probable that he went through
the routine of counting-house business with due attention,
especially under the guidance of his father ; but his leisure
hours were devoted to the cultivatiofi of general literature
with such assiduity, that at a very early age he was qualified
to embrace any of the learned professions with every pro-
mise of arriving at distinction. * His inclination appears to
have led him at first to the study of medicine, and this
brought him to London in 1787, where he entered himself
at the Westminster Dispensary, as a pupil to Dr. SiI^Qlons,
for whom he ever after expressed the highest esteem. At
this time Mr. Christie possessed an uncomaM>n fund of ge-
neral knowledge, evidently accumulated in a long course
of reading, and knew literary history as well as most vete-
rans. While he never neglected his medical pursuits, and
to all appearance had nothing else in view, his mind con-
stantly ran on topics of classical, theological, and philoso-
phical literature. He had carefully perused the best of
the foreign literary journals, and could refer with ease to
their contents ; and be loved the society in which subjecte
of literary history and criticism were discussed. The writer
of this article, somewhat his senior in years, and not wholly
inattentive to such pursuits, had often occasion to be sur-
prized at the extent of his acquirements. It was this ac-
cumulation of knowledge which suggested to Mr. Christie
the first outline of a review of books upon the analytical
plan ; and finding in the late Mr. Johnson of St« PauPs
Church-yard, a corresponding spirit of liberality and enter-
prise, the "Analytical Review" was begun in May 1788;
and, if we mistake not, the preface was from Mn Christie's
. pen, who, at the same time, and long afterwards contributed
many ingenious letters to the Gentleman's Magazine, with
the editor of which (Mr. I^ichols) he long lived in habits of
friendship.
Having studied medicine for some time, under Dr. Sim-
mons, he spent two winters, attending the medical classes
at Edinburgh, and afterwards travelled, in search of general
knowledge, to almost every considerable town in the king^
CHRISTIE* 2^5
dooQi. where bis letters of recommendation^ his insatiable
thirst for ioformation, and above ali^ his pleasing manners,
and interesting juvenile figure^ procured him admission to
all who were distinguished for science, and by many of the
most eminent literary, characters he was . welcomed and
encouraged as a young man of extraordinary talents. He
then went to the continent for further improvement;
and while he was at Paris, some advantageous offers from
a mercantile house in. London, induced him to resume his
original pursuit, and to become a partner in that house*
This journey to Paris, however, prodiiced another effect,
not quite so favourable to his future happiness. Becoming
acquainted with mauy of the literati of France, and among
them, with many of the founders of the French revolution^
he espoused their principles, was an enthusiast in their cause,
and seemed to devote more attention, more stretch of mind,
to the study and support of the revolutionary measures
adopted in that country, than was consistent with the sober
pursuits of commerce. This enthusiasm, in which it must
be confessed he was at that time not singular, produced in
1790^ "A Sketch of the New Constitution of France," in
two folio sheets ; and in 1791, he enlisted himself among
the answerers of Mr. Burke's celebrated " Reflections," in
** Letters on the Revolution of France, and the new Con-
stitution established by the National Assembly,'* a large
8vo volume, which was to have been followed by a second y.
but the destruction of that constitution, the anarchy which
followed, and the disapppintment of his, and the hopes of
all the friend^ of liberty, probably prevented his prose-
cuting the subject. In 1792, havi'ig dissolved partnership
with the mercantile-house above alluded. to, he became a
partner in the carpet-manufactory of Messrs. Moore audi
Co. in Finsbury-square ; but in 1796, some necessary ar-
rangements of trade induced him to take a voyage to Suri-
nam^ where he died in the prime of life in October of that
year.
The materials Mr. Christie had collected for his Thesis,
when intending to take a medical degree, were afterwards
published in the *^ London Medical Journal'' in a letter to
Dr. Simmpns. l^ut his most valuable publication, although
much less known the^n it deserves, was a first volume of
^* Miscellanies, philosophical, medical, and moral," 1789,
a thick crown 8vo, containing 1. Observations on the lite-
rature of the primitive Christian writers i being an attempt
296 CHRISTIE.
to vindicate them from the imputation of RcMisseau and
Gibbon, that they were enemies to philosophjr and human
learning, originally read in the Society of Antiquaries of
Scotland. At the time be wrote this, his mind was much
occupied by theological inquiries. 2. Reflections sug-
gested by the character of Pamphilus of Csesarea.
3. Hints respecting the state and education of the people.
4. Thoughts on the origin of human knowledge, and on the
antiquity of the world. 5. Remarks on professor M einers's
History of ancient opinions respecting the Deity. 6. Ac-
count of Dr. Ellis's work on the origin of sacred knowledge.
Most, if not all these were prepared for the press berore
he had reached his twenty*fifth year, and afford such an
instance of extensive reading and thinking as rarely occurs
at that age. '
CHRISTIE (Wiluam), M. A. probably a relation of
the preceding, was born near Montrose in 1730, and edu-
cated in King's college, Aberdeen, where he took his de-
grees, and was licensed to preach as a probationer ; but
not having interest to procure a living in the church, he
accepted of the place of master of the grammar-school of
Montrose, where he was greatly celebrated for his easy
and expeditious method of teaching the classics. He wrote
a ^^ Latin Grammar,'' and an " Introduction to the making
of Latin," both of which are well esteemed. He died at
Montrose in 1774, aged 44. ^
CHRISTINA^ queen of Sweden, one of the few sove-
reigns whose history is entirely personal, was the only child
of the great Gustavus Adolphus, by Maria Eleonora of
Brandenburg. She was bom Dec. 18, 1626, and succeed-
ed to the throne of her father when she was only five years
of age. During her minority, the long war with the Ger-
man empire, in consequence of the inviaision of Gustavus,
as supporter of the protestant league, was carried on by
able men, and particularly Oxentiem. Her education was
conducted upon a very liberal plan, and she possessed a
strong understanding, and was early capable of reading the
Greek historians. Thucydides, Polybius, and Tacitus, were
her favourite authors ; but she as early manifested a dis-
taste for the society and occupations of her sex^ and de-
lighted in manly sports and exercises. She aflfected Kke*
< Gent. Mag. 1797. — Personal knowledge. ^ ^
I From iho last edition of tbii Pictionarj.
C HT R I S T I N A. ' 297
wise an extraordinary love of letters, and even for abstract
speculations. When at the age of eighteen she assumed
the reins of government, she was courted by several
princes of Europe, but rejedted their proposals from various
motives, of which the true one appears to have, been a con-
ceited sense of superiority, and a desire to rule uncon-
trouled* Among her suitors were the.printe of Denmark,
the elector Palatine, the elector of Brandenburgh, the
kings of Portugal and Spain, the king of the Romans, and
Charles Gustavus, duke of Deux Ponts, her first cousin.
Him the people, anxious for her marriage, recommended
to her ; but she rejected the proposal, and to prevent its
renevi'al, she solemnly appointed Gustavus her successor.
In 1650, when she was crowned, she became weary and
disgusted with public affairs, and seemed to have no am-
bition but to become the general patroness of learning and
learned men. With this view, she invited to her court men
of the first reputation in various studies : among these were
Grotius, Descartes, Bocfaart, Huet, Vossius, Paschal, Sal*
masios, Naude, Heinsius, Meibom, Scudery, Menage, Lu-
cas, Holstenius, Lambecius, Bayle, and others, who did
not fail to celebrate her in poems, letters, or literary pro-
ductions of some other kind, the greatest part of which are
now forgotten. Her choice of learned men seems to hav6
been directed more by general fame, than by her own
judgment^ or taste for their several excellencies, and she
derived no great credit either as a learned lady, or as a
discriminating patroness of literature. She was much
under the influence of Bourdelot the physician, who gained
his ascendancy by outrageous flattery : and her inattention
to the high duties of her station di^usted her subjects.
She was a collector of books, manuscripts, medals, and
paintings, all which she purchased at such an enormous
expence as to injure her treasury, and with so little judg-
ment, that having procured some paintings of Titian at a
most extravagant price, she had them clipped ta fit the
pannels of her gallery.
In 1652 shfe first proposed to resign in favour of her
successor, but the remonstrances of the States delayed this
measure until 1654, when she solemnly abdicated the
crown, that she might be at perfect liberty to execute a
plan of life which vanity and folly seem to have presented
to her imagination, as a life of true happiness, the royal
oHum cum dignitaie. Some time before thb step„ Anthony
398 C H R I S T I N A,
Macedo, a Jesuit, was chosen by John IV. king of Portugal,
to accompany the ambassador he sent into Sweden to queen
Christina; and this Jesuit pleased this princess so highly,
that she secretly opened to him the design she had of chang-
ing her religion. She ' sent him to Rome with letters to
the general of the Jesuits ; in which she desired that two
of their society might be dispatched to her, Italians by
nation, and learned men, who should take another habit
that she might confer with them at more ease upon matters
o# religion. The request was granted ; and two Jesuits Virere
immediately sent to her, viz. Francis Malines, divinity
professor at Turin, and Paul Casati, professor of mathe-
matics at Rome, who easily effected what Macedo, the
first confidant of her design, had begun. Having made
her abjuration of the Lutheran religion, at which the Roman
catholics triumphed, and the protestants were discontented,
both without much reason, she began her capricious tra-
vels : from Brussels, or as some say, Inspruck, at which
she played the farce of abjuration, she went to Rome,
where she intended to fix her abode, and where she ac-
tually remained two years, and met w^th such a reception
as suited her vanity. But some disgust came at last, and
she determined to visit France, where Louis XIV. received
her with respect, but the ladies of the court were shocked
at her masculine appearance, and more at her licentious
conversation. Here she courted the learned, and appointed
Menage her master of ceremonies, but at last excited general
horror by an action, for which, in perhaps any other coun-
try, she would have been punished by death. This was tlje
murder of an Italian, Moualdeschi, her master of the horse,
who had betrayed some secret entrusted to him, .He was
summoned into a gallery in the palace, letters were, then
shewn to him, at the sight of which he turned pale, and
intreated for mercy, but he was instantly stabbi^d .by two
of her own domestics in an apartment adjoining that in
which she herself was. The French court w^s justly of-
fended at this atrocious deed, yet it met with vindicators,
among whom was Leibnitz, whose name was disgraced by
the cause which he attempted to justify. Christina was
sensible that she was now regarded with horror in France,
and would gladly have visited England, but. she received
no encouragement for that purpose from Cromwell : she
therefore, in 1658, returned to Rome, and resumed her
amrusements in the arts and sciences. But Rome had dq
CHRISTINA. 299
permanent charms, and in 1660^ on the death of Gustavus^
she, took a journey to Sweden for the purpose of recovering
her crown and dignity. She found, however, her ancienc
subjects much indisposed against her and her new religion.
They refused to confirm her revenues, caused her chapel
to be pulled down, banished all her Italian chaplains, and,
in short, rejected her claims. She submitted to a second
renunciation of the throne, after which she returned to
Rome, and pretended to interest herself warmly, first
in behalf of the island of Candia, then besieged by the^
Turks, and afterwards to procure supplies of men and
money for the Venetians. Some diflFerences with the pope
made her resolve, in 1662, once more to return to Sweden ;
but the conditions annexed by the senate to her residence
there, were now so mortifying, that she proceeded no far-
ther than Hamburgh, and from Hamburgh again to Rome,
where she died in 1689, leaving a character in which there
is little that is amiable. Vanity, caprice, and irresolution
deformed her best actions, and Sweden had reason to re-
joice at the abdication of a woman who could play the
tyrant with so little feeling when she had given up the
power. She left some maxims, and thoughts and reflec-
tions on the life of Alexander the Great, which were trans-
lated and published in England in 1753 ; but several let-
ters attributed to her are said to be spurious. ^
CHRISTOPHERSON (John), a learned English bishop,
was a Lancashire man by birth, and educated in St. John's
college, Cambridge. He was one of the first fellows of
Trinity college after its foundation by Henry VIH.in 1546,
and shortly after became master of it; and in 1554 was
made dean of Norwich. In the reign of Edward VI. he^
lived abroad in a state of banishment, in which, as he tells
us in the preface to his translation of Philo Judacus, be
was all the while supported by his college ; but upon
queen Mary's succeeding to the crown, returned, and was
made bishop of Chichester. He is said to have died a
little before this queen in 1558. He translated Philo Ju-
daeus into Latin, Antwerp, 1553, 4to, and also the eccle-
siastical histories of Eusebius, Socrates, Sozomen, Evagrius,
and Theodoret, Louvain, 1570, 8vo; Cologn, 1570, fol. ;
but bis translations are very defective. Valesius, in bis
> Lacomb'B Life of Christina.-— Unitr. History.— Wbitelocke'ft Jourpal- of the
Sv«difih Embassy, 1772, 2 vols. 4to.— Coxe's Trayels.
300 C H R I S T O P H E R S O N.
preface to Eusebius, says, that compared with Rufinus and
Musculus, who had translated these historians before him^
he may be reckoned a diligent and iearnea man ; but yet
that he is very far from deserving the character oif a good
translator : that his style is impure, and' full of barbarism ;
that his periods are long and perplexed : that he has fre-
quently acted the commentator, rather than the translator ;
that he has enlarged and retrenched at pleasure ; that he
has transposed the sense oftimes, and has not always pre*
^served the distinction even of chapters. The learned Huet
has passed the same censure on him, in his book ^< De In-
terpretatione." Hence it is that all those who have followed
Christopherson as their guide in ecclesiastical antiquity,
and depended implicitly upon his versions, have often
been led to commit great faults ; and this has happened
not seldom to Baronius among others.
Christopherson wrote also, about the year 1546, the
tragedy of Jephtha, both in Latin and Greek, dedicated
to Henry VIII. which was most probably a Christmas play
for Trinity college. It was said that he was buried iu ^
Christ Church, London, Dec. 28, 1558, but Tanner thinks
he was buried in Trinity college chapel, as in his will,
proved Feb. 9, 1562, he leaves his body to be buried on
the south side of the altar of that chapel. Strype, how-
ever, in the Introduction to his Annals, p. 31, describes his'
pompous funeral at Christ Church. It is more certain that
he joined his brethren in queen Mary's reign in the naea-
sures adopted to check the reformation.^
CHRYSIPPUS, a celebrated stoic philosopher, was born
at Soli, a city of Cilicia, afterwards called Pompeiopolis,
and was not the disciple of Zeno, as some have said, but{
of Cleanthes, Zeno's successor. He had a very acute
genius, and wrote a great many books, above 700, as we
are told, several of which belo)iged to logic ; for he ap-
plied himself with great care to cultivate that part of phi-
losophy. Val. Maximus relates, that he began bis 39th
book of logic when he was eighty years old : and Lucian,
who sought out absurdities in order to laugh at them, «ould
not forbear ridiculing the logical subtilties of this philoso-
pher. The great number of books he composed will not
appear so surprising if it be considered that his manner . |
was to write several times upon the same subject } to set . |
i
chrysip:pus, 301
down whatever came into his bead ; to take little pains in
correcting his works ; to crowd them with an infinite num«
her of quotations : add to all these circumstances, that he
was very laborious, and lived to a great age. Of his works
nothing remains except a few extracts in the works of
Cicero, Plutarch, Seneca, and Aulus Gelllus. He had an
unusual portion of vanity, and often said to Cleanthes,
^' Shew me but the doctrines^ that is sufficient for me, and
all I want; I shall find the proofs* of them myself." A
person asked him one day whom he should choose for a
tutor to his son ? " Me," answered Chrysippus ; " for, if
I knew any body more learned than myself I would go and
study under him." There is another apophthegm of his
preserved, which does him much more honour than either
of these ; and therefore we hope it is not spurious. Being
told that some persons spoke ill of him, ^^ It is no matter,"
said he, " I will live so, that they shall not be believed."
The stoics complained, as Cicero relates, that Chrysip-
pus had coMec^ed so many arguments in favour of the scep-^
tical hypothesis, that he could not afterwards answer them
bimself ; and had thus furnished Carneades their antagonist
with weapons against them. This has been imputed to his
vanity, which transported him to such a degree, that he
made no scruple of sacrificing the doctrines of his sect for
the sake of displaying the subtlety of his own conceits. The
glory which he expected, if he could but make men say
that he had improved upon Arcesilaus himself, and had
expressed the objections of the academics in a much
stronger manner than he, was his only aim. Thus most of
the contradictions and absurd paradoxes which Plutarch
imputes to the stoics, and for which he is very severe upon
them, are taken from the works of Chrysippus. Plutarcb-
charges him with making God the author of sin, and this
probably arises from his definition of God, as it is preserved
by Cicero, which shews that he did not distinguish the
deity from the universe. He thought the gods mortal, and
even asserted that they would really perish in the confla««
gration of the world : and, though he excepted Jupiter,
yet he thought him liable to change. He wrote a book
concerning the amours of Jupiter and Juno, which abounded
with so maioy obscene passages that it was loudly exclaimed
against, but Brucker seems to be of opinion that what he
advanced of this kind was merely in the way of paradoxi-
cal assertion, thrown out ki the coiurse of disputation, and
302 C H R Y S I P P U S.
foi% the sake of displaying his ingenuity. He is iuciiued
likewise to think that he is not justly chargeable with any
other kind of impiety than may be charged upon the sect
which he supported. It is, however, easy to guess that
the stoics had not much reason to be pleased with his
writings ; for, as he was a considerable man among them, —
so considerable as to establish it into a proverb, that *^ if
it had not been for Chrysippus, the porch had never
been,". — it gave people a pretence to charge the whole
body with the errors of so illustrious a member. Accord*
ingly we find that the celebrated authors among the stoics,
Seneca, Epictetus, Arrian, though they speak very highly
of Chrysippus, yet do it in such a manner as to let us see
that they did not at the bottom cordially esteem him. There
does not appear to have been any objection brought against
his morals, and he was sober and temperate^
Chrysippus aimed at being an universal scholar; and
wrote upon almost every subject, and even condescended
to give rules for the education of children. Quintilian has
preserved some of his maxims upon this point. He ordered
the nurses to sing a certain kind of songs, and advised
them to choose the most modest. He wished, that, if it
were possible, children might be nui'sed by none .but
learned women. He would have children be three years
under the care of their nurses ; and that the nurses should
begin to instruct them without waiting till they were older;
for he was not of the opinion of those who thought the age
of seven years soon enough to begin. He died in the
143d olympiad, eighty-three years of age, B. C, 208,
and had a monument erected to him among those of the
illustrious Athenians. His statue was to be seen in the
Ceramicus, a place near Athens, whei'e they who had been
killbd in the war were buried at the expence of the public*
He accepted the freedom of the city of Athens, which,
neither Zeno nor Cleanthes had done ; and is censured for
it^ but without much reason, by Plutarch. ^
CHRYSOLORAS (Emanuel), the principal of those
learned men who brought the Greek language and litera-*
ture into the West, was born at Constantinople, as it is
supposed, about 1355. He was of considerable rank, and
descended from so ancient a family that his ancestors are
1 Gen. Dict,<— Brucker's Hist, of Philosophy.— Diog. Uertios, fcc— Saxii
pnomftst.
C H R Y S O L O R A S. 303
said to have removed with Constantine from Rome to By-
zantium. He was sent ambassador to the sovereigns of
Europe by the emperor John Palseologus in 1387, to solicit
assistance against the Turks, and was here in England in
the reign of Richard II. In an epistle which he wrote at
Rome to the emperor, containing a comparison of ancient
and modern Rome, he says that he was two years before at
London with his retinue. When he had finished this Em-
bassy in somewhat more than three years, he returned to
Constantinople ; but afterwards, whether through fear of
the Turks, or for the sake of propagating the Greek learn-
ing, left it again, an4 came back into Italy about 1396, by
invitation from the city of Florence, with t\ie promise of a
salary, to open a school there for the Greek language.
With this he complied, and taught there for three years,
and had Leonard Aretin for his scholar. From Florence he
went to Milan, at the command of his emperor, who was
come into Italy, and resided in that city ; and while he
was here, Galeazzo, duke of Milah, prevailed with him to
accept the Greek professorship in the university of Pavia,
which had lately been founded by his father. This he
held till the death of Galeazzo, and then removed to Ve-
nice on account of the wars which immediately followed.
Between 1406 and 1409 he went to Rome upon an invita-
tion from Leonard Aretin, who had formerly been his
scholar, but was then secretary to pope Gregory XII. In
this city his talents and virtues procured him the honour of
being sent, in 1413, into Germany by pope Martin V. as
ambassador to the emperor Sigismund, along with cardinal
Zarabella, in order to fix upon a place for holding a ge-
neral council ; and Chrysoloras and the cardinal fixed upon
Constance. Afterwards he returned to his o^n emperor at
Constantinople, by whom he was sent ambassador with
others as representatives of the Greek church, to the coun-
cil of Constance; but a few days after the opening of the
council he died, April 15, 1415. He was buried at Con-
stance; and a handsome monument was erected over him,
with an inscription upon it by Peter Paul Vergerio. His
scholar Poggio also honoured his memory with an elegant
epitaph, and a volume of eulogies upon him lately existed
in the monastery at Camaldoli, justly due to one who con-
tributed so essentially to revive Grecian literature, which
had lain dormant in the West for seven hundred years*
Emanuel had a nephew, John Chrysoloras, who likewise
304 C H R Y S O L Q R, A S.
taught Greek in Ital ji and died in 1425. Emanuel^ ,
Greek Grammar was published soon after the invention of
printing, and there are a great many editions from 1480
to 1550, 4to and 8vo, almost all of which are very scarce. *
CHRYSOSTOM (John), one of the most learned and
eloquent of the fathers, was born at Antioch, of a noble £ai^
mily, about the year 354. His father, Secundus, dying when,
he was very young, the care of his education was left tQ ^
his mother, Anthusa. He was designed at first for the bar,^
aad was sent to learn rhetoric under Libanius ; who had
such an opinion of his eloquence, that when asked who
would be capable of succeeding him in the school, be an^
swered, ^^ Johp*, if the, Christians had not stolen him firomc
us/* He soon, hpwever, quitted all thoughts of the bar»
and being instructed in the principles of the Ghristiao re-
ligion, was afterwards baptized by MeletiuSf aud ordained
by that bishop to be a reader in the church of Antioch,
where he converted his two friends, I'heodorus and Mazi-
nips. While he was yet young, he formed a resolution of
entering upon a mpnastic life, and in spite of all remoii**
strances from his mother, about the year 374, he betook .
himself to the neighbouring mountains, where he lived fouf
years with an ancient hermit ; then retired to a more secret
part of the desert, and shut himself up in a cave, in which
situation he spent two whole years more ; till at lengthy
worn out almost by continual watchings, fastings, and other
severities, he was forced to return to Antioch, to his old
way of living.
He was ordained deacon by Meletius, in the year 381,
and now began to compose and publish many of \i\& works.
Five years after, he was ordained a priest by Flavian, in
which ofBce he acquitted himself with so much reputation,
that, upon the death of Nectarius, bishop of Constanti*
nople, in the year 397, he was unanimously chosen to fiU
that see. The emperor Arcadius, however, was obliged
to employ aJl his authority, and even to use some strata-
gem, before he could seduce Chrysostom from his native
Antioch, where he was held in so much admiration and
esteem. He sent in the mean time, a mandate to Tbeo*
philus, bishop of Alexandria, to consecrate Chrysostooi
bishop of Constantinople \ which was done in llie year
1 Hody de Graec. iliuitribus,— Bonier de Gnecis Lit. Graec* in Italia iiiftau*
ratoribuB.
C H R Y S O S T O M. 30«
39^9 notwithstanding the secret and envious attempts o^
Theopbilus to prevent it But Chrj'sostom was no sooner
at the head of the church of Constantinople, than that zeal
and ardour, for which he was afterwards famous, was em*
ployed in endeavouring to effect a general reformation of
manners. With this disposition, he began with the clergy,
and- next attacked the laity, but especially the courtiers,
whom he soon made bis enemies ; and his preaching is said
to have been eminently successful among the lower classes^.
Nor was his zeal confined altogether within the precincts of
Constantinople; it extended to foreign parts, as appears
from his causing to be demolished some temples and sta«
tues in Phoenicia; but all writers are agreed that his temper,
even in his best- duties, was violent, and afforded his ene-
mies many advantages.
In the year 400, he went into Asia, at the request of
the clergy of Epbesus ; and by deposing thirteen bishops
of Lydia and Phrygia, endeavoured to settle some disorders
which had been occasioned in that church. But while be
was here, a conspiracy was formed against him at home,
by Sieverian, bishop of Gabala, to whom Chrysostom had
committed the care of his church in his absence, and who
endeavoured to insinuate himself into the favour of the no*
bility and people, at Chrysostom's expence. He had even
formed a confederacy against him with his old adversary,
Theopbilus of Alexandria, which the empress Eudoxia en-
couraged, for the sake of revenging some liberties which
Chrysostom had taken in reproving her. By her intrigues,
chiefly, the emperor was prevailed upon to call Theophilus^
frodf) Alexandria, and he, who wanted an opportunity to
ruin Chrysostom, ckme immediately to Constantinople,
and brought several Egyptian bishops with him. Those of
Asia, also, whom Chrysostom had deposed for the tumults
they raised at Epbesus, appeared upon this occasion at
Constantinople against him. 7'heophilus now arrived, but
infltead of taking up his quarters with his brother Chry*
sostom, as was usual, be had apartmetits in the empress's
palace, where he called a council, and appointed judges.
Chrysostom, however, with much spirit, excepted against
the judges, and refused to appear before the council ; de«
daring that he was not accountable to strangers for any
supposed misdemeanour, but only to the bishops of his
owti and the neighbouring provinces. Notwithstanding
this, Theopbilus held a synod of bishops, to which he sum*
Vol. IX. X
J0« € H R Y S O S T O M.'
I
mdned Chrysostom to appear, and answer to various^a^^
tides of accusation. But Chryso^tom sent three bishops
and two priests to acquaint Theophilus and his synod, chat
though he was viery t'eady to submit himself to the jadg*
ment of those who should be regularly assembled, and have
a legal right to judge him, yet he absolutely refused to be
judged by him and his synod ; and having persisted in this
refusal four several timc^, he wa^ in consequence ide-
posed in the beginning of the year 403. The news of hjs
deposition was no sooner spread* about Constanthiople,
than all the city was in ^ sin uproar, and when tli^ emperor
ordered him to be banished, the people determined to
detain him by force. In three days, however, to preveiit
aiiy further disturbance, he surrendered him^lf'to those
who had orders to seize him, and was Conducted by tHeiii
to a smalt town in Bitliynia, as the residence of his oanisli-
ment. His departure made the people more outi^geoas
than ever : they prayed the emperor thatt he might be te-
called; they even threatened biiifi ; add Eudoxia was so
frightened with the tumult, that dhe herself solicited for it.
A numerous synod, assembled at Constantinople, 'now re-
tk;inded all former proceedings, and' Chrysdstom was re-
tailed in triumph ; but his troubles Were tioft yet at an
end. The empress aboui the latter end of this year had
erected her own statue near the church ; and the'pedple,
to do honour to her, bad celebrated the public games be-
fore it. This Chrysostom thought indecent ; and the fire
of his zeal, far from being extinguished by his late mlsfbr*
tunes, urged him to preach againn those who were cbh-^
cerned in it. His discpurse provoked the empress^ ii^fao
still retained her old ietimity to him ; and made ber resolv^
Once more to have him deposed from his bishopftic; ' Me
irritated her not a little, as soon a^ he was apprized^^bf 'he^
tiiachinations agaittst him, by most imprudently bdgintjlng
ibhe of bis sermons with these remarkable Word^ : ^^ Behbl4
the furious Herodias, insisting to have the bead ofiKyhni
Baptist in a charger!" We are not to wbndeir, thcfrdbrfi^
t^at a syiiod of bishops was assibmbfed, i^fio iitihiediatfefy
i^epos^d hin(i, alleging that he stood already deposed, 'by
virtue of the former setitence given'sigainst hitn 5 which^
they said, had never been reverted, nof himself re-^c?»ti-
blisKed in his see^ i:n that legal and orderly manner yfaiefai
the cations V requited. In eonsequeoee of that jiidg*
^en^ ^ the ' i^mper^r fbrbade: him to enter ~ the - cbu>ch[
C H R Y S O S T 0 M. 307
any morei and ordered bidi to b^ banished. His followers
and adherents were now insulted and persecuted by the
soldiery, and stigmatized particularly by the name of Jo-
hannites* He bad, indeed, a strong party among the
people, who would now have armed themselves in his de-
fence; but he chose rather to spend the remainder of his
clays in banishment, than be the unhappy cause of' a civil
war to his country ; and therefore surrendered himself a
second time to those who were to have the care of him*
He. set out in June 404, under a. guard of soldiers, to
Nicca, where he did not make any long stay^ but pursued
iiis journey to Cucusus, the destined place of his banish-
ment) at which he arrived in September. It is remarkaWe
that the very day Chrysostom left Constantinople, the
great church was set on fire and biirnt, together with the
palace, which almost adjoined to it, entirely to the ground.
irhe same year there fell bail-stones of an extradrdinary
size, that did considerable damage to the town ; which
calao^ity was also followed by the death of the empress
Eudoxia, and of Cyrinus, one of Cbrysostom's chief ene«*
mies. . All these were considered by the partisans of Cbry^
sostom, as so many judgments from heaven upOn the.
country which thus persecuted Chrysostom,
Cucusus was a city of Armenia^ whose situation was
remsirkably barren, wild, and inhospitable ; so that Chry«
sostool was obliged to change his place of residence fre-
quently, on account of the incursions which were made by
th^ barbarous nations around him* He did not, however,
neglect his episcopal functions ; but sent forth priests and
ttllOnks to preach. the gospel to the Goths and Persians, and
to take care of the churches of Armenia and Phcenicia.
Tl^is prqbably .provoked, his enemies, not yet satiated with
n^ve^gCf to molest hini even in this situation, wretched as
it wasj and they prevailed with the emperor to have him
iGfea^Or a desert region of Pontus, upon the borders of the
Euxinesea,. .But the fatigue of travelling, and tlie hard
iil3ag^.he'met with from the soldiers, who were conducting^
ifita Un^tber^ had suchaq effect upon him, that he was
seized with a violent fever, and died in a few holkrs, at
C.oinanis,:ia Armenia, in the year .407* Afterwards, th^
we&teqi and easterti cburohes were divided about him ; the
^rmer. bolting him id great veneration, while the latter
considered him as a bishop excommunicated. But the
death of j(ircadius, happening about five months after> the
308 C H R Y S O S T O M.
eastern churches grew softened by degrees ; and it is cer«
tain, that about thirty years after, his bones were removedl
to Constantinople, and deposited in the temple of the holy
apostles, with all pomp and solemnity. It was from his
eloquence, that the name of Cbrysostomus, or golden^
mouth, was given to him after his death, his usual name
being only John.
Chrysostoro was undoubtedly one of the most distin-
guished of the Greek fathers, and one of the most eloquent
preachers of his time. In his works he appears to have
aimed earnestly at reformation of manners, and much of
the manners of the times may be gleaned from his various
-^^nritings. We have seen that the intemperance of his zeal
.sometimes furnished his enemies with advantages which
. they would have sought without success in the purity of his
' life. He is said to have been from his youth of a peevish
und morose temper ; but he was open and sincere, spoke
what he thought, and was regardless of toonsequencesr*
The machinations, however, of his enemies, prevailed ai
last, and shortened the life of one of the most learned,
eloquent, pious, and charitable men of his age. His
language, says Dr< Blair, is pure, and his style highly;
figured. He is copious, smooth, and sometimes pathetic.
But he retains, at the same time, much of that character
which has been always. attributed to the Asiatic eloquence^
which i^ diffuse and redundant to a great degree, and often
Over-wrought and tumid. He may be read, however^ with
advantage, for the eloquence of the pulpit, as being freer
from false ornaments than the Latin fathers.
■
The editions of his works are very numerous. We shall
mention only that beautifully printed one by sir Henry
Saville, Eton, 1613, 8 vols, folio, the Greek only; and
Montfaucon^s in Gr. & Lat. 1718— 1738^ 1? vols, fol.*
CHUBB (Thomas), once a noted deistical writer, and
the idol of that party, was born at East Haroham, a small
village near Salisbury, Sept 29, 1679. His father, a
maltster, dying when he was young, and the widow having
three more children to maintain by her labour, he receive4
no other education than being instructed to read and writQ
an ordinary-hand. At fifteen he was put apprentice to ai
glover in Salisbury ^ and when his term Was eixpired, coa«
1 Dapin.— Life by £rataiat.-»Tillemoiit and '^Panaiia8.«»^Milner'f Ciu Bi<L
▼Ol. U. p« 279.
'• -4 #
C H U B B. sod
tusoed for a time to serve his master as a journeyman, but
this trade being prejudicial to bis eyesy he was admitted
by a tallow-chandler, an intimate friend of his, as com-
panion and sharer with him in his own business. Being
endued with considerable natural parts, and fond of reading,
he employed all his leisure to gain such knowledge as
could be acquired from English books ; for of Latin,
Greek, or any of the learned languages, he was totally
Ignorant : by dint of perseverance he also acquired a smat-t
taring of mathematics, geography, and many other branched
of science.
But' divinity was, unfortunately for himself^ his favourite
study ; and it is said that a little society was formed kt
Salisbury, under the management and direction of Chubby
tor the sake of debating upon religious subjects. Here the^ .
scriptures were at first read, under the guidance of some
commentator ; but in time every man delivered bis 8«nti«
ments freely, and without reserve, and commentators were,
no longer in favour, the ablest disputant being the man
who receded most from established opinions. About this
time the controversy upon the Trinity was carried on very
wamdy between Clarke and Waterland ; and falling under
the cognizance of this theological assembly, Chubb, at
the request of the members, drew up his sentiments about
k, in a kind of dissertation ; which, after it had undergone
some correction, and been submitted to Whiston, wha
saw pot much in it averse to his own opinions, published
it under the titl^ of ^^ The Supremacy of the Father as-
serted, &c." A litera]:y production from one of a mean
^tid illiberal education will alwavs create wonder, and a
tallow-^chandler arbitrating between such men as <])larke
and Waterland^ could not fail to excite attention. Those
who would have thought nothing of the work had it come-
txom the school of Clarke, discovered in this piece of
Chubb's, great talents in reasoning, as well as great per*-,
spicuity and correctness in writing; so that he began to^
We cdnsidered as one much above the ordinary sizeof maii«^'
Hence Pope, in a letter to his friend Gay, was led to ask
him if he had '^ seen or conversed with Mr. Chubb, whQ i»
k wonderful phenomenon of Wiltshire?" and says, in re*
Ijatidn to a quarto volume of tracts, which were printed
^ft^strwards, th%t h^ had *' read through his whole volume
with admiration of the writer, though not always with ap-«
probation of his doctrine." How rar Pope was a judge of
• 10 C H U B.B;
controyersial divinity is not now a question, but the friends
of Chubb appear to have brought forward his evidence
with triumph.
Chubb had no sQoner commenced author, than his suc-
cess in this new capacity introduced him to the personal
l^nowledge of several gentlemen of eminence and letters,
from whose generosity he received occasionally presents of
BQoney. We are even told that sir Joseph Jekyll, master of
the roU3> took him into his family, and used, at his hours df
i^etirement) to refresh himself from the fatigues of business
with his conversation ; but the value of this patronage is
considerably lesseoedf when it is added thai; sir Joseph
occasioually employed him to w^it {it table, as a servant
out of livery. Chubb, however^ as what is called an un*
jiaught genius, was generally caressed ; for nobody sus«
pected as yet, to what prodigious lengths he would suffer,
bis reasoning faculty to carry him. He did not coptinue
Baany years with sir Joseph Jekyll, though it is said he wasi
tempted to it by the offer of a genteel allowance, but re**
tired to hi$ friend at Salisbury, where he spent his days m
reading and writing, and assisting at the trade, which, by
the death of iiis partner, had devolved on a nephew, and
was .to the last period of his Ufe a coadjutor in it. Vet
that this may not appear a degradation, we are gravely
udd that he only ^d candles by weight in the shop, and
did not actually n^dAr^ tliem. In thi^ minced employment
he passed hjs life, and died suddenly at Salisbury, Feb. 8^
174$-7, in the sixty-eighth year of bis age.
He left behind him two volumes of posthumous works,
which he calls f * A Farewell to his readers,'* from which we
may fairly, form this judgment of his opinions: '^ that he
bad little .or np belief of revelation ; that indeed he plainly
rejects the Jewish revelation, and consequently the Chris-
ti^U) which is founded upon it ; that be disclaims a future
judgcQ^Ot, and is very unqertain as to any future state of ex*
isteoce ; that a particular providence is not deducible from
the . phenomena of the world, and Isherefore that pf ayer
cannot be proved a duty, &c» . &c.!' . With such a man wc^
may surely part without reluctance. The wonder is that
he should have ever drawn any considerable portioa of
public attention to the reveries id ignorance, presumption,
and disingenuous sophistry.. Like his legitimate. successor,
the late Thomas Paine, he was utterly destitute of that
learning and critical skill which is Qecessm-y to the expta*
nation of the sacred writings, which, however, he tortured
C,H, UBB. 311
•
to his meaning without shame and candour, frequently
liringing forward the sentiments of his predecessors in
scepticism, as the genuine productions of his own unassisted
powers of reasoning. His writings are now indeed probably
little read, and bis memory might long ago have been con*
sfcrned to oblivion; had not the editors of the last edition of
the Biographia Britannica brought forward his history and
writings in a strain of prolix and laboured panegyric. By
what inducement such a man as Dr. Kippis was persuaded
16 admit this article, we shall not now inquire, but the
perpetual struggle to create respect for Chubb is evidently
as impotent as it is inconsistent While compelled to admit
bis attacks upon all that the majority -of Christians hold
sacred, the writer tells us that' *^ Chubb*s views were nqt
inconsistent with a firm belief in our holy religion,'' and in
another place, he says that *^ Chubb appears to have bad
Very much' at heart the interests of our holy religion." Tq
his o\Vn profound respect for Chubb, this writer also unites
the ^ admiration'* of Dr. Samuel Clarke, bishop Hoadly^
Dr. John Hoadly, archdeacon RoUeston, and Mr. Harris ;
bnt he does not inform us in what wiay the admiration of
Uiese eminent characters was efxpressed ; and the only evi*
deuce lie brings is surely equivocal. He ' tells us that
'^ several of his tracts, when in. manuscript, were seen by
these gentlemen; but they never made thb least correC'^
tion in them, even with regard to orthography, in which
Chubb was deficient.'^ Amidst all these efforts to screen
Chubb from contempt, his biographer has not suppressed
the character of him eiven by Dr. Law, bishop of Carlisle^
in his *^ Considerations on the theory of religion," an4
which, from the well-known candour of that prelate^ may
be adopted with safety. " Chubb," says Dr. Law, ** not*
withstanding a tolerably clear head, and strong natural
parts, yet, by ever aiming at things far beyond his reach^
by attempting a v^iety of subjects, for which his narrow
circumstances^ and small compass of reading and know*
ledge, had in a great measure disqualified him ; from ^
fashionable, but a fallacious kind of philosophy, (with
which he set out, and by which one of his education might
very easily be misled), fell by degrees to suph confusion
in diyinlt^^ to siich low quibbling on some obscure p^issi^s
iu our translation of tha Bible, and was reduced to ^uch
wretched cavils as^ to several historical facts and circum*
Stances, i;vherein a small flkiU either in the languages or
•JVj
Ji ♦ •
S12 CHUBB.
sciences, might bare set him right ; or a small share of
real modesty would have supplied the want of them, by
putting him upon consulting those who could and would
have given him proper assistance ;-^that he seems to have
fallen at last into an almost universal scepticism; and quit*
ting that former serious and sedate sobriety which gave
him credit, contents himself wirh carrying on a mere farce
for some time ; acts the part of a solemn ^i^rave buffoon ;
sneers at all things he does not understand ; and after, all
his fair professions, and the caveat he has entered agaiiist
auch a charge, must unavoidably be set down in the seat
of the scorner.'* Every point in this charge is fully proved
in the thirteenth and fourteenth chapters of Dr. Leland^»
View of Deistical Writers. *
CHUPLEIGH (Lady Mary), who had the character^of
a very philosophic and poetic lady, was born in 1^56, and
was the daughter of Richard Lee, of Winsloder, ia De-
vonshire, esq. She was married to sir George Chudleigh,
bart. by whom she had several children ; among the rest,
Eliza-Maria, who dying in the bloom of life, was lamented
by her mother in a poem entitled " A Dialogue between
Lucinda and Marissa." She wrote another poem called
•• The Ladies Defence," occasioned by an angry sermon
preached against the fair sex. These, with many others,
were collected intd a volume in 1703, and printed a third
time in 1722. She published also a volume of Essays upon
various subjects in verse and prose, in 17 iO, which have
been much admired for delicacy of style. These were de-
dicated to her royal highness the princess Sophia, electress
and duchess dowager of Brunswick; on which occasion
that princess, then in her eightieth year, honoured lier
with a very polite epistle.
' This lady is said to have written other things, as tra-
gedies, operas, masques, &c. which, though not printed,
are preser\'ed in her family. She died in 1710, in -her
£fty-^fifth year. She was a woman of a sound understanding,
but as a poetess, cannot be allowed to rank very high;.: It
was her merit, however, that although she had an educa-
tion in which literature seemed but little regarded, being
taught no other than her native language, her fondness
for books, great application^ and uncommpn abilities, jcn-
fibled her to figure among the literati of her time. Amidst
ft
C HUD LEI G H/ 31$
'" fhe charms of paetry, in which she took greai delight, she
' dedicated some part of her time to the severer studies of
phiiosophy. This appears from her Essays, in which she
discovers a great degree of piety and good sense. Seveiail
of. her. letters are iu the <* Memoirs of Richard Gwinnett
and Mrs. Thomas," 1731, 2 vols. Svo, and in GurU's Col-
lection of Letters, vol. III.*
CHURCH (Thomas), D. D. was born in 1707, and
educated at Brasen Nose college^ Oxford, where he took
' his degree of M. A. in 1731. In 1740 he was instituted to
the vicarage of Battersea, which, with a prebendal stall;in
St. Paul's cathedral, was the only preferment he obtained.
He distinguished himself much in the field of controversy^
in which he engaged with men of very opposite talents aafid
' pursuits ; with Wesley and Whitfie)d, for their industry
in promoting methodism, and with Middleton for equal
2eal in attacking the doctrines of Christianity. Against
the latter he published ^* A Vindication of the Miraculous
Powers which subsisted in the three* Centuries of the
Christian Church, in answer to Dr.-Middleton's Freeln«*
xjuiryi By which it is shewn, that we have no sufficient
ieason to believe, from the Doctor's reasonings and objec-
tions, that no such powers were continued to the churchy
after the days of the Apostles* With a preface, containing
some observations on Dr. Mead*s account' of the Demo-
niacs, in his Medica Sacra, ^' 1749. This was followed
about a year after, by ** An Appeal to the serious and un-
prejudiced, or a 8econd Vindication, &c." These were
so highly approved of, that the university of Oxford con*
ferred on him the degree of D. D. by diploma. He was
: also too zealously attached to religion to let the opinfi^ns
of lord Bolingbroke pass unnoticed, notwithstanding he
had been bis patron. His publication upon this- subjecdt
however, was anonymous, ** An Analysis of the Phibso*
J)hical Works of the late lord Bolingbroke," 1755. Dr.
; Church published eight single sermons between 1748 and
2756, in whieh last year he died.'
CHURCHIIL (Charles), an English poet of unques*
• cionable' genius, was bom in Vine-street, in the parish of
St. John the Evangelist, Westminster, some time in Fb*
4)niary, 1731. His lather was for many years eurate and
•--•■•■•' •■•'•• .- •
1 Ballard's Memoirs.-— Gibber's Lives.
f Lyso^s's ^Bvirons*-— NichpU't Bowysr, vol* II.
S;14 C H U R C H I L L.
lecturer of that parish, j&nd rector of Rainbam, near Grays^
ill Essex. . He placed his son, when about eight year;; of
age/at Westminster-school, which w^s tben superintended
by X>r. Nichols and Dr. Pierson Lloyd. His pit>6cieacy a^
school, although not inconsiderable, was less renaart^able •
than his irregularities. i3n entering his nineteenth year he
applied for matriculation at the university of Oxford,. whe;r^ .
it is reported by some, he was rejected on account of his
deficiency in the learned languages, and by others, thai
be . was hurt at the trifling and childish questions ppt to .
him, and answered tb^ e^aniiner with a cpptempt vifhich
was mistaken for ignorance/ It is.iiot easy to. reconcile
these - accounts, and,, perhaps, |iot of great impprtancef :
Churchill, however, was afterwards admitted of. Triiiit^.
college, Cambridge, hut i^vmediately returned, to liOodopi ."
and never visited the universHy^ny more. .> . ^ .
The reason of his abandoning the university ipay. have
bMn an attachment which he formed while at, Westi)[iin^^x:-r '
school, and which ended in a clandestine^ marriage at tb^ '
Fleet. This was a severe disappointn;)^nt to his fatber*$ .
hopes^ but he wisely became recoil ciled to what was ^ih
avoidable, and entertained the young couple in his housiQ
about a year, during which his /soiu's conduct was inre* .
proachable. In 1751 he retired to Sunderland,, in ^e,
north of Ei>g]and, where he applied hipiself,):o. such $tudiie$
aa might qualify him for the church, and at the customafy^
age he received deacon's^ orders froqii 'Dr. Wille$>,bishQP';
of Bath, and Wells, -ajid in 1756 was or4aiue4 priest .by;
Dr. Sherlock, .bishop of LondQU* He ii;b^p exerpised bi^
clerical functions $t Cadbury in Somersetshire, and i^t
JUJH^ham^ his /atber^s living, but i^ what nianner, or wit]|;^.
«i^at display of abilities, is not remembered* A story wimi:
onrrent some time after his dearth that he received a cura<;:y;:
of 30/. a year in Wales, and kept a public hpuse to SHF|3tly
kb deficiencies, but for this there appears.^o have )>een jdo^
i^tber foundation . than what the irregularities of hjbi iQpre .
advanced life supplied. So regardless was he of chai^tei>
thsa^his enemies found ready credit for any fiction ^i his:^
eKpence. While at Rainharo,. he endeavoured to. provide*
for his family by teaching the youth of the ne^hbourhood^.
an occupation which i^eciessity rendered eligible, and habi^ .
might have made pleasing ; but in 1758 bis father^s death,
opened a more flattering prospect to him in the metropolis^^
lihere he was chosen bis successor in the curacy and fee-
■#.
CHUHCHILL. 815
tureship of St JoWs. ¥iX some time he perforined the
duties of these offices with external decency at least, and
employed his leisure hours in the instruction of some pu^
pits in the learned languages, and was also engaged as a
teacher at a ladies^ boarding-school.
He was in his twenty-seventh year when he began lo
relax from the obligations of virtue, and more openly to
enter into thbse dissipations, which, while they ruitied- bis '
character and im))aired his health, were, not indirectly^
the precursors to his celebrity in public life. He was im«-
moderately fond of pleasure ; a constant attendant at tha
theatres, and the associate, of men who united wit and
profligacy; and qualified themselves for moral teachers by
practising the vices they censured in others. Lloyd, tbii
poet, had been one of his school-fellows at Westminster^
and their intimacy, renewed afresh, became now a. close
partnership in debt and dissipation. In one respect this
proved beneficial to Churchill. Dr. Lloyd^ his coropa^
Atones father, persuaded Churchiirs creditors to accept of
£ve shillings in the pound, and to grant releases; nor-
ought it to be concealed, that there is somre reason lot
believing that Churchill, as soon as he had acquired money
by his publications, voluntarily paid the full amount of the
original debts.
At what period be made the first experiinedt of his pot
eJtical talents is not known. He bad, in conjunction with'
Lloyd, the care of the poetical department in the ^^Th0
Library," a kind of magazine, of which Dr. Kippis was^
editof, and he probably wrote some small pieces in thai
work, but they cannot now be distinguished. About the
year 1759 or 1760, he wrote a poem of some length, en-*
titled ^* The Bard,'* which was rejected by an eminent
bookseller, perhaps justly, as the author did not publish it
afterwards, when it might have had the protection of hit
name. He wrote also " The Conclave,'" a satire levelled
at the dean and chapter of Westminster, which bis firiendt
prevailed upon him to suppress. Thus .disappointed in
his first two proddctions, his^ constant attendance at^ the
theatres suggeisted' a third, levi^lled at the players. This
was his celebrated '^ Rosciad,'* in which the pnfessionai
characters of the performer^ of Drury Lane- and Govent
Garden , theatres were examined with a severity, ys^t With*
an acuteness of criticism, and easy flow of humour and^
sarcasm^ which retidered what4ie probably considered as i
3U C H U R CHILL
temporal^ trifle, a publication of uncommon popularit}**.
He bad, however, so little encouragement in bringing this
poem forward, that five guineas were refused as the price
he valued it at ; and he printed it at his own risk when he
had scarcely ready money enough to pay for the necessary
advenisements. It was published in March 1761, and its
' sale exceeded all expectation, but as his name did not
appear to the first edition, and Lloyd had not long beibre
published " The Actor,'* a poem on the same subject, the
Rosciad was generally supposed to be the production of
the same writer; while, by others, it was attributed to
those confederate wits, Colman and Thornton. Churchill,
however, soon avowed a poem which promised so much
feme and profit, and as it had been not only severely
handled in the Critical Review, but positively attributed to
another pen, he published " The Apology : addressed to
the Critical Reviewers,'' 1761. In this he retaliated with
great bitterness of personal satire.
: The success^ of the ** Rosciad," and of ** The Apology,**
opened new prospects to their author. He saw in his
genius a source of plentiful emolument, but unfortunately
also be contemplated it as an object of terror, which might
be employed against the friends of virtue, with whom he
BO longer thought it necessary to keep any terms. Mfhile
insulting public decency by ♦the grossest immorality, he
aimed his vengeance on those who censured him, with ar
sprightliness of malignity and force of ridicule which he
deemed irresistible. His conduct, as a clergyman, had
long shocked bis parishioners, and incurred at length the
displeasure of Dr. Pearce, the dean of Westminster, who
remonstrated as became his station. But Churchill was
ifOw too far gone in profligacy, and being, as his friends
; have been pleased to say^ too honest to dissemble, he re*
aigned his curacy and lectureship ^, and with thi§ acknow-
i tedged sacrifice to depravity, threw off all the external
^ restraints which his former character might be thought to
impose. That his contempt for the clerical dress might be
more notorious, he was seen at all public places habited
in a blue coat with metal buttons, a goIdJaced waistcoat,'
a gold-laced hat, and ruffles.
In February 1761 a separation took place between liim
and his wife, whose imprudence. is said to have kept pace
« ■> *
>i^ See a letter from btm on this subject, in the Gent Mag.vpl. XtVIlI. p. 47U
CHURCHILL. 317
tvkh bis own * ; but from a licentious passage in one csif
his letters to Wilkes, it appears that he was tired of her
person, and probably neglected her in pursait.of vagrant
amours. As his conduct in this and other matters was too
notorious to pass without animadversion, he endeavoured
to vindicate it in a poem entitled *' Night,'' addressed to
his wretched partner Lloyd. The poetical beauties of this
poem, which are very striking, can never atone ■■. for the
absurdity as well as immorality of his main argument, that
avowed vice is more harmless than concealed ; and did not
prevent his- readers from perceiving, that lie who ipaiataias
it, must have lost shame as well as virtue*
His next publication was ^ The Ghost,'' 1762, ex*
tended, at irregular intervals, to four books. This wai
founded on the weH-knowa imposture of a ghost having
disturbed a family in Cock-lane ; but our poet contrived to
render it the vehicle of many characteristic sketches, and
desultory thoughts on various subjects unconnected with
its title. About this time he appears to have formed a
connection with the celebrated John Wilkes, an impostor
qi more ingenuity, who encouraged him to add faction to^;
profligacy^ and increase the number of his enemies by re*
Tiling every person of rank or distinction with whom-WUkes
chose to be at variance. His pen is said to have been aUo
employed in Wilkes's " North Briton," and in ". The
Prophecy of Famine." Churchill's next production was-
originally sketched in prose for that paper^ What other
contributions he* made cannot now be ascertained, buL it
may be suspected that Churchiirs satirical talent would ill
submit to the tameness of prose, nor indeed was such aa
employment worthy of the author of ^^ The Rosciad," and
*^ The Apology." — Wilkes suggested " The Prophecy of
Famine," as a more suitable vehicle for the bitterness of
national scurrility, and he was not mistaken. *
The ^^ Epistle to Hogarth" which followed, was occac-
sioned by that artist's having talten some liberties in his
political engravings, with the characters of the earls. Teo>>
pie and Chatham.^ * The only revenge he now took was a
paltry print representing Churchill as a Russian bear,
but whether this preceded or, followed the '^ Epistle" is
not (][uite clear. The parties had been once intimate^ and
* This has been denied. She survived htm, l^owever^ and he btqueathtrd to
fier an annuity of 60/. a year.
SfS C H U R C H I L L.
Chorchfll pud dae reverence to the talent^ of Hogmrtb, bctr
in bis present humour he stuck at nothing which coold
vex and irritates Hogarth died soon after, and some of
Churchill's friends asserted, with malicious satisfactioft,
that the poem had accelerated that event. . Mr. Nichols,
in his eopious life of Hogarth, starts some reasonable doubts
on this subject.
In i 7 63 Churchill formed an intimacy with the daughter
of a tradesman^ in Westminster, and prevailed with her
to live with him, but within a fortnight his passion was
satiated, and she had leisure to repent. Her father re*
ceived her back, and she might probably have been re^
formed had she not been insulted by a sister, and her .si-
tuation rendered so disagreeable that she preferred the
company of her seducer. Churchill thought him^lf bound
in honour and gratitude to receive her, and perpetuate her
wretchedness by a more lengthened connexion. While
this afiair was the general subject of public indignatioa^ be
iwrote ^^ The Conference,'' in which he assumes the lao*
piage of repentance and atonement ^with such psthetie
effect, that every reader most hope he was sincere-^
The duel which took place between Wilkes and Martin
gave rise to ^* The Duellist," 1763, which he extended to
three books, and diversified, as usual, by much personal
satire; In *' The Author," published about the end of the
same year, he gave more general satisfaction, as the topics
were of a more general satire. His first publication in
17^4 was ^' Gotham," which, without a definite-object, or
much connexion of parts^. contains many passages. of ster.^
ling merit. The ** Candidate" was written soon after, to
expose lord Sandwich, who was a candidate for the o£Bce of
high steward of the university of Cambridge. His lord-^
shipV deficiencies in moral conduct were perhaps no unfair
objects for satire ; but this from the pen of a man now de^
biUtated by habitual excess,, served only to prove that
Churchill was a profligate in contempt of knowledge and
reason.
The « Farewell," << The Times," and « Indqiendence,**^
were hasty compositions that added little to his fame ; andy
except perhaps ^< The Times,'' announced the deolioeof
* Of a celebrated statuary, says Mr. " spinster** mentioned in ChurchilPf
Cole, who was knighted by bi» majesty will, and who was, if we are not mis-
•ome yean before. Mr. Cole adds the taken, the lady he sedaaed.*T-Gole>
tiame» but it it uM tiie ttame of a MS. Athei» jh BriU Mift.
C H UB C HI L L- S19
^hn ]^i^er9« *^ Independence^' appeared in September,
I7€4y and was tbe last of his prodactions published in his
'ttfe«-tifne. " The Journey," and "The Fragment of a Dedi-
cation to Dr. Warburton," were brought to Hgiit by his
friends soon after his death,
^ Towards the end of October, 1764, he accompanied
Humphrey Cotes, one of Wilkes^s dupes, to'vtsit this pa*
triotin his Toiuntary exile in France. The party met at
Boulogne, where Churchill, imniediately on his arrival, *was
-attacked by a miliary fever, which terminated bts life^
Nov. 4, in the thirty-fourth year of his age. It was t««
ported^ that his last words were, ** What a fool have I been ! • ^
but 'Wilkes, who was present, thought it bis duty, oii ail
obca^tons^ to contradict this. He considered it asacalnmny
on a inan ^whose ^* fyrnmess of philosophy,^* be gravely io^
fermsus, ^' shone inftili lustre during the whole time of
his very severe ilkiess." His' body was brought from Bou*^
iogne for interment at Dover, where it was deposited in
the old cbdi^h^yard, former^ betongiog to the collegiacift
ebureii^ of St. Martin. A stone was afterwardis placed ea
bis grave, on which are inscribed bis- age^ the time of his
death^ and tius line ftotn his wodts:
. " life to the last enjoy'd, here Churchill lies/^ . '
" Of the nature of his 'life and its enjoyments, enougb lias
been said.— ^He ieh two sons, Charles and John, the chai^
of .whose education ' was generously undertaken by sir
Richard Jebb ; but they soon died, like their father, victims .
to imprudenoe and intempenuice. .
Tbe year after his death, a volume of Sermons wia^iib*
lished; which he is said to have prepared for the pressy but
this seems wholly ^ improbable. Tliey bear no marks vol
1^ composition idXsA it has been conjectured by tbe editor
of tbe Biogtaphia, that they ware some of his father's, which
he had copied forhis own use. Churchill was not a hypo^
erite,'and woold not have imblisbed sermons, for a serious
purpose ; nor could he be tempted by necessity to avail
Biftisel^ of tpbUic' curiosity. His poetry, supplied all his
wants ; and if we' nky credit his will, he left behind bun a
Considerable ium'iif money.' ^
The jneri^of Churchill, as a poet, has but lately been
appre^iaj^ed wi£|;ij.ri^H>3^rtiaUty. During his life, his works
were popular be}rond all competition. While he continued
to supply thdt fliidci^s 6f entertainment which is more^enc-
32a C IT U H C H I L L:
rally gratifying than a good mind can conceive, pra bad diie^i
will acknoAvtedge^ he was more eagerly andmore frequently -
read than any of bis contemporaries* CtnirchiU was ad<-
mirably suited to the time in. vvhich he Uved. But if his^
poems were popular with those who love to see worth de«
preciated, and distinctions levelled^ with the vulgar, the
envious, and the malignant, they were no less held in ab->
horrence by those who were as much hurt at the prostitu«>
tioD, as charmed by the excellence of his talents, .ai>d who
were afraid to praise his genius lest they should propagate
his writings. Few men, therefore, made so much noise
during their lives, or so little after their deaths. His part^
ners in vice and faction shrunk from the task of popetuating
his memory, either from the fear of an alliance with a cbawi
racter so obnoxious as to injure their party, orfrom the^
meglect with which bad men usually treat their associates,*
when they can be no longer useful. . Lloyd, to whom be
bad been more kind than Colman or Thornton, did not
aurvive him above a month. Colman and Thornton preserved
a cautious silence about a man whom to praise was to en-
gage with the many enemies be had created ; and Wilkes/
to whom he bequeathed the editorship and illustration ol
his poems by notes^ &c. neglected the task, until he had
succeeded in his ambitious manoeuvres, became ashamed
of the agents who had supported him, and left his poorer
partizans to shift for themselves. Even when Dr. Kippis
apphed to him for such information as might supply a life
of Churchill for the Biographia, he seemed unwilling err
unableto contribute much ; and a comparison of that lilor:
with the scattered accounts previously published, may con-
vince the reader that Dr. Kippis thanked him for more as«
sistance than he received.
While the friends of ChnrcfaiU were thn^ negligent of his
fame, it was not to be expected that his enemies would-be*
very eager to perpetuate the memory of a man by whoni
they had suffered so severely. Perhaps no writer etei?
made so many enemies, or carried his hostilities into so
many quarters, without provocation. If we except the
case of Hogarth, it is doubtful whether he ever attacked
the character of one individual who did him an injury, or
stood in his way. Such wantonness of detraction must.
have naturally led to the general wish that his name s^nd
works might b& speedily consigned to oblivion. Bis wri*
tings, however^ may now be read with more calmt)ei$s^ and
CHURCHILL 321
f
hi^ rank asa poet assigned with the regards due to genius^
however misapplied. If those passages in which his genius
shines most conspicuously were to be selected from the
mass of defamation by which they are surrounded^ he might
be allowed to approach to Pope in every thing but correct-
ness ; and even of his failure in this respect, it may be
justly said that be evinces carelessness rather than want of
taste. But he despised regularity in every thing, and
whatever wa» within rules, bore an air of restraint to which
his proud spirit could not submit ; hence he persisted in
despising that correctness which he might have attained
with very little care. The opinion of Cowper upon this
subject is too valuable to be omitted. Churchill '^is a
careless writer for the most part, but where shall we find in
any of those authors, who finish their works with the
exactness of a Flemish pencil, those bbld and daring strokes
of fancy, those numbers so hazardously ventured upon,
and so happily finished, the matter so compressed, and yet
so cl^ir, and the colouring so sparingly laid on, and yet
with such a beautiful efiect ? In short it is not his least
praise, that he is never guilty of those faults as a writer
which he lays to the charge of others. A proof that he
did not judge by a borrowed standard, or from rules laid
down by critics, but that he was qualified to do it by his
own native powers, and his great superiority of genius*."
The superiority of his genius, indeed, is so obvious from
even a slight perusal of his works, that it must ever be re-
gretted that his subjects were temporary, and his manner
irritating, and that heshould have given to party and to
passion what might have so boldly chastised vice, promoted
the dignity of virtue, and advanced the honours of poetry.
His fertility was astonishing, for the whole of his poems
were designed and finished within the short space of three
years and a half. Whatever he undertook, he accomplished
with rapidity, although such was the redundancy of his
imagination, and such the facility with ivhich he committed
his thoughts to paper, that he has not always executed
what he began, and perhaps delights too much in excursions
* Hayley's Life of Cowper, toI. III. his tatentt by some beautiful linet in
p. 27, 8vo edit. Cowper had been the his Table Talk. Between Cowper and
associate of Colman andThornton, and Churchill, iu point of moral characler,
wrote a few papers in the Conrioisseur. the diftanoe is so great, that it is im-
Whetber be was equally intimate with possible to suppose there could ever
ChurchiH dofs not appear, but he was have beto any cordiality. *
among^ the fin^t to revive the memory of
VouIX. Y
322 C H UR C H I L C
from his principal subject. Of this "The Prophecy of -
Famine," which, for original creative power, may perhaps
be preferred to all his other writings, appears to be a
striking example. It consists of a long introduction which
might suit any other subject, and detached parts which
have no natural connexion, and ot which the order might
be changed without injury. " The Rosciad'* seems to
have owed its popularity more to its subject, and the cla-
mour of the players and their friends, than to its poetry.
In his other works, there are few of the essential qualities
of a poet which he has not frequently exemplified. He
has fully proved that he was not incapable or the higher
species of poetry; he has given specimens of the sublime
and the pathetic, " the two chief nerves of all genuine
poesy." In personification he is peculiarly happy, and
sometimes displays the fine fancy of Spenser united with
great strength of colouring and force of expression. His
bursts of indignation are wonderfully eloquent, and with a
love of virtue, he might have been her irresistible advo-
cate, and the first of ethic writers. Where he does put on
the. character of a moral satirist, he is perhaps inferior to
none of the moderns. But unfortunately his genius was
biassed by personal animosity, and where he surpasses all
other writers, it is in the keenness, not of legitimate satire,
but of defamation, tlis object is not' to reform, but to re-
venge; and that the greatness of his revenge may be justi-
fied, he exaggerates the offences of his objects beyond all
bounds of truth and decency.
In some cases, the poet may be considered separate from
the roan, and indeed of naany eminent poets we know too
little to be able to determine what inHuence their character
had on their writings. But Churchiirs productions are s^
connected with his turbulent and irregular life, that they
must necessarily be brought in contact. He frequently
alludes to his character and situation, and takes every op-
portunity to vindicate^ what seems to redound most to his
discredit, bis vices and his associates ; and as his works
will probably long be read with admiration as works of
genius, or from curiosity as specimens of obloquy, it is
necessary to be told that he had very little veneration for
truth, that he drew his characters in extravagant dispro-
portion, and that he was regardless of any means by which
he could bring temporary or lasting disgrace on the per^
soas whom either faction or revenge made him consider
C H U K C H I L L. 323
as enemies.. Mr. Tooke, of Gray's-inn^ lately published an
edition of ChurchiU's works, illustrated by aaucb contem-
porary history ; and we owe some particulars of Churchiirs
life to the well- written memoirs prefixed to this work»*
CHURCHILL (Sir Winston), a distinguished English
gentleman, son of John Churchill, esq. of Minthorn in
Dorsetshire) by Sarah, daughter and coheiress of sir Henry
Winston, of Standiston in Gloucestershire, was descended
from a very ancient family, and born at Wooton Glanville
in Dorsetshire, or, acqording to Wood, at London, in
16J20. He was sent to St. John's college in Oxford when
he was scarce sixteen years of age, wher6 he made an un-f
common progress in his studies ; but, on account of the
civil commotions which arose soon after, was obliged. to
leave the university before he had taken a degree. He
engaged on the side of the king, for which he suffered se-»
verely in his fortune ; and having married a daughter of
sir John Drake of Ashe in Devonshire, was forced to seek
refuge in that gentleman's house,* where many of his chil-
dren were born. At the restoration he represented Wey-
mouth in the parliament which met in May 8, 1661. In
1663, Charles IL conferred on him the honour of knight-
bood ; and soon after the foundation of the Royal Society,
he was, for his knownjove of letters and conversation with
learned men, elected a member of it in Dec. 1664. la
the same year he was appointed one of the commissioners
of the court of claims iu Ireland ; and, upon his return,
one of the clerks comptrollers of the green cloth. Not-
withstanding his engagements in these public offices, he
found time to draw up a kind of politica:! essay upon the
history of England, which was published in folio, 1675,
under the title of " Divi Britannici, being a remark upon
the lives of all the kings of this isle^ from the year of the
world 2855, unto the year of grace 1660." It was dedi-
cated to Charles II ; and in the dedication the author takes
notice, that having served his majesty's father as long as
he could with his sword, he spent a great part of those
leisure hours, which were forced upon him. by his misfor-
tunes, in defending that prince's cause, and indeed the^
cause of monarchy itself, with his pen : and he frankly
owns, that he considered his work as the funeral oration of
J. -
»
1 Biog. Brit. — Life by Mr. Tooka as abore.^-Jobnsnn and Chalmers's ^D|f«
lUht Poets, .1810.— MaBon'8 Ufe of Wbiuhcaa, p. 109.
Y 2
.S24 C H C ft C H ILL.
that deceased govenimeBt, or rather, as his title speaks i^
the apotheoses of departed kings. We are told by Wood>
that there were some passages in this work about the king^s
power of raising money without parliamenti which gave
such offence to the members then sitting, that the author
had them cancelled, and the book reprinted. Nicolson
speaks very slightly of this performance, . and represents it
as ^* only giving the reader a diverting view of the arms
and exploits of our kings down to the restoration in 1660;*'
but it is very accurate ks to dates and authorities.
After the dissolution of the parliament in 1678, sir Win^
ston was dismissed from the post of clerk of the greeii
cloth, much against bis master's ijvill, who restored him
again, and continued him in it during the rest of his reignj:
He enjoyed the same degree of favour from court, during
the short reign of James IL ; aivd having lived to see his
eldest son raised to the peerage, he departed this life^
March 26, 1688. Besides three sons, and as many daugh^
ters, who died in their infancy, ^ir Winston bad several
sons and daughters, who lived to grow up. The eldest of
his sons was John Churchill, afterwards duke of Marlbo-
rough, of whom we shall speak lajrgely in the next article.
Arabella, the eldest of his children, born in March 1648,
was maid of honour to the duchess of York, and mistress
to the duke, afterwards Jam^s II. by whom she had two
sons and two daughters. The eldest, James Fitz-James^
was created by his father duke of Berwick : he was also
knight of the garter and of the golden Seece, marshal of
France, and grandee of Spain of the first class. ,He was
reputed one of the greatest officers in his time ^ and when
generalissimo of the armies of France, fell by a cannon-shot
at the siege of Pliillipsburg in 1734. Henry Fitz-James,
grand prior of France, lieutenant-general and admiral of
the French galliiSB, was born in 1673, and died in I7Q2.
Henrietta, born in 1670, married sir Henry Waldgrave of
€heuton, and died 1730« The youngest daughter was a
nun ; but afterwards married colonel Godfrey, tr)r whom
she had two daughters. ' .
CHURCHILL (John), duke of Marlborough, and prince
of the holy Roman empire, was eldest Son of sir Winsi|>a
Churchill, and born at Ashe in Devonshire on Midsummer^
day in 1650. A clergyman in the neighbouihood in*
structed him in the first pirinciples of literature, ^nd be
I Bio;. Jttk.
C H U R e HI L U
325
wlas for some time educated at St. Paul's school * ; but his
fiithef, having other views than what at learned education
afforded', carried him to court in the tweli'tfa year of his
age^ where he was particularly favoured by James duke of
York. He bad a pair of colours given him in the guards^
daring the first Dutch war, about 1666; and afterwards
obtained leave to go over to Tangier, then in our hands,
and besieged by the Moorsy where he resided for soraue
tilne, and cultivated the science of arms. Upon bis return
to England, he attended constantly at court, and was
greatly respected by both the Icing and the duke. In 1672,
the duke of Monmouth commanding a body of English
atiriiiaries in the service of France, Churchill attended
him, land was soon after made a captain of grenadiers in
bis grace^s own regiment. He had a share in all the ac-
tions of that famous campaign against the Dutch; and at
the siege of Nind^glien, distinguished himself so much,
that he was particularly taken notice of by the celebrated
marshal Turenne, who bestowed on him the name of the
handsbtpe Englishman. He appeared also to so much ad-
vantage at the reduction of Maastricht, that the French
king thanked him for his behaviour at the head of the lir^e,
ahid assured him that he would acouaint bis sovereign with
it, which the duke of Monmouth also confirnied, telUng
the king his father how much he bad been indebted to the
bravery of captain Ghurchill.
The laurels he brought from France could not fail to
gain him preferment at home : accordingly the king made
him a lieutenant-colonel, and the duke made him gentle,
man of his bed-chamber, and soon after master of the robes.
The second Dutch war being over^ colonel Churchill was
again obliged to pass his days at court, where he behaved
iyith gi^eat prudence and circumspection in the troublesome
tinies that ensued. In 1679, when the duke of Yqrk was
constrained to go to the Netherlands, colonel Churchill
. * k is ratiior singular that this fact
should have e8c<iped the notice of his
biographers, especially as Knight, in
bis Life of Dean Colet, mentions hifH
among the eminent scholars of St«
PauPs. The fact, however, is corrobb-
nted by the following MS note of
George North, of Codicote, in his copy
of Colei'3 Life, sent with Mr. Gough's
books to the Bodleilin library, th^
note occurs in p. 4Sd of the Catalogue
•f the Library of St. Paul's, under the
article " Vegetius de re Militari."
" Frum this very boqk, John Gbnrch*
ill, scholar of this school, afterwa^i
th« c<^iel>rated duke of Marlborough,
first learnt the elements of the art of
War ; as was told me, George Northt
on St Paul's day 1724-^, by an old
clergyman, who said he was a con-
temporary scholar, was then well ac-
quainted with biiiii and frf qiueutly saw
\im re^d \l. This 1 testify to be true.,
•? G. No«TM.»'
326 CHURCHIL L.
attended him ; as he did through all his peregrinations,
till he was suffered to reside again in London. While he
waited upon the duke in Scotland, he had a regiment of
dragoons given him ; and thinking it now time to take a
consort, he made his addresses to Sskrah Jennings, who
waited on the lady Anne, afterwards queen of. Great-
Britain. This young lady, then about twenty-one yeare of
age, and universally admired both for her person and wit,
hie married in 1681, and by this nKitch strengthened the
interest he had already at court. In 1682 the duke of
York returned to London ; and, having obtained leave to
quit Scotland, resolved to bring his family from thence by
sea. For this purpose he embarked in May, but unluckily
ran upon the Lemon Oar, a dangerous sand, that lies
about 16 leagues from the mouth of the Humber, where
his ship was lost, with some men of quality, and upwards
of 120 persons on board. He was particularly careful
of colonel Churchill's safety, and took him into the boat
in which himself escaped. The first use made by his
royal highness of his interest,, after he returiied to court.
Was to obtain a title for his favourite ; who, by 'letters
patent, bearing date Dec. 1, 1682, was created baron of
Eymouth in Scotland, and also appointed colonel of the
3d troop of guards. He was continued in all his posts
upon the accession of James; II. who sent him also his am-
bassador to France to notify that event. On his return,
he assisted at the coronation in April 1685 ; and May fol-
lowing was created a peer of England, by the title of baron
Churchill of Sandridge in the county of Hertforfl.
In June, being then lieutenant-general of his majesty's
forces, he was ordered into the west to suppress Mon-
mouth's rebellion ; which he did in a month's time, with
an inconsiderable body of horse, and toqk the duke him-
self prisoner. He was extremely well received by thb king
at his return from this victory j but soon discerned that it
only served to confirm the king in an opinion that, by
virtue of a standing army, the religion and government of
England might easily be changed. How far lord Churchill
concurred with or opposed the king, while he was forming
this project, has been disputed by historians. According
to bishop Burnet, " he very prudently declined meddling
much in business, Spoke little except when his advice was
asked^ and then always recommended nioderate measures."
It is saitj he declared very early to lord Galway, that if
bis master attempted to overturn the established religion^
CHURCHILL. 327
he would leave him ; and that he signed the memorial
transmitted to the prince and princess of Orange, hy which
they were- invited to fill the throne. Be this as it will, it is
certain that be remained with the king, and was entrusted
by him, after the prince of Orange was landed in 1688.
He attended king James when he marched with his forces
to oppose the prince,' and had the command of 5000 men ;
yet the earl of Feversbam, suspecting his inclinations, ad-
vised the king to seize him. The king's affection to him
was so great, that he could not be prevailed upon to do it ;
and this left him at liberty to go over to the prince, which
accordingly he did, but without betraying any post, or car-
rying off any troops. Whoever considers the great obliga-
tions, lord Churchill lay under to king James, must natu-
rally conclude, that he could not take the resolution of
leaving him, and withdrawing to the prince of Orange,
but with infinite concern and regret; and that this was
really the case, appears from a letter, which he left for
the king, to shew the reasons of his conduct, and to ex-
press his grief for the step he was obliged to take.
Lord Churchill was graciously received by the prince of
Orange ; and it is supposed to have been in consequence
of his lordship's solicitation, that prince George of Den-
mark took the same step, as his consort the princess Anne
did also soon after, by the advice of lady Churchill. He
was entrusted in that critical conjuncture by the prince of
Orange, first to re-assemble his troop of guards at London,
and afterwards to reduce some lately-raised regiments, and
to new model the army, for which purpose he was invested
with the rank and title of lieutenant-general. The prince
and princess of Orange being declared king and queen of
England, Feb. 6, 1689, lord Churchill was on the 14th
sworn of their privy council, and one of the gentlemen of
the bed-chamber to the king; and on the 9th of April
following, raised to the dignity of earl of Marlborough in
the county of Wilts. He assisted at the coronation of
their majesties, and was soon after made commander in
chief of the English forces sent over %o Holland. He pre-
sided at the battle of Walcourt, April 15, 1689, and gave
such extraordinary proofs of hi^ skill, that prince Waldeck,
speaking in his commendation to king William, declared,
that ** he saw niore into the art of* war in a day, than
some generals in many years." It is to be observed, that
king William commanded this year in Ireland, which was
the reason of the earl of Marlborough's being at the head
328 C H U R C H I L L.
of the English troops in Holland, where he laid the fouR'-
dation of that fame among foreignersi which he afterwards
extended all oyer Europe. He next did great services for
king William in Ireland, by reducing Cork and some
other places of much importance \ in all which he shewed
such uncommon abilities, that, on his first appearance at
court after his return, the king was pleased to say, that
** he knew no man so fit for a general, who had seen so
few campaigns.^' Alt these services notwithstanding did
not hinder bis being disgraced in a very sudden manner :
for, being in waiting at court as lofd of the bed-chamber,
and having introduced to his majesty lord George Hamil-
ton, he was soon followed to his own house by ihe same
lord, with this short and surprising message, ^' That the
king had no farther occasion for his services ;^' the more
surprising, as his majesty just before had not discovered
the least coldness or displeasure towards him. The cause
of this disgrace is not eyen at present known ; but only
suspected to have proceeded from his too close attachment
to the interest of the princess Anne. This strange and un-
expected blow was followed by one much stranger, for
soon after he' was coujmitted to the Tower for high treason ;
but was released, and acquitted, upon the principal ac-
cuser being convicted of perjury and punished ; yet it is
now believed that a correspondence had been carried on
between the earl of Marlborough and the exiled king ; and
during queen Mary*s life, he kept at a distance from court,
jittending principally, with his lady, on tbe princess Anne.
After queen Mary's death, when tbe interests of the tjwo
l^ourts were brought to a better agreement, king William
thought ^t to recall the earl of Marlborough -to his privy
council; and in June 1698, appointed him governor to^he
duke of Gloucester, with this extraordinary compli^^nt,
^* My lord, make him but what you are, and my nephew
>vill be all I wish to see him." He continued in favoj^ to
the king's death, as appears from his having beei> ,xlffree
times appointed one of the lords justices during ^is, ab-
sence; nan^ely, July 16, 1698; May 31, 1699; andJFiine
,27, 17P0. As soon as it was discerned that the deatl) of
Charles II, of Spain Would become tbe occasion of anc^iher
general war, the king sent a body of troops over to JHol-
Jand, and made lord Marlborougn commander in chief of
them. He appointed him also an^bassador extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary to their high mightin€»ses.
Jh^ king following, and taking a view of the forges, tiined
CHURCHILL. 329
with him at his quarters in Sept. 1700 ; and this was one of
the last favours he received from king William, who died
the &th of March following, unless we reckon his recom-
mendation of him to the princess of Denmark, a little be-
fore his death, as the fittest person to be trusted with the
command of the army which was to protect the liberty of
Europe. About a week after, he was elected knight of the
oiost noble order of the garter, and soon declared captain-.' '
general of all her majesty's forces in England and abroad ;
upon which he was immediately sent over to the Hague
with the samei character that he had the year before. His
stay in Holland was very short, but enough to give the
States General the necessary assurances of bis mistress's
sincere intention to pursue the plan that had formerly been
settled. The States concurred with him in all that he pro-
posed, and made him captain-general of all their forces,
appointing him 100,000 florins per annum.
On his return to England, he found the queen's council
already divided ; some being for carrying on the war as
auxiliaries only, others for declaring against France and
'Spain immediately, and so becoming principals at once.
The earl of Marlborough joined with the latter ; and these
carryiiiig their point, war was declared May 4, 1702, and
approved afterwards by parliament, though the Dutch at
that time had not declared. The earl took the command
June 20 ; and discerning that the States were made uneasy
by the places which the enemy held on their frontiers, he
began with attacking and reducing them. ^ Accordingly, in
this single campaign, he made himself master of the castles
of Gravenbroeck and Waerts, the towns of Venlo, Rure-
m6nd, and StevensWaert, together with the city and citadel
of Liege ; which last was taken sword in hand. These ad-
vantages were considerable, and acknowledged as such by
the States ; but they had like to have been of a very short
•date : for, the army separating in the neighbourhood of
Liege, Nov. 3, the earl was taken the next day in his
passage by water, by a small party of thirty men from the
gartison at Gueldres ; but it being towards night, and the
earl insisting upon an old pass given to his brother, and
now out of date, was suiF<dred to proceed, and arrived at
the Hague, when they were in the utmost consternation at
the accident which had befallen him. The winter ap- '
proaching, he embarked for .England, and arrived in Lon-
don Nov. 28. The queen had been complimented some
%ixnt before by both houses of parliament, on the success
330 CHURCHILL.
of her arms in Flanders ; in consequence of which there
had been a pu.blic thanksgiving Nov. 4, when her majesty
went in great state to St. Paul's. Soon after a committee
of the house of commons waited upon him with the thanks
of the house; and Dec. 2, her majesty declared her in-
tention in council of creating him a duke : which she soon
did, by the title qf marquis of Blandford, and duke of
^ Marlborough. She likewise added a pension of 5000/. per
Annum out of the post-office, during her own life, and sent
a message to the house of commons, signifying her desire
. that it might attend the honour she had lately conferred ;
but with this the house would not comply, contenting
themselves, in their address to the queen, with applauding
her manner of rewarding public service, but declaring their
inability to make such a precedent for alienating the reve-
nue of the crown.
He was on the "point of returning to Holland, when, Feb.
8, ll03f his only son, the marquis of Blandford, died at
Cambridge, at. the age of 18, and was interred in the
magnificent chapel of King's college. This very afflicting
accident did not however long retard him ; but he passed
over to Holland, and arrived at the Hague March 6. The
nature of our work will not suffer us to relate all the mili-
tary acts in which the duke of Marlborough was engaged :
it is sufficient to say, that, numerous as they were, they
vtere all successful. The French had a great army this
year in Flanders, in the Netherlands, and in that part of
Cermany which the elector of Cologn had put into their
hands ; and prodigious preparations were made under the
most experienced commanders : but the vigilance and
activity of the duke baffled them all. When the campaign
was over, his grace went. to Dusseldorp to meet the late
emperor, then styled Charles HI. king of Spain, who made
him a present of a rich sword from his side, with very high
compliments; and then returning to the Hague, after a
very short stay, came over to England. He arrived Oct.
13, 1703 ; and soon after king Charles, whom he had ac-
companied to the Hague, came likewise over to England,
and arrived at Spithead on Dec. 26 ; upon which the dukes
of Somerset and Mariborough were immediately sent down
to receive and conduct him to Windsor. In January the
States desired leave of the queen for the duke to come to
the Aague; which being granted, he embarked oh the
15th, .and passed over to Rotterdam. He went immedi«
ately to the Hague> where he communicated to the pen*
C H U R CHILL- ,331
sionary his senae of the necessity there was of attempting
something the next canipaign for the relief gf the emperor ;
whose affairs at this time were in the utmost distress, hav-
ing the Bavarians on one side, and the Hungarian malcon-
tents on the other, making incursions to the very gates of
V.ienna, wlille his whole force scarce enabled him to main-
tain a defensive war. This scheme being approved of, and
the plan of it adjusted, the duke returned to England in
the middle of February.
When measures were prdperly settled at home, April
8,1704, he embarked for Holland ; where, staying about #
a month to adjust the necessary steps, he began his march
towards the heart of Germany ; and after a conference held
with prince Eugene of Savoy, and Lewis of Baden, he
arrived before the strong entrenehmfents of the enemy at
Schellenburg, very unexpectedly, on June 21 ; whom, after
an obstinate and bloody dispute, he entirely routed. It
was on this occasion that the emperor wrote the duke a
letter with his own hand, acknowledging his great services,
and ofFering him the title of a prince of the empire, which
he modestly declined, till the queen afterwards commanded
him to accept of it. He prosecuted this success, and the
battle of Hochstet was fought by him and prince Eugene,
on August 2 ; when the French and Bavarians were the
greatest part of them killed and taken, and their com-
mander, marshal Tal lard, made a prisoner. After this glo-
rious action, by which the empire was saved, and the
whole electorate of Bavaria conquered, the duke continued
his pursuit till he forced the French to repass the Rhine.
Then prince Lewis of Baden laid siege to Landau, while
the duke and prince Eugene covered it ; but it was not
taken before the 1 2th of November. He made a tour also
to Berlin-; and by a short negotiation, suspended the dis-
putes between the king of 'Prussia and the Dutch, by which
he gained the good will of both parties. When the cam-^
paign was over, he returned to Holland, and, Dec. 1 4, ar-
rived in England. He * brought over with him marshal
Taliard, and 26 other officers of distinction, 121 standards^
and 17t) colours, which by her majesty's order'were put up
in Westminster-hall. He was received by the queen with
the highest marks of esteem, and had the solemn thanks of
both nouses of parliament. Besides this, the commons
addressed her majesty to jperpetuate the memory of this
vtctOTj', which she did, by granting Woodstock, with the
hundred of Wotton, to him and his heirs for ever. This
333 CHURCHILL.
was confirmed by an act of parliament, which passed ott,
the 14th of March following, with this remarkable clause,.^
that they should be held by tendering to the queen, her
heirs and successors, on August 2, every year for ever, at
the castle of Windsor, a standard with three Bears de lys
painted thereon. Jan. 6, the duke was magnificently en-,
tertained by the city; and Feb. 8, tbe commons addressed
the queen, to testify their thanks for the wise treaty which
tlie duke had concluded with the court. of Berlin, by which
^ a large body pf Prussian troops were sent to the assistance
* of the duke of Savoy.
The next year, 1705, he went over to Holland in March,,
with a design to execute some great schemes, which he
had been projecting in the winter. The campaign wa$
attended with some successes, which would have made a
Considerable figure in a campaign under any other general,
but are scarcely worth mentioning where the duke of
Marlborough commanded. He could not carry into exe**
cution his main project, on account of the impediments he
met with from the allies, and in this respect was greatly
disappointed. The season for action being over, he made
a tour to the courts of Vienna, Berlin, and Hanover. At
the first of these he acquired the entire confidence of the
new emperor Joseph, who presented him with the priu«.
cipality of Mindelheim : at the second, he renewed the
contract for the Prussian . forces : and at the third, be
restored a perfect harmony, and adjusted every thing tq
the electorV satisfaction. After this he returned »to.the.
Hague, and towards the close of the year embarked for,
and arrived safe in England. In J^iuary the house, of
commons came to a resolution, to thank his grace of Marl^.
borough, as well for his prjudent negotiations, as for liis.
great services : but notwithstanding this, it very aioon. ap'
peared that there was a strong party formed agaipst the war^«
and steps were taken to censure and disgrace the duke.
All things being concerted for rendering the next year's
campaign more successful than the former, the duke> m
the beginning of April, 1 706, embarked for Holland. Thia
year the famous battle of Ramilies was fought, and won
upon May 12, being Whitsunday. The duke was. twice
here in the utmost danger, once by a fall from his borse^
and a second time by a canhonrsfaot, which took off the.
' head of colonel Bingfield,^ as he was holding the sticrup
for him to remount. The advantages, gained by. ihisyiq^
CHURCHILL. 83»
t6ry #ere so far improved by the vigilance and wisdom of
tbe dukei that Louvain, Brussels, Mechlin, and even Ghent
and Bruges, submitted to king Charles without a stroke (
and Oudenard surrendered upon the first summons. The
city of Antwerp followed this example; and thus, in thd
short spape of a fortnight, the duke reduced all Brabant^
and the marquisate of the holy empire, to the obedience of
king Charles. He afterwards took the towns of Ostend,
Menin, Dendermonde, and Aeth. The forces of the allies
after this glorious campaign being about to separate, his
grace went to the Hague Oct. 16, where the proposals,
which France had made for a peace, contained in a letter
from the elector of Bavaria to the duke of Marlborousrh.
were communicated to the ministers of the allies, after
which he embarked for England, and arrived at London
Nov. 18, 170G ; and though at this time there was a party
^nied against him at court, yet the great services he had
done the nation, and the personal esteem the queen always
bad for him, procured him an universal good reception*
The house of commons, in their address to the queen,
spoke of the success of the campaign in general, and of
the duke bf Marlborough's share in particular, in the strong*
est tefms possible ; and the day after unanimously voted
him their thanks, as did the lords. They went still far*
tber ; for, Dec. 17, they addressed the queen for leave to
bring in a bill to settle the duke's honours upon the male,
and. female issue of his daughters. This was granted ; and^
Blenheim-bouse, with the manor of Woodstock, was, after
the decease of the duchessj upon whom they were settled
in jointure, entailed in the same manner with the honours.
Two days after this, tfae standards and colours taken at
Rainilies being carried in state through the city, in order
to be hung up in Guildhall, the duke, by invitation, par^^
took of a grand dinner with the lord- mayor. The last day
of the year was appointed for a general thanksgiving, and
her majesty went in state to St. Paul's ; in which there
was this singularity observed, that it was the second thanks-
giving within the year. Jan. 17, the bouse of commons
|:^esented an address to the queen, in which they signified,,
that as her majesty had built the boose of Blenheim to per-*
p^tuate the memory of the duke of Marlborough's services,
and as the house of lords bad ordered a bill for continuing
bis honours^ so they were desirous to make some provision
for the more honourable support of bis dignity. In conse^
» »
334 C a U ft C H 1 L' L.
quence of this, and of the queen's answer, the pension of
5000/. per ann. from the post-office was settled in the manner
the queen had formerly desired of another house of commons,
which happened not to be in quite so good a temper.
These points adjusted, the duke made haste to return to
his charge, it being thought especially necessary he should
acquaint the foreign ministers at the Hague, that the
queen of Great Britain would hearken to ho proposals for
a peace, but what would firmly secure the general tran-
quillity of Europe. The campaign of the year 1707 proved
the most barren he ever made, which was chiefly owing to
a failure on the part of the allies, who began to be remiss
in supporting the common cause. Nor did things go on
more to his mind at home ; for upon bis return to England^,
after the campaign was over, he found that the fire, which
he suspected the year before, had broke out in his absence;
that the queen bad a female favourite, who was in a fair
way of supplanting the duchess ; and that she listened to
the insinuations of a statesman who was no friend to him.
He is said to have borne all this with firmness and patience,
though he easily saw whither it tended; and^ went to Hol-
land as usual, early in the spring of 1708, arriving at the
Hague March 19. The ensuing campaign was carried on
by the duke, in conjunction with prince Eugene, with
such prodigious success, that the French king thought fit,
in the beginning of 17C9, to set on foot a negotiation for
peace. The house of commons this year gave an uncom-
mon testimony of their respect for the duke of MarK
borough; for, besides -addressing the queen, they, Janu-
ary 22, 1709, unanimously voted bim thanks, and ordered
theqi to be transmitted to him abroad by the speaker. He
returned to England Feb. 25, and on his first appearance
in the house of lords, received the thanks of that august^
assembly. His stay was so very short, that we need not
dwell upon what passed in the winter. It is sufficient to
say, that they who feared the dangerous effects of those
artful proposals France had been making for the conclu-
sion of a general peace, were also of opinion, that nobody
was so capable of setting their danger in a true light in
Holland as his grace of Marlborough. This induced the
queen to send him thither, at the end of March, witji the
character of her plenipotentiary, which contributed not a
little to the enemy's disappointment, by defeating all their
projects.
CHURCHILL. 335
Marshal Villars commanded the French army in the cam--
paign of 1709 ; and Lewis XIV. expressed no small hope^
of him, in saying a little before the opening of it, that
" Villars was never- beat." However the siege of Touruay,
and tlie battle of Malplaquet, convinced the monarch that
Villars was not invincible. Upon the news of the glorious
victory gained Aug. 1, 1709, the city of London renewed
their congratulatory addresses to the queen ; and her ma-
jesty in council, Oct. 3, ordered a proclamation for a ge-
neral thanksgiving. The duke of Marlborough came to
St James's Nov. 10, and soon after received the thanks of
both houses : and the queen, as if desirous of any occasion
to shew her kindness to him, appointed him lord lieutenant
and custos rotulorum of the county of Oxford. But amidst
these honours, preferments, and favours, he was really
chagrined to the last degree. He perceived that the
French intrigues began to prevail both in England and
Holland : the affair of Dr. Sacheverell had thrown the nar
tion into a ferment ; and the queeu was not only estranged
from the duchess of Marlborough, but had taken such a
dislike to her that she seldom appeared at court.
In the beginning of 1710 the French set on foot a new
negotiation for a,peace, which was commonly called the
treaty of Gertruydenburg. The States upon this having
shewn an inclination to enter into conferences with the
French plenipotentiaries, the house of commons imme-
diately framed an address to the queen, that she would be
pleased to send the. duke of Marlborough over to the
Hague. Accordingly, towards the latter end of February
he went to the Hague, where he met with prince Eugene^
and soon after set out with him for the army, which was
assembled in the neighbourhood of Tournay. This cam-
paign was very successful, many towns being tak6n and
fortresses reduced : notwithstanding which, when the duke
came over to England, as he did about the jxiiddle of De-
cember, he found his interest declining, and. bis services
undervalued. The negotiations for peace were carried on
during a great part of the summer, but ended at last in
nothing. In the midst of the summer, the queen l^ega)t^
the great change in her ministry, by removing the earl of
Sunderland from being secretary of state ; and on Aug. 8,
the lord treasurer Godolphin was likewise removed. Upon
the meeting of parliament no notice was taken in the ad-
dresses of the duke of Marlborough^s success : an attempt
336 CHURCHILL.
indeed was made to procure bim the thanks of the bouse
oif peers, but it was eagerly opposed by the duke of Afgyle.
His grace was kindly received by the queen, who seemed
desirous to have him live upon good terms with her new
ministry; but this was thought impracticable, and it was
every day expected that he would lay down his commission*
He did not do this ; but he carried the golden key, the
ensign of the duchess of Marlborough's office, January
19, 1711, to the queen, and resigned all her employments
with great duty and submission. With the' same firmness
and composure he consulted the necessary measures for
the next campaign, with those whom he knew to be no
friends of his; and treated all parties with candour and
respect. There is no doubt that the duke felt some in-
ward disquiet, though he shewed no outward concern, at
least for himself: but when the earl of Galway was very
indecently treated in the house of lords, the duke of Marl-
borough could not help saying,- " it was somewhat strange,
that generals, who had acted according to the best of th^ir
understandings, and bad lost their limbs in their service,* '
should beexamined like offenders about insignificant things.''
An exterior civility, in court language styled a good
understanding, being established between the duke and
the new ministry, the duke went over to the Hague, to
prepare for the next campaign, which at the same time he
knew would be his last He exerted himself in an uncom-
mon manner, and was attended with the same success as
iusual. There was in this campaign a continued trial of
skill between the dlike of Marlborough and marshal Villars;
and brave and judicious as the latter was, he was obliged
at leogth to submit to the former. The duke embarked
for England wb^n the campaign was over, and came to
JLondon Nov. 8 ; and happening to land the very night of
queen Elizabetb^s inauguration, when great rejoicings were
intended by the populace, he continued very prudently at
Greenwich, ^nd the next day waited on the queen at
Hampton;^court^ who received him graciously. He was
visited by the ministers, and visited them ; but he did not
go to council, because a negotiation of peace was then on
the carpet, upon a basis which he did by no means ap-
prove. He acquainted her majesty in the audience he had
at his arrival, thut as he could not concur in the measures
of those who directed her councils, so he would not dis-
trict them by a fruitless opposition. Yet finding himself ^
CHURCHILL; 337
a^tftck^d in the house of lords, and loaded with the impu^
tation of having protracted the war, he vindicated bis con^
duct and character with great dignity and spirit; add in a
most pathetic speech appealed to the queen, bis mistress,
who was diere inco^ito, for the fialsehood of that imputa-
tion ; declaring, tluit he was as much for peace as any man,
pcovided it was such a peace as might be. expected from
»^ war undertaken on such just motives, and carried on
. with ' uninterrupted success. This had a great effect on
that august asseoibly, and perhaps made some inq)res«
sion on the queen i but at the same time it gave such an
edge- 4;orthe> resentment of his enemies, who were then in
power, that they resolved at all adventures to remove him^
Those who were thus resolved to divest him of his commis-*
sjnn, found theinselves under a necessity, to engage the
queeci to take it from him. This necessity, aiose chiefly
from prince Eugene's being expected to come over with a
cQmmis$ioQ from the emperor ; and to gii^e some kind of,
colour to it, an inquiry was promoted in the house of com-^
mens, to fix a very high imputation upon, the duke, as if he
had. put v^y large sums of public^money into hisown pocket*-
When a question to this purpose had been carried, the
Jpieen, by a letter, .conceilved in very obscure terms^ ac^
quainted him with her liaviag no &rther occason for his
service, anddisioissed him from all his employments. ,
He was from this^ time ex{H>sed to a most painful.perse*'
cution%. Qn the one hand, he wa» attacked by the:olamoitrs
oE.the pqpulaeej and by those i»reUugs»of the press who
are always readyto espouse the quarrels of a ministry, and
to insult withouiLn^€^cy whoever they knowmay be insulted
with iinipunity : on the other hand^ a prosectttion was x^m*- '
menced against Um by the attorney^ general^ for applying
pi|blio iponeytoihis private use; and. the workmen :em-«
' played 'la building Ble^dieim'^house, though set at work by '
the crowo^ were encouraged to sue hifQ iFor the moneyrthat
was. due to them* All his aetions. were alsQ shamefully
m|sr^resented. These uneasioe^es, joined to his grief
fof the death' of the earl of Opdolpbin, induoedhim to^
gratify his enemies, by going into a voluotary exile* Acn -
cordingly Jie epibarked at Dover, ifi^ovember 14^ 1712^
and. landing at Ostend, went to Amweiii!, and so to Aix la
CbapeUe, being . every where receive - with . the ^honours
due to bis high rank and merit* The duchess .also attended
)ie|. lord in all his joulrney s, and pKtiouhrlyialu9 viaitJi) the
Vol. IX. Z
S3S C H U % C H I L t.
prineipality of Mindelhetniy which was given him by the
emperor, arid exchanged for another at the peace^. which
was made while the duke was abroad. The conclusion of
tliat peace was so* far from' restoring harmony among the
several parties of Great^Britain^ that it widened their dif-^
ferences exce^ingly : inaonmcfa that the chiefs, despair-*
ing of safety ^in the way they were in, are said to have
secretly invited the duke back to England. . Be that as jit
ni^U, it ts very oeitain that betook a resolution of return-^
ingy a little before the queen's death; and landing at'
Dover, came to London, Aug* 4^ 1714. : He was received
with all demonstrations of joy, by those who^ upofo the
demise of the queen, < which had happened upon the Ist,
were entrusted with the government; and upon the arrival
of George I. was particulariy distinguished by acts of royal
&vour: for he was again declared captain-'generaL and
€X)aimander in chief of ail his majesty^s laond forces, colonel
of the first regiment of foot guards, and master of the
ordnance^
His advice was of greatuse in concerting those measunes
by wJiich the rebellion in . 1 715 • was crushed ; and this ad-«
vice was the last effort he nsade in respect to public a£birs^
for hia infirmities^ increasing widx his years, he netired.frofa
bulttness, and' spent the greaitest . part of bis»time, divini;
the remainder of his life, at one or other of his country^
hou^s. During bis last years he suffered a decay of his
mental Aioulties,/ which terminated in bis death June 16^
1722, in his 73d year, at Windsor-^Iodge ; aodiiis corpse^
on Aug. 9, was interred^ with the highest solemnity in
Westminster'-abbey; Besides the marquia of Blandford^
whom we have already mentioned, he bad four daughters^
who married into the best families of the kingdom; • ^ i.
Various 'characters have been given of.' this illtiatrioufl|
nobleman, whom party prejudice sniseepresented m hi»
Kfe-time, and who has since been censured by succeeding
writers, some of whom seem to have become more bold iar
proportion to their distance from his time, and from all
opportunities of jndging widi imparticdiliy. A late hiatorian^
however, seems with great justice to characterise him as
possessing the acoomplisbmentscf a statesman \and courtier
in a degree inferior to none of his contempotariea; while,
his military talents raised hhn far above all livalship and
competition. The natural advantages of « fine figure and
dignified mien, embellished with all the graces of :the oourv
CHURCHILL. SS%
to which he was introduced at an early stage of life, befoim
his more useful qualifications were discovered, made lord
ChurcbilLthe first object of notice and admiration in every
polite circle. While these ext^ior excellencies r^com.^
meiided him as the fittest person to be employed on btisi^
ness of compliment at foreign courts, hb fascinating ad-
dress, his political knowledge, and hia acute penetration
into characters, rendered him the most able and successful
negociator in the more weighty afiairs of state. His early
proficiency in every branch of warlike science^ and his
meritorious exploits in the station of a subaltern cBm«-
mander, had excited a general expectation of his ascending
to distinguished supertority in the line of his. profession J
The history of ten eventful campaigns demonstrated that
nothing was expected from him which he did not perform;
and thattibeie was not a single accomplishment of a genemly
in which he did aot excelL. His comprehensive and vadooa*
capacii^ was equally adapted to complicated aad detached
ol^jepts. In the several departments of plan and strats^^em,
aa4 of etilerprisse and actloo, he was alike successful. The^
general arrangement of the campaign^ and the dispositiona
wbidi. he made in the day of battle, the choice of ground^
his composure and presence of mind in the heat, of an'
engagemetit, his improvement of victory, and his ready
expedients under bad foi*tune, for a defeat he never Irnew^ •
were all evidences of such diversity o£ talents^ and such a '
stupendous pitch of military genius, as never were^sur*^
passed by Uiose of the greatest commanded in «icient and'
modern timesb
The onlj^ personal fiiiling attributed to the duke of MarU '
borough, upon any fair evidence^ was avadce ; but haw fiur
he owes the impulataou. of that to himself, or* ta die fliis«-
conduct and caprice of one nearly allied. to himy>amd to
wbom it was his weakness to.be too subservient, ma^ admit
of a doubt. Tiiat Saisfa, duress of Marlborough, brought
her husband . into freq^sent trouble and diagfocp seeaaa u>^
be generally acknowledged*; tuid Swift was not iiar wrong '
when he said that the :d»ke: owed to her. both hia greatness
(his promotions) atid his fall. No womati was perhaps ever
less formed by uatureaad habit for a couvt,:yet she arrived
to such a pitch of gnusdeur at the court of -queen Aune,
tha( her aojirereign was^ in fact, but the second person in it. .
Never were two wosaeu moore the reverse of one anotheria
their natural dispositions, than queea.Anne and the ducfaesa
z 2
340 CHURCHILL.
of Marlborough ; yet neret had any servant a greater as-
cendancy over a mistress, than the latter had over the for*
mer. But though the duchess did not rise by a court, yet
ske rose by a party, of which she had the art to put her
mistress at the head, who was merely the vehicle of her
sentiments, and the minister of her avarice. Few sove-
reign prinoes in Europe could, from their own revenues,
command such sums of ready money, as the duchess did
during the last thirty* five yearg of her life. Conscious-at
length that she had incurred the contempt of the nation,'
she employed Hooke, the Roman historian, at the price of
5000/* to write a defence of her, which was published in
1?42« under the title of ^^ An account of th^ conduct of
the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough, from her first
coming to court to the year 1710. In a letter from her*
s/3l£to my lord — ^ -." This work excited oonmderable
atl;^tion at the time of its appearance, and gave rise to
many strictures and some controversy. The ease and ele<^
gance with which the book is composed, the toecdoles it
relates,, and the original letters, it contaiiis, render it by no
ngteans an uninteresting performance ; and it is not without
its use . jm the elucidation of our general histoiy. Kever-
theless, from the* prejudice aftd passion wherewith the
duchess, or rather her amanuensis, writes, from her severity
to.her enemies, and from the malignity she displays against
the memories of king William and queen Mary, she ha3
contrived to make her own character stand in no higher a
degree of estimation than that in which it was held befoi^
Lord Orford, who, on account of this book, has introduced
her among his ^^ Royal and Noble Authors,'' very justly
'xemacks on it, that ^^ it is seldom the public receives in-
formation on princes and favourites ^m the fountain-head :
flattery or invective is apt to pervert the rd^ons of others.
It is from their own pens alone,- whenever they are so gra-
cious, like the lady in question, as to- have. * a passion for
fame, and approbation,', that we learn exactly^ how trifling
and foolish and ridiculous their views and actions were, and
how often the mischief they did proceeded from the most
inadequate causes."
It is well known that Pope's character of Atossa was de-
signed for her ; and when these lines were shewn to her
grace, as if ^ they were intended for the portrait of the
duchess of Buckingham, she soon stopped the person that
vas reading them to her, and called out aiopd-^^^ I camiot.
CHURCHILL. 341,
be so imposed upon — I see plainly enough for whom they
are designed ;'' and abused Pope for theattack, though she
was afterwards reconciled to, arid courted him. The vio-
lence of the duchess of Marlborough^s temper, which is so
strongly painted in the character of Atossa, frequently
broke out into wonderful and ridiculous indecencies. In
the last illness of the great duke her husband, when Dr.
Mead left his chamber, the duchess, disliking his advice,
followed him down stairs, swore at him bitterly, and was
going to tear off his perriwig. Dr. Hoadly, the late bishop
of Winchester, was present at tliis scene. Disappointed
ambition, great wealth, jtnd increasing years, rendered her
more and more peevish. She bated courts, says lord Hailes,
over which she bad no influence, and she became at length
the most ferocious animal that is suffered to go loose — a
violent party-woman. In the latter part of her life she
became bed-ridden. Paper, pens, and ink Were placed by
her side, and she used occasionally to write down either
what she remembered, or what came into her head. A se»
lection fronj these loose papers was made in the way of
diary, by sir David Dalrymple, lord Hailes, under the title
of "The Opinions of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough,
published from the original MSS." 1788, 12mo, which
Mr. Park, who has given a specimen, very properly cha-
racterises as the effusions of caprice and arrogapce. This
lady died Oct. 1 8, 1744.*
CHURCHYARD (Thomas), a voluminous poet of the
sixteenth century, was born in Shrewsbury about the year
1520. Wood, who has given a long account of him, says
he was of a genteel family, and well educated ; and that at
the age of seventeen, his father gave him a sum of money,
and sent him to court, where he lived in gaiety while his
finances lasted. He does not seem, however, to have
gained any thing by his attendance at court, except his
introduction to the celebrated earl of Surrey, with whom
he lived some time as domestic, and by whose encourage-
ment he produced some of his poems. He certainly had
no public employment either how or in queen Elizabeth's
1 Biojf. Brit.— Lediard'it Lif« of the Dalf^e of Marlborough.— Swia's Works,
see Index. — Ban^et*s Own Times. — Chesterfield's Letters and Memoirs by Di*.
Maty.-'-Bov'Ies's edition of Pope's Works. — Somerville's History of Queen
Anne, p. 251. — Continuation of Rapin's History. — Park's edition of the Royal
and Noble Authors. — Mirror, No. 21, a paper by Lord Hailes.— Gent. Hag.
1742; Dr. Johnson's Remarks on the Duchess's Apology.— Cove's Memoirs of
• Wal^e»
342 CHURCHYARD.
reign, although some have denonsinated him poet laureit,
merely, as Mr. Malone thinks, ^^ because he had addressed
many of the noblemen of Elizabeth's court for near forty
yearsy and is* called by one of his contemporaries, the old
court poet." He appears, however, to have continued with
th6 earl of Surrey, until this virtuous and amiable noble-
man was sacrificed to the tyrannical caprice of Henry VIII.
Churchyard now became a soldier, and made several cam-
?aigns on the continent, in Ireland, and in Scotland,
'anner is inclined to think that he served the emperor in
f landers against the French in the reign of Henry VIII. ;
but the differences of dates between his biographers are
jiot now so reconcileable as to enable us to decide upon this
part of his history. Wood next informs us that he spent
some time at Oxford^ and was afterwards patronized by the
carl of Leicester. He then became enamoured .of a rich
widow; but his passion not meeting with success, he once
more returned to the profession of arms, engaged in foreign
service, in which he suffered great hardships, and met with
many adventures of thfe romantic kind ; and in the course
of them appears to have been always a favourite among the
ladies. At one time, in Flanders, he was taken prisoner,
but escaped by the ** endeavours of a lady of considerable
quality;*' and at another time, when condemned to death as
a spy, he was reprieved and sent away by the "endeavours
of a noble dame." On his return he published a great
variety of poems on all subjects ; but there is reason to
think that by these he gained more applause than profit, as
it is very certain that he lived and died poor. The time of
bis death, until lately was not ascertained ; Winstaqley and
Cibber place that event in 1570, Fuller in 1602, and Oldys
in 1604, which last is correct. Mr. George Chalmers, in
bis ** Apology for the believers in the Shakspeare MSS."
gives us an extract from the parish register, proving that
he was buried April 4, of tjiat year, in St. Margaret^'s
f^hurch, W0$tminster, near the grave of Skelton. Mr.
D'Israeli, who h^ts introduced him in bis ^* Calamities of
Authors," very aptly characterises him as *^ one of those
imfortunate men, who have written poetry all their days,
t^nd lived a long life, to complete the misfortune." His
works are minutely enumerated by Ritson in his ^* Biblio-
graphia Poetica," and some well-selected specimens have
lately appeared in the Censura Literaria. The best of bis
poeqi^, in point of genius^ is his ^' Legend^ of Jape Sbore^' -
CHURCHY A R D. 34S
9fid the most popular, his "Worthiness of Wales/* 1580,
8vo, of which an edition was published in 1776. It may
be added, as it has escaped his biographers, that he is men-
tioned by Strype, in his life of Grindal, as " an excellent
soldier, and a man of honest principles," who in 15&9 gava
the secretary of state notice of an intended rising at Bath
(where Churchyard then was) among the Romau catholiqs. \
CHYTRiEUS (David), whose family name was Koch*
bafe, or Rochhafe, was an eminent Lutheran divine, and a
promoter of the reformation. He was born at logelsing in
Soabia, ia 1530, of parents who, discerning his capacity,
bestowed much pains on his education, and in hi» ninth
year sent him to Tubingen, where he was placed under the
ablest masters. Such was his proficiency that he was soon
after admitted into the university of that place, ^nd at the
age of fifteen took his master^s degree with the greatest
credit. He then went to Wittemberg, and studied under
Melancthou, who expressed himself surprised at his having
so early attained academic honours, and received him into
. bis house. There also he heard spme of Luther^ lectures.
After Luther's death, and the interruption which the wars
occasioned to the university of Wittemberg, ChytrsBUs
went to Heidelberg, where he studied Hebo-ew, and to
Tubingen, where he took some lessons in mathematics;
but prince Maurice having restored the university of Wit-
temberg, and recalled Melancthon, Chytrasus went back
also, and conapleted his theological course. In 1548, hav-
ing raised some money by private teaching, he visited a
considerable part of Italy, and on bis return was invited to
become one of the professors of the university of Rostock,
where he acquired such reputation for learning, that various
offers were made to him by the princes pf Germany, and
by the universities, all which he declined ; and yet when
prince John Albert offered to increase his stipend as An
inducement for him to remain at Rostock, he refused to
accept jt. He travelled, however, occasionally during his
residence here to such places as he was invited to assist the
reformation, or to give advice in founding schools and
colleges, but always returned in time for his regular courses
1 Wood'i Ath. Ox. vol. I.-^Tftnner.-«»PaIIer*s Worthief.-«AVinstan1ey>s Poets.
^Warton's Hist 9f Poeury, yol. IN. p. 11, 2U,215, 96Q, 280,981, 291, 42U-.
PhtUps's Tbeatrum, by sir £. Biydges, p. 71.-«Cett8ura Literaria, tqI. II. ltl«
mad IV.— Cooper's Muses' Librury, p. 117.— Strype's Grindalj in. -
344 C H Y T R iE U S.
of lectures; and amidst his many public efnpioymenti^
found leisure to write a great many works on subjects of
theology, philology, and history, which extended his
fame. He died June 25, 1600. His principal works are,
a commentary on the Revelations, and ^' Chronologia his-^
toriee Herodoti et Thucydidis,*' Stras'burgh, 1563, 8vo;
" Chronicon anni 1593, 1594^ etjnitii 1595," Leipsic, 1595,-
8vo. We have also, written by his son, " Vita D. Chytraei
memori^ posteritatis orationibus et carminibus consecrata,^'
Rostock, 1601, 4to. There is an edition of his whole
works, printed at Hanover, 1 604, 2 vols, folio ; but Frey tag .
giv^s the preference to the life of ChytroBUs^ written by
Otto Frederic Schurzius, under the title ** De vita D. Chy-*:^
trs&i commentariorum libri quatuor, ex editis et ineditis
nionumentis ita concinnata, ut sit annalium instar et sup-
plementorum.Hist. Eccles. seculi XVI. speciatim rerum ia.
Lutherana ecclesia et academia Rostocbiensi gestarum,^*'
Hamburgh, 1720 — 1728, 4 vols. 8vo. Of so much import-
ance was Chytraeus above a century after his death> that his
personal history was thought a proper foundation ami con-
necting medium for a general history of the Lutherao
church.*
CIAC0NIU8, or CHACO (Alphonsus), a Spanish
author of considerable celebrity, a Dominican, and titular
patriarch of Alexandria, was born in 1540 at Baega in An*'
dalusia, and died at Roine in February 1599, but some
writers say that he was' living ih 1601. A great number
of his works remain ; the most considerable among which is
entitled ^^ Vitse et gesta< Romanorum ppntiScum et car-i^
dinalium;^' which, with the continuation, was printed at
Rome, 1676, 4 vols, folio ; the sequel down to ClementXII.
was published by Marie Guarnacci, Rome, 1751, 2 vols.^
folio; ^^ Bibliotheca Scriptorum ad annum 1583," Paris^
1791, folio^ and Amsterdam, 1732, folio. This last con-
sists of the Paris edition, which the Dutch bookseller bad*
bought, with some additions by the editors, and goes no^
farther than E. He wrote^ also ^^ Historia utfiusque Bellit
Dacioi, in columna Trajana expressi, cum figuris seiieis,^^r
Rome, 1616, oblong folio. In this work he betrays no
little superstition^ by labouring to prove that the soul of
) MdchioF Adam in vitif Qer« Th^oL^lfraberi Thflaitnuo.«^Freyta|p AdfartU.
liater^r.— SaiLii Onosaast.
\
, C I A C O N I U S. 345
Tmjan w4s delivered otit of hell at the intercession of St«
Gregory. »
ClACONIUS (Peter), brother to the preceding, aod
a very learned critic of Spain, was born at Toledo in 1525,
and died at Rome in 158). He was employed with others
by pope Gregory XIII. in correcting the calendar, and
also in revising an edition of the Bible, and of some other
wcnrks printed at the Vatican. He wrote learned notes
upon Amobius, Tertullian, Cassian, Ccesar, Pliny, Te«
rence, &c. He was the author, likewise, of some sepa-
rate little treatises, one particularly, '* De Triclinio Ro<^
mano;*' which, with those of Fulvius Ursinus and Mercu*
rialis upon the same subject, was published at Amsterdam^
1^89, in 12mo, with figures' to illustrate the descriptions.^
CIAMPINI (John Justin), a learned Italian, was born
at Rome April 11, 1633. He quitted the «tudy of the
civil law for the practice of the apostolical chanceiy, and
at the same time found leisure to cultivate the sciences
and polite literature. It was by his care and activity that
the academy of ecclesiastical history was instituted at Rome
in 1671, and in 1677 he established under the auspices of
the famous queen Christina, an academy of mathematics
and natural history, which, by the merit of its members,
soon became known throughout £urope. Ciampini died
July 12, 1698, aged sixty-five. His writings •are : I,
*^ Conjecture de perpetuo azymorum usu in ecclesia La-
tina,*' 168^, 4to. 2. ^' Vetera monumenta, |n quibus
prsBcipua Musiva opera, sacrarom profanarumque ssdium
structura, dissertationibus ieonibusque illustrantur,'' Rome,
1^90, 1699, 2 vols. fol. This is an investigation of the
origin of the most curious remains of the buildings be-
longing to ancient Rome, with explanations and plates of
those monuments. 3. <' Synopsis historica de sacris sedi-
ficiis a Constantino Magno constructis,*' 1693, fol. 4. An
examination of the '^ Lives of the Popes*' said to be writ-
ten by Anastasius Bibliothecarius, calculated to prove that
Anastasius wrote only the lives of Gregory IV. Sergius IL
Leo IV. Benedict III. and Nicholas I. and that the others
were written by different authors, as we have already no-
ticed in our account of Anastasius. Ciampini published
I Moreri.— Maryland DicL Hist.— Dupin.— *Frriieri Theatraiii.-iii^a3di Ono*
masticon. ^
* Ibid.— Bount*! Ceniurai— Baillet JogeiMas.<—Freytag Adparat. Lit.<-«
MorbofPolyburt.
346 C I A M P I N I.
many other (ftssertation^, both in Italian and Latin, and
left a great many manuscripts, of both which Fabroni has
the most complete catalogue.*
GIBBER (Colley), poet-Iaoreat to George II. and a
dramatic writer of considei'able genius, was born in Soutb*«
ampton-street, London, November 6, 167I. His father,
Cai us Gabriel Cibber, was an eminent statuary^, and his
mother was the daughter of William Colley, esq. of ao'an*
cient family of Gkiston, in Rutland. He took bis Chri«^-
tian name from her brother, Edward CoUey, esq. In 1682
he was sent to the free*school of Grantham, in Lincoln*
shire ; and such learning he tells us, as that school could
give him, is the most he ever pretended to, neither utterly
forgetting, nor much improving it afterwards by study.
In 1687 be stood at the election of Winchester scholars,
upon the credit of being descended by his mother^s side
from William of Wykeham, the founder; but not suc-
ceeding, he prevailed with his father, who intended him
for the church, to send him to the university. The revo-*
lution of 168B, however, gave a turn to Cibber^s fortune;
and instead of going to an university, he supplied his fa-
ther's place^io the army, under the earl of Devonshirie, at
Nottingham, who was on his road to Cbatsworth, in
Derbyshire; There his father was then employed, with
. * Ci^tas Gabriel Cibber, or Cibert, ciited also most of Uie statues of
son of a cabinet-maker to the king of kinj^s round the Royal Sxcbange, as
Benmark, was bom at Flensburg, in far as king Charles ; and that of sir
tbeidccby of Hoi stein, and diseorering Thomas 'Oretharo^ in -the piazza be*
'a talent for sculpture, was sent at the neath. 11ie first dnke of 'Deronshire
king's expenee to Rome. He came employed bim much at ^Chatsworth,
W England not long before the restora" where- two .aphtnxes on .laige bases»
tkm, apd worked for John Stone, son well executed, and with oroamenta in
ti Nicholas, who, going to Holland, good taste, are of his work ; and till
•nd being seized wKh a palsy, Gibber Tory lately ihere was a statue af Nep<
liis foreman was aent to conduct bim tun^ in a fountain, still better^ He
Iiome. He afterwards became canrer' carved there several door-cases of ala-
to the king*s closet. He was twice baster, with rich foliage, «od maay
narried. It was bis second wife who ornaments in the cb«pel ; ,fiid,Pii ea,ch
was the mother of Colley. The Inost side of the altar is a statue by him,
capital of his works are the two admi- Faith and Hope ; the draperies, hove
table figures of Melancholy and raving ' great merit, but tiie airs of tliOilfeadi
JUadness, before the front of Bethlehem, are not so good as that of the Neptune*
His other works are the bas-reliefs on Gibber built the Daniah church in Lon-
two sides of the Monument ; the foun- don, and was buried there 'hims^f*
tain in Soho-square i and one. of the with hi« second wifQ, for whom i| mo-
fiue vases at Hampton- court, said to nument was erected in 1696, He died
he done in competition with a foreigner himself about 17()(H at the age of 8e«
who executed the other, but nobody venty. Walpole's Anecdotef of P/ti^t*
to told uiL which is Gibber's : be exe- ing, &c.
> Moreri.-i»FabroQi Vitae ItaL col. V!.
C I B B E R. Si7
other artbts of all kinds, ichangine the architecture and
decorations of that seat. The revolution having been ac-
complished without bloodshed, Gibber had no opportunity
of proving his valour, and immediately determined to gra-
tify a very early inclination he had somehow formed for
the stage. Here, however, he did not meet with much
encouragement at first, being full three quarters of a year
before he was taken into a, salary of 105. per week ; yet'
thi^, with the assistance of food and raiment at his father's
house, he tells us he then thought a most plentiful acces-
sion, and himself the happiest of mortals. The first part
in which he appeared with any success, was the chaplain
in the ** Orphan,** which he performed so well, that Good*
,man, an old celebrated actor, affirmed with an oath, that
he would one day make a good actor. This commendation
from an acknowledged judge, filled his bosom, as he tells
vs, with such transports, that he questioned whether
Alexander himself, or Charles XII. of Sweden, felt greater
bt the head of their victorious armies. The next part he
played, was that of Lord Touchwood, in Congreve*s
^* Double Dealer,'* acted before queen Mary ; which be pre-
pared upon only one day's notice, by the recommendation
of the author, and so well, that Congreve declared he
had not only answered, but exceeded his expectations; and
from the character he gave of him, his salary was raised
from 1 5^. a week, as it then stood, to 205. The part of
Fondlewife, in the ^^ Old Batchelor," was the next in
which he distinguished himself.
All this applause, however, did not advance him in the
manner he had reason to expect ; and therefore, that his
i^mbition might have another trial, he resolved to shew
himself as a writer. With this view he wrote his first play,
called " Love's last Shift," acted Jan. 1695, in which he
performed the part of sir Novelty Fashion. This comedy
met with great success, and the character of the fop wafe
«owell executed, that from that time Gibber was consi-
dered as having no equal in parts of the same cast He
now turned his attention principally to writing, and it is
observable, says he, *^ that my muse and my spouse (for
Jbe was married at this time) were equally prolific ; the oti^
was seldom the mother of a child, but in the same year
^he other made me the father of a play. I think we had
«» do;?ea Qf ^^ch sort between us i of both which kinds some
343 C I B/B E R.
di^d in theii' iafancy, and near an equal number of each
were alive when I qmtted the theatre.''
The ^^ Careless Husband,'* which is reckoned his b6st
p1ay> was acted in 1704 with great success, a great por-
tion of which he very handsomely places to the account of
Mrs. Oldiield, a celebrated actress, who gave great spirit
to the character of Lady Betty Modish ; yet not more than
the author himself in the part of Lord Foppington, wherein
he was inimitable. But of alt his plays, none was of more
importance to the public and to himself, than his comedy
called the "Nonjuror," which was acted in 1717, and
dedicated to the king : the hint of it he took from the
TartufFe of Moliere. It was considered, however, as a
party piece, and it is said that, as he foresaw, he had never
after fair-play given to any thing he wrot^, and was the
constant butt of Mist in his '^ Weekly Journal,'* and of all
the Jacobite faction. But this is not an exact state of the
case. It is true that he incurred, the ridicule of the Ja-
cobites, but the Jacobites only laughed at him in common
with all the wits of the day. This general contempt was
afterwards heightened by Pope's making him the hero of
the " Dunciad" instead of Theobald, a transfer un-
doubtedly mean and absurd on Pope's part, since what was
written for Theobald, a dull plodder, . could never suit
Cibber, a gay lively writer, and certainly a man of wit.
However, if the Nonjuror brought upon its author some
imaginary evils, it procured him also some advantage, for
wHen be presented it to George L the king ordered him
200/. and the merit of it, as he himself confesses, made
him poet-laureat in 1730. Here again he incurred the
xidiciile of his brother wit^ by his annual odes, which had
no merit but their loyalty, lyric poetry being a species of
writing for which he had not the least talent, and which
be probably would not have attempted, had not his office
rendered it necessary. These repeated efforts of his ene-
mies sometimes hindered the success of his dramatic
pieces ; and the attacks against him, in verse and in prose,
were now numerous and incessant, as appears by the early
volumes of the Gentleman's Magazine*. But he appears
to have been so little a^ected by them, that he joined
•I
* Among the opponents of Cibber, we know of no individual who returns to
often to the diarge at Fielding, both in hi$ novels and pUys, nor with such foree
#f hiunonr.
\
GIBBER. 349
heartily in the laugh against himself, and even contri*
buted to increase the merriment o^ the public at bis t>wa
expence. * .
The same year (1730)i be quitted the stage, though he.
occasionally appeared on it afterwards; in particular, when*
** Papal Tyranny in the, reign of king John," a tragedy q£
his own, was acted in 1744, he performed the part of
Pandulph, the pope's legate, with great spirit and vigour^
though he was at that lime above seventy years of age.
He died Dec. 12, 1757. His plays, such of them as he
thought wojth preserving, he collected and published in
2 vols. 4.to. Though Pope has made him :the prince of.
dunces, yet he was a man of part^, but vain, and never sQr
happy as when among the great, making sport for people,
who had n^ore money, but less wit than himself. Df.
Johnson says he was by np means a bloqkh^adi. but by ar«:
rogating to himself too mu^h, he was in danger of losing*
that degree of estimation to which he was .entitled^ Of:
this we have a proof in a work he published in 1747^
entitled " The Character and. Conduct of Cicero, con-
sidered, from the {listory of his Life by the Rev, Dr. Mid*;
dleton ; with occasional E.i^ays and Observations upon:
the most memorable Facts and Persons during that Period,? >
4 to. Cibber was much better qualified to estio^a^e the:
merits of his brother comedians,, than tq investigate the/
conduct of Cicero. As to his moral ch£^racter». we know not-
that any thing mean or dishonourable ha^eyer^ .been imputed
to him, and his ^^ Letter to Pope,^' expostulating with Mm-
for placing him in the Dunciad, does some, credit to his.
spirit, and is ^ more able defence of, his conduct than!
Pope could answer. Although addicted to the promiscuous*
gallantries of the stage, and affecting the^^ gay seducer^^
to the last, he pleased the moral Richardson so well by his
flattery, that the latter conceived a high i.d|ea of him, wd^
wondered on one occasion, that Dt. Johnson, th^n a young,
man, could treat Cibber with familiarity! The be$t edition
of Crbber's Works is that of .1760, in 5 vols. 12mo. His
*^ Life,'^ from which jmuch of this article is taken, .has been
^ftQii reprinted. \
•
. ^ Biog. Brit.— Biof. Pram.— 'Life wriUeo by himself; and that prefixed to.
his works. — Swift's Works ; see Index.— ^Victor's Works, vol. I. p. 71, 72, 93,
94i, &<;.— Davies*i Life of Garrick, vo\, I. and Dramatic MiscoHantes.— Richard-
sqd's Correspondence. — Bowles's edit, of Pope's Works.— Ruff head's life of
P»pe« 4t», p. 299.— Bosweli'sLifeof A>hnsQD.
350 GIBBER.
CIBBER (Theophilus), son of the above, was born in
no^, and about 1716 sent to Winchester school; from
ivhich, like his father, he passed almost directly to the
stage, on which the power his father possessed as a manager,
enabled him to come forward with considerable advantages,
and, by his merit, he soon attained a share of the public
fiivour. His manner of acting was in the same walk of
diaracters which his father had supported, although, owing
to some natural defects, he did not attain equal excellence.
His person was far from pleasing, and the features of his
face rather disgusting. His voice had the shrill treble, but
not the musical harmony of his father^s. Yet still an appa-
rent good understanding and quickness of parts, a perfect
knowledge of what he ought to express, together with a
confident vivacity in his manner, well adapted to the chaT
racters he was to represent, would have ensured his suc-
cess, had his private conduct been less imprudent or im-
moraL But a total want of tBConomy led him into errors^
the consequences of which it was almost impossibly he'
should ever be able to retrieve. A fondness for indul-
gences, which a moderate income could not afford, induced
him to submit to obligations, which it had the appearancef
df meanness to accept; and his life was one continued
seriies of distress, extravagance, and perplexity, till the
winter, 1757, when he was engaged by Sheridan to go
ewer to Dublin. On this expedition Gibber embarked at
Park Gate, on board the Dublin Trader, some time in
Gclober ; but the high winds, which are frequent then in
St George's Cliannei, and which are fatal to many vessels
in their passage from this kingdom to Ireland, proved
particularly so to this. The vessel wia.s driven on the coast
of 'Scotland, where it was cast away ; and Gibber lost his
life* A few of the passengers escaped in a boat, but the
ship wa6 so entirely lost, that scarcely any vestiges of it
remained, excepting a box of books and piapefs, which
were known to be Gibber's, and which were cast up on
the western coast of Scotland.
As a writer, he has not rendered himself very conspi-
cuous, excepting in some appeals to the public, written
in a fantastical style, on peculiar circumstances of his own
distressed life. He altered for the stage three pieces of
other authors, and produced one of his own, viz. 1/
" Henry VI.** a tragedy from Shakspeare. 2. " The
Lover,'* a comedy. 3. *^ Pattie and Peggy,'* a ballad
opera* 4> An alteration of Shakspeare*s ** Romeo and
C I B B £ R. 9H
Juliet^ His name has also appeared to a series of ** The
Lives of. the Poets,^' 5 vols. 12mOy with which some ha?e
said be bad no concern. Two accounts, however, have
lately been published, wh^chw^ shall endeavour to incor-
porate, as tbey do not differ in any material point, and
indeed the one may be considered as a sequel to the other^
The first is taken from a note written by Dr. Calder foe
the edition of the Tatler printed in 1786, 6 vols. 12mo, .
By this we learn that Mr. Oldys, on his departure from
London, in 1724, to reside in Yorkshire, left in the care oC
the rev. Mi*. Burridge, with whom be had lodged for several
years, among many other books, &c. a copy of I^ng*
baine's ^' Lives, &c.*' in which' he (Mr. Oldys) bad written
notes and references for further information. Returning
to London in 1730, Mr. Oldys discovered that bis books
were dispersed, and that Mr. Thomas Coxeter had bought^
this copy of Langbaine, and would not even permit Mr.
Oldys to transcribe his notes from it into another copy of
Langbaine, in which be likewise wrote annotations^ Thia
last annotated copy, at an auction of Oldys^s books,. Dr,
Burch purchased for a guinea, and left it by will, with his
other books, to the British Museum. Mr. T. Coxeter^
who died in April 1747, had added his own notes to thosa
of Mr. Oldys, in the first copy of Langbaine above-men*
tioned, which, at the auction of Mr. Coxeter's books, was
bought by Theophiius Cibber. On the strength of it, the
compilation called ^^ The Lives of the Poets^' was under*
taken. -. 4
The question now is, as to the share Cibber had in the
compilation. The authority we have hitherto followed^,
attributes a very inconsiderable part to biQi, and makes
Robert Shiels, one of Dr. Johnson^s amanuenses,, the chief
writer ; but from an article in the Monthly Review, appa^
rently drawn up by the late proprietor of it, and who must
have been well acquainted with all the circumstances o£
compilation and publication, we learn that although Shiela
was the principal collector and digester of the materials
for the work, yet, as he was very raw in authorship, an
indifferent writer in prose, and his language full of Scot-
ticisms, Cibber, who was a clever lively fellow, and then
soliciting employment among the booksellers, was engaged,
tp correct the style and diction of the whole work, then
intended to m&ke only four volumes, with power to alter,
expunge, or add, as he liked, and he Vas to supply note^.
^S2 C IB B E R.
occasionally, especially concerning those dramatic poets
with whom he nad been chiefly conversant He also en«
gaged to write several of the lives ; which (says this aiitho*
rity, " we are told*') he accordingly performed. He was
further useful in striking out the Jacobitical and Tory seii-
timents, which Sbiels had industriously interspersed where*
ever he could bring thetti in ; and as the success of th«
work appeared, after all, very doubtful, be was contCDt
with 21/. for his labour, besides a few sets of the books to
disperse among bis friends. ^ Shiels bad nearly 70/. be-
sides the advantage of many of the best lives being com-*
municated by his friends, and for which he had the same
consideration as for the rest, being paid by the sheet for
the whole. Such is the historv of this work, in whicli Dr.
Johnson appears to have sometimes assisted Shiels, but upon
the whole it was not successful to the proprietors. *
GIBBER (Susanna Maria), wife of the preceding, and
for several years the best actress in England, was |he
daughter of an eminent upholsterer in Covent-garden, and
sister to Dr. Thomas Augustin Arne, the' musician. Her
first appearance on the stage was as a singer, in which
the sweetness of her voice rendered her very conspicaous,
although she had not much judgment, nor a good ear. It
was in this situation, that, in April 1734,» she married-
Theoph. Gibber, then a widower for the second time. The
first year of their nuptials was attended with as much fe^
licity as could be expected, but. the match was by no'
means agreeable to his father, who had entertained hopes
of Settling his son in a higher rank in life thaa the stage ;
but the amiable deportment of his daughter-in-law, and
the seeming reformation of his son, induced him to take
the young couple into favour* As he was a' manager
of Drury-lane play-house at that time, and his son havings
hinted somewhat respecting Mrs. Gibber^s talents as an'
actress, he desired to hear a specimen. Upon this, -fate
first attempt to declaim in tragedy, be was happy to -dis-
cover that; her speaking voice was perfectly musical,' her
expression both i^i voice and feature, strong and pathetic
at pleasure, and her figure at that time perfectly in pro-*
portion. He therefore assiduously undertook to cultivate
those ulents, and produced her in 1736, in the charactjer
y Biogr^Dramatica.— Victor's Works, voL I. p. 20, 94, SM.— TftUer, toIi. JU
and IV. 8vo edit. 1806.— Johnson's Works. — Boswell'Jl life of J<rfuifOB,«—
Monthly IUjt* for 1 792, Remw of Boswell't Life.
C I B B £ Ri 353
of Zara, in Adron Hiirs tragedy, being its first repre«
sentation^ The audience were both delighted and asto-*
nished^ The piece, which was at best an indifferent trads^
lation, made its way upon the stage ;. and Mrs. CibbeFs
reputation as an actress was fully established, with its
.agreeable, concomitants, a rise of salary, &c. The cha-
racter, however, which she acquired in public, was lost in
private life. She was* married to a man who. was luxurious
and prodigal, ' and rapacious after money to gratify bis
passions or vanity, and at length he resolved to make a
profit of the honour of his wife. With this view, thei?e-
fore, he cemented the closest friendship with a gentleman^
whom he introduced to his wife, recommended to her,
gave them frequent interviews, and even saw them put, as
if by accident, in the same bed, and had then the impu-
dence to commence a trial for criminal correspondence^
which brought to light his nefarious conduct* He laid his
damages at 5000/. but the jury discerning the baseness «of
bis conduct, gave only 10/. costs; a sum not [Sufficient to
mimburse him a fortieth part of his expences. From that
time Mrs. Gibber discontinued living with her husband^
^ud. resided entirely with the gentleman who was the defen-
dant in this abominable trial.
As an actress, she was thought most excellent in tender
parts, till, during the rebellion, sh^ appeared in the cha-
racter of Constance, in Shakspeare^s King John, in which
she manifested not op^ly the maternal tenderness of a Me<«
rope, but such dignity, spirit, and passion, as perhaps
have never been exceeded, jf equalled, . on any stage.
Handel himself was exceedingly partial to her, and toqk
the trouble of teaching her the parts expressly composed
for her limited compass of voice, which was a mezzo so-
prano, ato^ost, indeed, a contralto, of only six or seven
notes, with all the drudgery of repetition necessary to un-
dergo in teaching persons more by the ear than the eye.
He and Quin usually spent their Sunday evenings at Mrsv
Cibb^r^s, where wit and humour were more frequently of
the party, than Melpomene, Euterpe^ or Orpheus %
* A gentleman who was in com- parry^ the artless thrusts, apd despi&e
pony with Mr. G>(irrick Virhen the news the coarse language ofsomeof my other
of faer death was brought, heard him heroines ; but whatever was Gibber's
thus pronounce her^ilogium : '* Then phject, a new part, or'a new dress, she
Tragedy expired with her ; and yet was always sure lo carry her point, by
she wttfl-the greatest femaie plague be-* the acoteness of her invention, and the
Jong ing to ntiy house. I coold t^sily steadiness of her perseverance."
Vol, IX. A a
U4i C I B B E R/
. Besides her cxceUence as an actress, she has some daiixi^
. aa a translator, the ^^ Oracle of St. Foix'* being rendered
. by her into English in 1752, atkl played for her benefit,
not entirely without success. The dnorder of which sb^
died was supposed to be a rupture of one of the coats o£
the stomach, which formed a sack at the bottom of it, into
which the food passed, and thus prevented digestion. She
died Jan. SO, 1766, and was buried in one of the cloisters
6f Westminster-abbey ; leaving one child by the gentleman
with whom she cohabited. ^
CICERO (Marcus Tullius), one of the greatest ora-
tors, of antiquity, was born Jan. 3, in the 647th year of
Rome, about 107 years before Christ. His mother, Helvia,
was rich and well descended. His father's family waa
ancient and honourable in that part of Italy in which it
resided, and of equestrian rank, from its first admission ta
the freedom of Rome. The place of his birth was Acpi*
num, a city anciently of the Samnites, now part of the
kingdom of Naples, and which produced two citizens,
C. Marius and Cicero, who bad, each in his turn, preserved
Rome from ruin.
The family seat, about three miles from the town, in a
situation extremely pleasant, and well adapted to the na«
ture of the climate, was surrpunded with groves and shady
walks, leading from the houj^ to a river, called Fibrenus;
which was divided into two equal streams by a little island,
covered with trees and a portico, contrived both for study
ar^d exercise,, whither Cicero used to retire, when he had
any particular work upon his bands.. The clearness and
rapidity of the stream, murmuring through a rocky chan-
nel ; the shade and verdure of its banks, planted with tall
poplars; the remarkable coldness of the water; and, above
all, its falling by ^ cascade into 'the noble river Liris, a
little belpw the islatid^ form the parts of a scene which
Cicero himself h^s, inseveral parts of his WQrks> depicted.
But there cannot be a better proof of its delightfulnessy
than that it was afterwards and in very modern times pos«
sessed by a convent of monks, and.^lled the Villa of. St^
Dominic. .
H^ was educated at Bome wiUi his cousins^ the young
Aculfcos, by a method approved and directed by I^ Crassus,
and placed there in a public sphoql ijncler an eminent
Greek, master. His father, indeed, discernii^g the promise
» Biog. Dram.'—Kees's Cyclopadia*
C I 43 E R Ov isB
nfg gentti^ of his son, spared nb e^i>e»i<;e in procuring Ae
ablest masters; among whom was the poet Archiad/ who
ctoie to Rome with a high repntation, ~ when Gicero was
llbout five years old ; and who was afterwards defended by
Gicero in a most elegant oi'atibn/ still extant
After finishing the course of his jurenile studies, he took
the manly gown, or the ordinary robe of the citizens, at
the accustomed age of sixteen : atid being then introduced
i&lo the forum, was placed tinder the c^re of Q. Mucius'
Scaevola the augur, the principal lawyer as well as states-
man of that age ; and after his death under that of Scaerola^
who had eqaal probity and skill in the law. Under these
itoasters he acquired a complete knowledge of the laws of
bis country ; which was thought to be of such consequence
at Rome, that boys at school learned the laws of the twelve
tables by heart, as a sbhool exercise. In the mean time
he did hot neglect his poetical studies, which he had pur-
suit under Archias : for he now translated '' Aratus (m the
phetfdmena of the Heavens,'' into Latin verse, of which
inany fragments are still extant; and published also an
. original poem of the heroic kind, in honour of hh country*
mian C. Marius. This was much admired and often read
by Atticus ; and old ScsBYola was so pleased with it, that
in the epigram, which he seems to have made upon it, he
fondly declares, thai it would live as long as the Romaii
native and learning stibsisted. But though some hav6 said,
that Cicero's poetical genius would not have been inferior
to his oratoriai, if it had beto cultivated with the sanie
diligence,' it is more generally agreed that his reputation
is least of all indebted to his poetry. He may, however^
have been a critic, and it is certain that Lucretius 'sub-»
roitted his poem tcy him for eorrectiom
The peskce of Rome being now disturbed by a domestic
war, which writers call the Italic, Social, or Marsixr,
Cicero sensed ais a volunteer under Sylla. For though bis
natural inclination was not nftuch bent on mUitary renown,
yet even those who applied themselves to studies and
civil affairs at Rome, found it necessary to acquire a com-
petent shaVe of military skill, that they might be qualified
to govern provinces and command armies, to which they
all succeeded of course in the administration of the great
offices of state. Cicero's natural disposition, however, led '
him chiefly to illrprove himself in those studies which con«
duced eventually to the establishment of his high fame
A a2
356 CICERO.,
He was constant in his attendance upon orators and philo-^
sophers; resumed his oratorial studies under Molo' the
Rhodian^ one of the ablest of that professioDi and is sup-
posed to have written those rhetorical pieces on the subject
of invention, which he afterwards condemned in his ad-»
vanced age, as unworthy of his matur^r judgment. He
also became the scholar of Philo the academic ; studied
logic with Diodorus the stoic; and declaimed daily in
Latin and Greek with his fellow students M. Piso and Q.
Pompeius, both somewhat older than himself, with whom
he had contracted an intimate friendship. And that he
might neglect nothing which could any ways contribute to
his perfection, he spent the intervals of his leisure with
such ladies as were remarkable for their politeness and
knowledge of the fine arts, and in whose company his
manners acquired a polish. Having now run through all
his course of oratory, he offered himself to the bar at the
age of twenty-*six, and pleaded some causes in a manner
which gained him the applause of the whole city, thus be-
ginning his career at the same age in which Demosthenes
first began to distinguish himself in Athens. Three years
afterwards he travelled to Greece and Asia, then the
fashionable tour either for curiosity or improvement. His
first visit was to Athens, the seat of arts and sciences,
where he met with his school-fellpw T. Pomponius, who,
from his love to and long residence in Athens, obtained
the surname of Atticus : and here they revived and con-
firmed that memorable friendship which subsisted between
them through life, with exemplary constancy. From
Athens he passed into Asia, and after an excursipn of two
years, came back again to Italy.
On his arrival at Rome, after one year more spent at
the bar, he obtained the dignity of queestor. The quss-
tors were the general receivers or treasurers of the repub-
lic, and were sent annually into the provinces distributed
to them by lot, and Lilybasum, one of the provinces of the
island of Sicily, happened to fall to Cicero^s share; and be
acquitted himself so as to gain the love and admiration of
all the Sicilians, and in his leisure hours he employed
himself very diligently, as he used to do at Rome, in his
rhetorical studies. Before he left Sicily, he made the
tour of the island, and at the city of Syracuse discovered
. the tomb of Archimedes, and pointed it out to the magis-
trates, who, to bis surprise, knew nothing at ^11 of any such
€ I C E R O. 2f57
tomb. He came away from Sicily, highly pleased with .
the success of his administration, and flatlering himself
that all Rome was celebrating his praise^ and th^t the
people vtv)uld grant him whatever he should desire. With
these hopes he landed at Puteoli, a considerable port ad-
joining to Baiae, where was a perpetual resort of the rich
and great; but here he was not a little mortified by the
first friends he met, whose conversation convinced him
that his fame was not so extensive as he imagined.
We have no account of the precise time of Cicero's mar-
riage with Terentia, but it is supposed to have been cele-
brated immediately after his return from his travels to
Italy, when he was about thirty years old. He was now dis-
engaged from his quasstorship in Sicily, by which office he
had gained an immediate right to the senate, and an actual
admission into it during life; and settled again in Rome,
where he employed himself constantly in defending the
persons and properties of its citizens, and was indeed a
general patron. Five years were almost elapsed since
Cicero's election to the qusestorship, the proper interval
prescribed by law, before he could hold the next office of
%dile ; to which he was now, in his thirty-seventh year,
elected by the unanimous suffrage of all the tribes. But
before his entrance into the office, he undertook the cele-
brated prosecution of C. Verres, the late praetor of Sicily ;
who was charged with mai)y flagrant acts of injustice,
rapine, and cruelty, during his triennial government of
that island. This was one of the most memorable trans*
actions of his life ; for which he was greatly and justly
celebrated by antiquity, and for which he will in all ages
be admired and esteemed by the friends of mankind. The
public administration was at that time, in every branch of
it, most infamously corrupt, and the prosecution of Verres
was both seasonable and popular, as it was likely to give
some check to the oppressions of the nobility, and admi-
nister relief to the distressed subjects. Cicero had no
sooner agreed to undertake it, than an unexpected rival
started up, one Q. Caecilius, a Sicilian by birth, who had
been quaestor to Verres ; and by a pretence qf personal
injuries received from him, arid a particular knowledge of
his crimes, claimed a preference to Cicero in the task of
, accusing him, or at least to bear a joint share with him..
But this pretended enemy was . in reality a secret friend^
employed by Verres himself to get the cause into his bands
i5S CICERO.
in order to betray it : and go the first bearing Cicero easily
shook off .this weak antagonist, rallying bis character and
pretensions with a great deal of wit and humour, and the
cause being committed to Cicero, an hundred and ten
days were granted to him by law for preparing the evi-
dence; to collect which, he was obliged to go to Sicily,
in order to examine witnesses, and facts to support the
indictment. Aware that all Verres's art would be employed
to gain time, in hopes to tire out the prosecutors, and aflay
the beat of the public resentment, he took along with him his
cousin L. Cicero, that he might be enabled to finish his
progress the sooner. The Sicilians received him every
where with all the honours due to the pains he was taking
in their service ; ahd all the cities concurred in the im-
peachment, excepting Syracuse and Miessana, with which
Verres had kept up a fair correspondence, and which last
continued throughout firm in its engagements to him.
Cicero came back to Rome, to the sqjrprise of his adver-
saries, much sooner than he was expected, with most am-
ple proofs of Verres*s guilt, but found, what he suspected,
a strong cabal formed to prolong the afiair by all the arte
of delay which interest or money could procure. This
suggested to him to shorten the method of the proceeding,
so as to bring it to an issue before the present praetor M.
Glabrio, and his assessors^ whom he considered as impar-
tial ipdges. Instead, therefore, of spending any time in
employing his eloquence, as usual, on the several articles
of the charge, he only produced his witnesses to be inter-
rogated : whpse evidence so confounded Hortensius, though
the reigning orator at the bar, and usually styled the King
of the forum, that he had nothing to say for his client.
Verres, despairing of all defence, submitted immediately,
without waiting for the sentence, to a voluntary exile;
where he lived many years, forgotten and deserted by all
his friends. He is said to have been relieved in this
miserable situation by the generosity of Cicero; yet was
proscribed and murdered after all by Marc Antony, for the
sake of tho|$e fine statues and Corinthian vessels of which
he had plundered the Sicilians : *^ happy only," as Lactan-
tius says, '^ before bis death, to have seen the more de-
plorable end of his old enemy and accuser Cicero.**
After the expiration of his aedileship, his cousin L. Cicero,
the late companion of his journey to Sicilyj died ; an everlt
the more unfortunate at this juncture, because he wanted
CICERO, 3W
his help in making interest for the prsetorship, for which
be now offered himself a candidate. However, a^ch was
the people's regard for }iim, that in three different assem^
bUes convened for the choice of praetors, two of which
were dissolved without effect, he was declared every time
the first praetor, by the suffrages of all the centuries. This
year a law Was proposed by Manilius, one of the tribunes^
that Pompey, who was then in Ciiicia, extinguisliing the
remains of the piratic war, should have the government of
Asia added to his commission, with the command of the
JVIithridatic war, and of all the Roman armies in those
parts* , Cicero, supported this law with all his eloquence in
a speech still extant, from the rostra, wKich he nev^r
mounted till this occasion ; where, in displaying the char
racter of Pompey, he drew the picture of a consummate
general, with great strength and beauty. He was now ifi
sight of the consulship, the grand object of his ambition ;
and therefore, when bis praetorship was at an end, he
would not accept any foreign province, the usual reward
of that magistraQ}'^, and the usual object with those who
^cld it. So attached indeed was he to a certain path, to
renown, that amidst all the hurry and noise of his busy
life, be never neglected those arts and studies in which he
had been educated, but paid a constant attention, to every
thing which deserved the notice of a scholar. ^d a man of
taste. Even at this very juncture, though his ambition
was eagerly fixed on the consulship, he could ixnd time to
write to Attigus about statues and books. Atticus resided
m^oy years at Athens, where Cicero employed him to buy
statues for the ornament of his several villas ; especially
his favourite Tusculum, bis usual retreat irom the hurry
and fatigues of the city. Here he had built several rooois
and galleries, in imitation of the schools and porticos, of
Athens; which he called likewise by their Attic. names of
vthe Academy and Gymnasium, and designed for the same
use, of philosophical conferences with his learned friends.
He bad given Atticus a geneipal commission to purchase
toSf ^him any piece of Grecian art or sculpture, that was
.e;legant and curious, illustrative of literature, or proper. for
the furniture of his academy; which Atticus executed to
his great satisfaction. Nor was he less eager in collecting
Cfi;eek books, and forming a library, by the assistance of
f Attipus, who, having the same taste and free access to all
I the libnrie^ of Athens, procured copies of the works of their
860 . CICERO.
bast writers, not only for his oWn use, but for sale also.'
Having with much pains made a very large collection of
choice and curious books, he signiBed to Cicero his de-
sign of selling tbem; yet seems to have intimated that he
expected a larger %um for tbem than Cicero could easily
spane ; which induced Cicero to beg of him to reserve the
whole number for him, till he could raise money enough
for the purchase.
Cicero being now in his forty-third year, the proper age
required by law, declared himself a candidate for the con*
sulship along with six competitors. The two first were
patricians ; the two next plebeians, yet noble ; the two
last the sons of fathers, who had first imported the public
honours into their families : Cicero was the only new man,
as he was called, amongst them, or one born of equestrian
rank. Two« of them, C. Antonius and Catiline, employed
Jbribery on this occasion in the'most shameful manner, but
as the election approached, Ciioero^-s interest appeared
to be superior to that of all the candidates, and in his case,
instead of choosing consuls by a kind of ballot, or little
tickets of wood distributed to the citizens with the names
of the several candidates severally inscribed upon eacfa^
the people loudly and universally proclaimed Cicero the
first consul ; so that, as he liimseif says, ^' he was not
chosen by the votes of particular citizens^ but the common
^suffrage of the city ; nor declared by the voice of the crier,
bXit of the whole Koman people.'' This year several alter*
ations happened in his own family. His fatiier died ; his
daughter Tullia was given in marriage at the age of thirteen
to C. Piso Frugi, a young nobleman of great hopes, and
one of the best families in Rome ; and his son and heir
was also born in the same year.
Hi^ first care, after his election to the consulship, was .
to gain the confidence of Antonius, who was elected with
him, by the offer of power to his ambition, and money to
his pleasures; and it was presently agreed between them,
that Antonius should have the choice of the best province,
which was to be assigned to them at the expiration of their
year. Immediately after his coming into office, be had
occasion to exert himself against P. Servilius Rullus, one
of the new tribunes, who had been alarming the senate
with the promulgation of an Agrarian law : the purpose of
which was,^ to create a decemvirate, or ten commissioners,
witt absolute power for five years over all the revenues of
C I C E R O. 361
the republic, to distribute them at pleasure to the citizens^
&c. These laws used to be greedily received by the po-
pulace, and were proposed thetefore by factious magis-
trates, as oft as they had any point to carry with the mul-
titude, so that Cicero's first business was to quiet the ap-
prehensions of the city, and to baflBe, if possible, the
intrigues of the tribune. After defeating him therefore
in the senate, he pursued him into the forum ; inhere he
persuaded the people to reject this law. Another alarm
was occasioned by the publication of a law of L.' Otho, for
the assignment of distinct seats in the theatres to the
equestrian order, who used before to sit promiscuously
with the populace^ a very invidious distinction, which might
have endangered the peace of the city, if the effects of it
had not been prevented by the authority of Cicero.
The next transaction of moment in which he was en-
gaged, was the defence of C. Rabirius, an aged senator,
in whose favour there is an oration of his still extant. But
that which constituted the glory of his consulship, was the .
suppression of that horrid conspiracy which was formed
l>y Catiline, the model of all traitors since, for the subver-
sion of the commonwealth. Catiline was now renewing his
efforts for the consulship with greater vigour than ever;
and by such open* methods of bribery, that Cicero pub-
lished a new law against it, with the additional penalty of
a ten years' exile. Catiline, who knew the law to be level-
led at himself, formed a design to kill Cicero, with some
other chiefs of the senate, on the day of election, which
was appointed for October 20. But Cicero gave informa-
tion of it to the senate, the day before, upon which the
election was deferred, that they might have time to deli-
berate on an afliair of so great importance: and the day
following, in a full house, he called upon Catiline to clear
himself of this charge; where, without denying or excus-
ing it, he bluntly told them, that ** there were two bodies
in the republic," meaning the senate and the people, '< the
one of them infirm with a weak head ; the other firm with-
out a head ; which last had so well deserved of him, that it
should never want a h^ad white he lived." He had made
a declaration of the same kind, and in the same place, a
few days before, when, upon Caio's threatening him with
an impeacnment, he fiercely replied, that, ** if any flame
flhonld be excited in his fortunes, he would extinguish it^
'Dot with watei^ but a general ruin." These declarations'
Z62 CICERO.
startled the seDate, and convinced them, that notbiof; but
al desperate conspiracy, ripe for execution, could inspire
so daring an assurance : so that they proceeded immedi-
ately to . that decree, which was the usual refuge in all
cases of imminent danger, ^^ of ordering the consuls to
take care that the republic received no harm."
Catiline, repulsed a second time from the consulsbip|
and breathing nothing but revenge, was now eager ana
impatient to execute his grand plot. He called a council
therefore of all the conspirators, to settle the plan of the
work, and divide the parts of it among themselves, and fix
a proper day for the execution. The number of their
chiefs was above thirty-fiye; partly of the senatorian,
partly of the equestrian order : the senators were P. Cor«
nelius Leutulus, C. Cethegus, P. Autronius, L. Cassius
Looglnus, P.Sylla, Serv. Syila, L. Vargunteius, Q«.Curius,
Q. Annius, M. Porcius Lecca, L. Bestia. At a meeting^
of these it was resolved that a general insurrection should
be raised through Italy, the different parts of which were
assigned to di&rent leaders : that Rome should be fired
in many places at once, and a massacre begun at the same
time of the whole senate and all their enemies ; that in the
consternation of the fire and massacre, Catiline should be
rciady with his Tuscan army, to take the benefit of the
public confusion, and make himself master of the city,
where Lentulus in the mean time,, as first in dignity, was
to preside in their general councils ; Cassius to manage
the affair of firing it; Cethegus to direct the massacre.
But the vigilance of Cicero being the chief obstacle to all
tlieir hopes, Catiline was rery desirous to see him taken
off before be left Rome: upon which two knights of the
company undertook to kill him the next morning in his bed*
in an early visit on pretence of business. They were both
of his acquaintance, and used to frequent his house ; laiul
knowing his custom of giving free access to all, made no
doubt of being readily admitted, as one of the two after-
wards confessed. But the meeting. was no sooner over,
than Cicero had information of all. that passed in it ; for by
the intrigues of a woman named Fulvia, he had gained
over Curius her gallant, one of the conspirators of seoar
torian rank, to send him a punctual account of all their
deliberations. He presently imparted his intelligence to
some of the chiefs of the city, who were assembled thaii
^Y^ning, as usual) at his house; informing them not only.
C I C E mo. ^63^
of l!he design, but naraing the men who were to execute
it^ and the very hour when tbey would be at his gate. All
which fell out exactly as he foretold ; for the two knights
came be^fore break of day, but had the mortification to
find the house well guarded, and all admittance refused to
them.
, This was the statef of the conspiracy, when Cicero de«
livered the first of those four speeches which were spoken
upon the occasion of it, and are still extant. The meeting
of the conspirators was on November 6, in the evening ;
and on the 8tb he summoned the senate to the temple dr
Jupiter in the capitol, where it was not usually held but in
times of public alarm. Catiline himself, though his schemes
were not only suspected, but actually discovered, had the
confidence to come to this very meeting, which so shocked
the whole assembly, that none of his acquaintance durst
venture to salute hhon ; and the .consular senators quitted
that part of the house in which he sat, and left the whole
clear to him. Cicero was so provoked by his impudence,
that instead of entering upon any business, as be designed,
he addressed himself directly to Catiline, and laid open
the whole course of bis villanies, and the notoriety of his
treasons. Catiline, astonished by tbe thunder of his
speech, had little to say for himself in answer to it : but as
soon as be was got home, and began to reflect on what
had passed, perceiving it in vain to dissemble any longer,
he resohred to enter into action' immediately, before the
troops .of the pepublic were increased, or any new levies
made : so that after a short conference with Lentulus, Ce«
thegus, and the rest^ ajbout what had been concerted at
tbe last meeting, and promising a speedy return at the
bead of a strong army, he left Rome that very night with
a small retinue, and made the best of his way to Manlius^s
camp in Etruria ; upon which he and Manlius were both
declared public enemies by tbe senate.
In the midst of all this hurry, and soon after Catiline's
flight, Cieero found leisure, according to his custom, to
defend JL» Mursena, one of the consuls elect, who was now
brought to a trial for bribery and correction. Qato had
declared in tbe senate, that he would try the force of Ci«
ceto^s late law upon one of the consular candidates ; and
he was joined in the accusation by one of the disappointed
candidates, 8. Sulpieios, a person of distinguished worth
Hflbd cbaracttr» aoid the. most celebrated lawyer of the age |
364 CICERO.
for whose service, and at whose instance, Cicero's law
against bribery was chiefly provided. Muraena was unani-
mously acquitted : but the parties in this trial were singu-
larly opposed to each other. Cicero had a strict intimacy
all this while with Sulpicius, whom he had supported in
this very contest for the consulship ; and he had a great
friendship also with Cato, and the highest esteem of his
integrity. Yet he not only defended this cause againi^t
jthem both, but, to take off the prejudice of their authority,
laboured even to make them ridiculous ; rallying the pro-
fession of Sulpicius as trifling and contemptible, the prin-
ciples of Cato as absurd and impracticable, with so much
humour and wit, that he not only amused his audience, but
forced Cato to cry out, " what a facetious consul h&ve we !**
This, however, occasioned no interruption to their friend-
ship. Cicero, who survived both, procured public ho-
nours for the one, and wrote the life and praises of the
other.
. In the mean time Lentulus, and the rest of Catiline^s
assopjiates, who were left in the city, were preparing for the
execution of their grand design, and soliciting men of stil
ranks, who seemed likely to favour their cause. Among
the rest they agreed to make an attempt up6n the ambas-
sadors :of the AUobroges ; a warlike, mutinous, faithless
people, inhabiting the countries npw called Savoy and
Dauphiny, greatly disaffected to the Roman power, and
already ripe for rebellion. These ambassadors, who were
preparing to return home, much out of humour with the
senate, and without any redress of the grievances they were
3ent to complain of, received the proposal at first very
greedily; but reflecting afterwards on the difficulty and
danger of the enterprise, discovered what they knew to Q.
Fabius Sanga, the patron of their city, who immediately
gave intelligence of it to the consul. Cicero advised the
ambassadors to feign the same zeal which they had hitherto
shewn, till they had got^ distinct proofs against the par-
ticular ^actors in it : and that then upon their leav-
ing Rome in the night, they might be arrested with their
papers and letters about them; All this wais successfully
executed, and the whole company brought prisoners to
Cicero^s house by break of day. Cicero summoned the
senate to meet immediately, and sent at the same time for
Gabinius, Statilius, Cethegus, and Lentulus; who all came;
suspecting nothing of the discovery. With tbem^ and th#
..J
C I C E R 0. ♦ S65
ambassadors in custody, he set out to meet the senate : and
after he had given an account of the whole affair, Vultur«.
cius, one of the conspirators who was taken with the am-»
bassadors, was called in to be examined separately ; who
soon confessed, that he had letters and instructions from
Lentulus to Catiline, to press him to accept the assistance
of the slaves, and to lead his army with all expedition to«
wards Rome, to the intent that when it should be set on
fire in different places, . and the general massacre begun,
he might be at hand to intercept^ those who escaped, and
join with his friends in the city. The ambassadors were
examined next ; who produced letters to their nation from
Lentulus, CeUiegus, and Statilius, which so confounded
the conspirators, that they had nothing to say. After the
criminals were withdrawn and committed to close custody,.
. the senate unanimously resolved that public thanks should
be decreed to Cicero in the amplest manner ; by whose
.virtue, <;ouncil, and providence, the republic was delivered
from the greatest dangers. Cicero however thought it
prudent to bring the question of their punishment without
further delay before the senate, which he summoned for
that purpose the next morning. As soon as he had opened
the business, Silanus, the consul elect, advised, that those
who were then in cus|;ody, with the rest who should after-
wards be taken, should all be put to death. To this all
lyhp spoke after him readily assented, except J. CaBsar, then
pra^^or elect, who gave it as his opinion, that the estates
of the conspirators should be confiscated, and their persons
closely copfiued in the strong towns of Italy. This had
like to have been adopted, when Cicero rose up, and made
his fourth speech which now remains on the subject of this
transaction ;* which turned the scale in favour of Silanus^s
opinion. , The vote was no sooner passed, than Cicero re-
. solved to put it in execution, lest the night, which was
coming on, should produce any new disturbance. He
went d^^refore from the senate, attended by a numerous
guard ; and Ultking Leotulus from his custody, ^conveyed
him through the forum to the common prison, where he
was presently strangled, as were Cethegus, Statilius, and
Gabinius. Catiline in the mean time was enabled to make
a stouter resistance than they imagined, having filled up
bis troops to the number of two legions, or about i2,o6o
^ghtiug n^en ; bijt when the account came of the. deatb of
Lentulus and the rest, his afmy began to desert, and after
56^ C I tf E R O;
matiy fraitless attempts to escape into Gaul hy long maretiei-
mA private roads through the Apennines^ heivas forced at-
li|igth to a battle ; in which, after a sharp and bloody
admn^ be and all his army were entirely destroyed. Thus
toded'this famed conspiracy : and Cipero, for the great
part be acted in the suppression of it, was honour^ with
the glorious title of Pater Patriee, which he retained for *»
long time after.
Cicero was now about to resign the consulship, accord »
iTig to custom, in an assembly of the people, and to take
the usual oath of having discharged k with fidelity ; Which
also was generally accompanied with a speech from the
expiring consul. He had mounted the rostra, and was
ready to perform this last act of his office, when-Meteilus^
one of the new tribunes, would not suffer him to speak, or
to do any thing more, thas'barely take the oath : decIaritYg,
that he who had put citizens to death^unheard, ought not
to be permitted to speak for himself. Upon which Cicero^
who was never at a loss, instead of pronouncing the ordi«*
nary form of an oath, exalting the tone of his voice, sworeS.
out aloud, that he had saved the republic and city frbtn:
ruin : which the multitude below confirmed with an uni*
Tersal shout. Yet he became now the common mark of alt
the factious, against whom be had declared perpetual war^
and who at length drove him out of that city, which he
had so lately preserved. He now, however, upon the e^ft-
piration of his consulship, sent a particular account of his
whole administration to Pompey, who was fiiibhing the
idithridatic war in Asia; in hopes to prevent any wrong
impression there, from the calumnies* of his enemies, and
to draw from him some public declaration in bis favour.
But Pompey, being prejudiced by Metellus and Csesar, an-
swered htm with great coldness, and took no notice at all .
of his services in the affair of Catiline.
About this time Cicero bought a house of M. Crassus on
the Palatine hill, adjoining to that in which he had always
lived with bis father, and which he is now supposed to have
given up to his brother Quintus. The bouse cost him near
30,000/. and seems to have been one of the noblest in
Rome. The purchase of so expensive a house occasioned
some censure of Cicero, especially as.it was made with:
borrowed money. This circumstance he himself does not
dissemble, but says facetiously upon it, that ^* be wasDow
CICERO. S6t-
910 plunged iif debt, as to be ready for a pl<A| only t^at thcr
conspirators would not trust hltn.^* m
: The most remarkable event that happened in this yeait^
the forty-fifth of Cicero^s life, was the pollmion of tVe
mysteries of the Bona Dea by P. Ciodtus ; which, by an
unhappy traiii of consequences, deeply invoked Cicero.
Clodius bad an intrigue with Caesar's wife Pompeia, who, "
according to annual custom, was now celebrating in heir
house those awful sacrifices of the goddess^ to which no
male creature ever was admitted;' and where every thing
masculine was so scrupulously excluded, that even ma]e
portraits were covered during the ceremony. Clodins,
however, eager to witness it, dressed himself in a woman's
babit^ but was detected before he cpuld execute his pro-
ject; and when brought to trial, endeavoured to prove
himself absent ai the tiiAe of the fact ; but Cicero deposed^
that Clodius had been with him that very morning at his
bouse, in Rome. Clodius, howevec, was absolved by a
majority of thirtjf-Qne to twenty-five of his judges, the ini-
quity of which decision, Cicero constantly inveighed
against. In revenge for this, about a year after, Clodiusi
endeavour^ to get .himself chosen tribune, and in that
office to drive Cicero out of the city, by the publication of
a law, which by some stratagem or other he hoped to ob-
trude upon the people. Csesar was at the bottom of the
scheme, and Pompey secretly favoured it : not that they
intended to ruin Cicero, but to lessen his importance.
Cicero affected to tresttaH; this with contempt, sometimes
rallying Clodiusv v^h much pleasantry, sometimes ad-
monishing him with no less.givavity ; but it appears to have
alarmed him, and to have inclined him to unite himself
more closely with Pompey, in hopes of his protection
against a storm, which be«saw ready to burst upon hitn.
The first triumvirate, as it has commonly been called,
was now formed ; which was in reality a traitorous conspi-
racy, of three of the most powerful citizens of Rome, Pom-
pey Caesar, and ,i7rassus, to extort from their country by
viotjipace, what they could not obtain by law. Cicero might
haye been admitted a partner in their league : but he would
BOt enter, into any. engagements, which he and all the
fri^dsof.the republic abhorred. Clodius now began to
thr^^fen Cicero, with all the terrors of his tribunaite^ to
which iie had beep chosen without any opposition. Ca^sarV
368 CICERO.
whole aim was to subdue Cicero^s spirit^ and force bim to a
dependence upon him : and therefore while he was pri*
*vately encouraging Clodius, he was proposiitg expedients
to Cicero for his security. But though his enemies seemed
to gain ground, be was unwilling to owe the obligation of
bis safety to Caesar, whose designs be always suspected,
and whose measures be never approved, and who now
therefore resolved to assist Clodius with all his power to
oppress him ; while Pompey gave him the strongest as-
surances, confirmed by oaths and< vows, that he would
sooner be killed himself, than suffer him to be hurt. Clo-
dius in the mean time was courting the people by several
new laws, cont;rived chiefly for their advantage, that he
might introduce with a better grace the banishment of
Cicero : which was now directly attempted by a special
law, importing, that whoever had taken the life of a citizen
uncondemned and without trial, should be prohibited from
fire and water. Though Cicero was not named, yet he was
marked out by the law : his crime was, the putting Cati-
line's accomplices to death ; which, though done by a ge-
neral vote of the senate, was alleged to be illegal, and
contrary to the liberties of the people. Cicero, finding
himself thus reduced to the condition of a criminal,
changed his habit upon it, as was usual in the case of -a
public impeachment; which, however, was thought an
hasty and inconsiderate step, since he was not named in the
law, which reached only to those who had taken the life
of a citizen illegally : but it seems doubtful whether his
taking no notice of it would have saved him, as the com-
bination against him was deeply laid. Even Caesar, who
affected great moderation, was secretly his adversary ; and
Pompey became reserved, and at last flatly refused to help
him: while the. Clodian faction treated his character and
consulship with the utmost derision, and even insulted his
^person in the pubMc streets. Cicero now called a council
of his friends, to decide whether it was best to defend him-
self by force, or to save the effusion of blood by retreating
till the stprm should blow over: and tbe issue was, that he
should Bubmit to a voluntary exile.
As soon as it r was known that Cicero was gone, Clodius
had influence enough with the populace to^procure a law
in fgrm against him for putting citizens to death unheard
and uncondemned, and confirming his banishment in the
ysual terms employed on such occasions. Tbis law having
CICERO. *e*
passed without opposition^ Glodius immediately began to
plunder, burn, and demolish Cicero's bouses both in the
city and the country. The news of this seems to have
deprived Cicero of the accustomed firmness of his charac-*
t^r, and oT the resignation of -one conscious of his inte«
grity, and suffering in the cause of his country ; and his.
friends were forced to admonish him sometimes, to rouse
his courage,, and remember his former character : yet, in
the midst of this affliction, before he had been absent two-
moQths, a motion was made in the senate by one of the
tribunes, who was his friend, to recall him, and. repeal the
I»w of. Ciodius, to which the whole bouse readily agreed :
and io spite of the opposition of the Clodian faction, passed'
ib votey tJiat no other business should be done, till Cicero'sr
return was carried ; which at last it was, and in so splendid'
and triumphant a manner, that he had reason, he says, to
fear, lest people should imagine that he himself had con-
trived his late flight, for the sake of so glorious a restora*
tion.
Cicero, now in his fiftieth year, was restored to his for-
mer dignity, and a compensation made to him for his estates
' and houses, which last were built up again by himself with
more magnificence rhati before. But he had domestic
grievances about this time, which touched him very nearly;
arising chiefly from the petulant humour of his wife, which '
ended at last in a divorce. As to hift public concerns^ his
chief point was how to support his former authority in the
city, which it was no^ easy to do : and, therefore, we find
him acting a subservient part, and managing the trium-
virate in the best manner he could for the public welfare.
In^ tbie fifty-'sixth year of his age he was sent into Asia, and
obliged to assume a new character, that of governor of a
province, and general of an army ; which preferments had
no charms for Cicero, who, as we have noticed, was averse
to them in his early life. However, he acquitted himself
ably in administering the civil affairs of his province of
CUicta; nor was he deficient in military affairs, for he bad
the honour of a supplication decreed to him at Rome, and
was not without some expectation even of a triumph. . '
As tf> the public news of the year, the grand affair that
ebgaged all people^s thoughts was the expectation of a
breach between Csssar and Pompey, which seemed to be
now unavoidable, and which Cicero soon learned from his
friends^ as he^ was returning from his province of Cilicia.
Vol, IX. B a
370 * c I c E R o:
But as he foresaw the consequences of a war more coolty
and clearly than any of them, his first resolution was to
apply all his endeavours and authority to the mediation of
a peace. He had not yet declared for either side, although
his inclination was to follow Pompey ; and while he was
endeavouring to remain neuter, he had an interview with
Pompey, who, finding him wholly bent on peace, con-
trived to have a second conference with him before he
reached the city, in hopes to prevent any project of an
accommodation. Cicero, however, the more he observed
the disposition of both parties, the more he perceived the
necessity of it ; and that a war must necessarily end in a
tyranny of some kind or other. When be arrived at rfie
city, be found the war in effect proclaimed : for the senate
had just voted a decree,^hat Caesar should dismiss his army
by a certain day, or be declared an enemy ; and Caesar's
sudden march towards Rome effectually confirmed it. In
the midst of all this hurry and confusion, Caesar was ex-
tremely solicitous to prevail with Cicero to stand neuter,
but in vain, for Cicero was impatient to be gone to Pom-
pey. In the mean time Caesar's letters on the subject
afford a striking proof of the high esteem and credit iti
which Cicero Bourished at this time in Rome : when, in a
contest for empire, which force alone was to decide, the
chiefs on both sides were so solicitous to gain a man to
their party, who had no peculiar talents for war. Steadfost
to his purpose, he embarked at length for Dyrrhachium ;
and arrived safely in Pompey's camp with bis son, his bro-*
ther, and his nephew, committing the fortunes of the whole
family to the issue of that cause. But be soon had reason
to dislike every thing which they had done, or designed to
do ; and saw that their own councils would ruin iheir cause.
In this disagreeable situation he declined all employment ;
and finding his counsels wholly slighted, resumed his usual
way of raillery, for he was a great jester, and what he
could not dissuade by his authority, endeavoured to make •
ridiculous by his jests. When Pompey put him in miod
of his coming so late to them : "How can I come late,**
^aid he? ^' when I find nothing in readiness among you ?'^ and
upon Pompey's asking him sarcastically, where his son-in-law
Dolabella was ; " He is with your father-in-law," replied
he. To a person newly arrived from Italy, and informing
him of a strong report at Rome, that Pompey was blocked
lip by Caesar ; " And you sailed hither therefore," said he.
CICERO. 311
^[ that you might see it with.your own eyes.'^ By the fre*
queiicy of these splenetic jokes, he is said to have provoked
Pompey so far as to tell him, " I wish you would go over
to the other side, that you may begin to fear us/'
After the battle of Pharsalia^ in which Pompey was de-
feated, Cicero returned to Italy, and was afterwards re-
ceived into great favour by Caesar, who was no^ declared
dictator for the second time, and Marc Antony his master
of the horse. At his interview with Caesar he had no oc^-
casion to depart from the dignity of his character, for Caesar
no sooner saw him than he alighted, and ran to embrace
him, and walked with him alone, conversing very fami-.
liariy for several furlongs. About the end of the year,^
Ceesar embarked for Africa, to pursue the war against the
Pompeian generals, and Cicero, despairing of any good
from either side, chose to live retired ; and whether in the
city or the country, shut himself up with his books; which,
as he oftensays, ^' bad hitherto been the diversion only, but
were now become the support of his life." In this retreat
be entered into a close friendship and correspondence with
M. Terentius Varro, who is said to have been the most
learned of all the Romans ; and wrote two of those pieces
upon orators and oratory, which are still extant in his works.
He was now in his sixty-first year, and having been di-
vorced from his wife Terentia, he incurred both censure
and ridicule for marrying a handsome young woman named
Publilia, of an age disproportioned to his own, and to
whom he was guardian. But at present he was yet more
imprudent in frequently hazarding Caesar's displeasure by
his sarcastic remarks.. Some of these jests upon Caesar's
administration are still preserved, and shew an extraor-
dinary want of cautipn in times so critical. Caesar had
advanced Laberius, a celebrated player, to the order o£
knights ; but when he stepped from the stage to take his
place on the equestrian benches, none of the knights would
admit him to a seat amongst them. Cicero, however, as
he was marching off therefore with disgrace, said, " I
would make room for you here on our bench, if we were
not already too much crowded :" alluding to Caesar's filling
up the senate also with the lowest of his creatures, and even
with strangers and barbarians. At a^nother time, being
desired by a friend in a public company to procure for his
son the rank of a senator in pne of the corporate towns of
Italy, " He shall have it,'* says lie, " if you please, a^p
B B 2
3i2 CICERO.
Rome ; but it will be difficult at Pompeii." An acquaint-
ance likewise from Laodicea, coming to pay his respects
to him, dnd being asked what business had brought him to
Rome, said, that h^ was sent upon an embassy 16 Cassar,
1(5 intercede with him for the liberty of his country t upon
which Cicero replied, 'f If you succeed, yob shall be an
ambassador also for us.'* Caesar, it must be allowed, to
his honour, preserved such a reverence for his character,
that he gave him many marks of personal favour ; and this
influence Cicero employed only to screen himself in the
general misery of the times, and to serve those unhappy
men who were driven from their country and families for
|he adherence to that cause which he himself had espoused,
Cicero was now oppressed by a new affliction, the death
of his beloved daughter Tullia ; who died in childbied,
soon after her divorce froni hef third husband Dolabella.
She was about thirty-two years old at the time of her
death, and was most affectionate to her father. To the
usual graces of her se^, she added the more solid accom-
[ilishments of knowledge and polite letters, was qualified
tb b6 the companion as well as the delight of his age ; and
Was justly esteemed not only as one of the best,* but the
most learned of the Roman ladies. His affliction for the
death of this daughter was so great, that He endeavoured
to shun all' company by removing to Atticus's house, where
lie lived chiefly in his library, turning over every book he
iould rtieet w*ith on the subject of moderating grief. But,
finding his residertce even here too publi'c, he retired to
Asturia, one of his seats near Antium, a little island on the
Latian shore, at the mouth of a river of the same name,
Covered with woods and groves, cut out into shady walks ;
a scene of all others the fittest to indulge melancholy, and
where his whole time was employed in reading and writingj
After th6 death of CsBsar, Cicero was freed at once from
all subjection to a superior, whose power he perpetually
dreaded, and was n6w without competition the first citizen
hi Rome, the first in credit and authority both with the
senate and people. The conspirators h^d no sooner killed
C?esar in thle senate-house, which Cicero tells us he had
the pleasure to see, than Brutus, lifting up his blood^
dagger,' Called upon him by name, to congratulate with
him on the recovery of their lib'etty. It is evident froth
several of hiis letters, that he had an expectation of sucE
lah atteriipt ; for he prophesied very early, Aat CdDsaf^s
^ I C E U 0' »7
3
reign cpuld not last six months, b\it must necessarily faU,
either by violence, or of itself; nay farther, |ie hoped to
live to see it ; yet it is equally certain. ths^t \\e had nO;hand
in it, nor was at all acquainted with it.
But though the conspiracy had succeeded agaipst.Cae.saf,
it drew after it a train of consequences, yvhicji, in liule
more than a year, end^d in the destruction not or^iy of the
coiQmpnwealtb, but of even Cicero himself. Tl^e detail
of all this belongs to history : it may be sufficient here to
notice, that when Antony .had driven Brutus and. Cassius
from Rome, Cicero also left it, not a little mortihed to s>ee
thing3 take so wrong a turn by the indolence of his friend's.
In his retreat he had frequent meetings and conferences
with his old friends of the opposite party, the late minister^
of Caesar's power ; among whom were Hirtius, and Pansa,
who, if they must have a new master, were disposed, for
the sake of Caesar, to prefer his heir and nephew, Octaviu^,
and presented him to Cicero immediately upon his arriyul,
with the strongest professions on ^he part of the young
man, that he would be governed entirely by his direction.
Cicero, however, could not be persuaded to enter heartily
into his affairs, and when he did consent at last to unite
himself to Octavius's interests, it was with no other view
.than to arm him with a power sufficient to oppress Antony,
and so limited, that he should not be able to oppress the
republic.
In the hurry of these politics, he was still prpsecuting
his studies, and besides some philosophical pieces, now
finished his book of Offices, for the use of his son ; a woi^k
admired by all succeeding ages, as a perfect systefn pf
heathen morality. At, the same tirpe, he missed no oppor-
tuniti^ to attempt the recovery pf the republic, as appeal's
from those memorable Philippics, which he published
.against Antony ; but notwithstanding, this struggle .in sup-
port of expiring liberty, Brutus was disposed at last to
throw all the blame upon hiipj charging him chiefly, that
by a profusion of honours.on young Caesar, he had inspired
.hiip with an ambition incompatible with the safety of the
republic, and armed him with that power which he w^s
now employing to oppress it; whereas the truth is, that
by. th^s.e honours Ciqero did not intend to give Caesar any
^new power, but, to apply that which he had acquired by
^.his pwn vigpur to the public service, and the ruin of An-
^^bpny j.iu.wWcb. be succje^ded eyen beyond expectation;
574 CICERO.
and would certainly have gained his end, had he not beeih
prevented by accidents which could not be foreseen.
Octavius .had no sooner settled the affairs of the city,
and subdued the senate to his mind, than he marched back
towards Gaul to meet Antony and Lepidus, who had al-
ready passed the ^Ips^ and brought their armies into Italy,
in order to have a personal interview with him ; which had
been privately concerted for settling the terms of a triple
league, the substance of which was, that the three should
be invested jointly with supreme power for the term of five
y6ars, with the title of triumvirs, for settling the state of
the republic ; that they should act in all cases by common
consent; nominate the magistrates and governors both at
home and abroad, and determine all affairs relating to the
public by their sole will and pleasure, &c. The last thing
which they adjusted was, the list of a proscription, which
they were determined to make of their enemies^ corvsisting
of 300 senators and 2000 knights, among whom was Ci-
cero, who was at his Tusculan villa when he first received
this unexpected news, and immediately set forward towards
Asturia, the nearest village which he had upon the sea,
' where he embarked in a vessel ready for him ; but the winds
being unfavourable, he landed at Circaeum, and spent a
night near that place in great anxiety and irresolution.
This at last ended in his returning to his Formian villa,
about a mile from the coast, weary of his life and the sea,
and declaring he would die in that country which he had so
often saved. Here he slept soundly for several hours, till his
slaves forced him into his litter or portable chair, and carried
him away towards the ship, having just heard that soldiers
were already come into the country in quest of him. As soon
as they were gone, the soldiers arrived at the house, and
pursuing towards the sea, overtook him in the wood. As
soon as they appeared, the servants prepared to defend
their master's life at the hazard of their own ; but Cicero
commanded them to set him down, and to make no re-
sistance. Then looking upon his executioners with great
presence and firmness, and thrusting his neck as forwardly
as he could out of the litter, he bade them dp their work,
and take what they wanted. Upon which they cut off his
head, and both his hands, and returned with them in all
haste and great joy towards Rome, as the most agreeable
present which they could carry to Antony. Popilius, the
commander of the soldiers, whom Oicero bad formei^Iy de-%
C I C E B O. 37S
fended in an accusation for a capital crime, charged Jiimself
with the conveyance, without reflecting on the infamy of
canying that head which had saved his own. He found
Antony in the forum, and upon shewing from a distance
the spoils which he' brought, he was rewarded upon the
spot with the honour of a crown, and about 8000/. sterling.
Antony ordered the head to be fixed upon the rosp'a be-
. tween the two hands ; and, satiated with Cicero's blood,
declared the proscription at an end. This barbarous
murder was committed Dec. 7, B C. 43, A. U. C. 710,
and in the sixty-fourth year of Cicero's ?ge.
After this long account, which, however, we have
abridged from our last edition, little need he added of
. Cicero's character. It will appear that though he che-
rished ambition, he wanted firmness to pursue it. His lot
was cast in times unfavourable to his natural tamper, which
was averse tp contention, and he knew not how to regulate
his conduct with steadiness in political commotion^ and
civil war. His chief delight was in the society add con-*
.versation of learned men, and his works afford a decisive
proof that his excellence lay in the accumulation of learning,
and the display of eloquence, in which he can be com-
pared only with Demostbeues. Their. respective chcr-ic
ters have been considered as the two great models oh u Ui^y.i
all eloquence ought to be formed. In all his orations, i^i>:v:^
. a modern critic, his art is conspicuous ; he begins cou'.-
monly with a regular exordium ; and with much address
prepossesses the hearers, and studies to gaip their afTections.
His method is clear, and his arguments are arranged with
exact propriety. In a superior clearness of method, he
has an advantage over Demosthenes. Every thing. appears
in its proper place. He never tries to move till he has at-
tempted to convince; and in moving, particularly the
. softer passions, he is highly successful. No one ever
^ knew the force of words better than Cicero. He rolls
them along with the greatest beauty and magnificence ;
^ and in the structure of his sentences is eminently curidus
and exact. He amplifies every thing; yet though his
.. manner is generally diffuse, it is often happily varied and
accommodated to the subject. When an important public
object rouses his mind, and demands indignation and
J force, he departs considerably from that loose and decla-
matory manner to which he at other times is addicted, and
becomes v^ry forcible and vehement. This great orator^
«Te6 CI C E R O.
howevier, iffndtJ^itfaout his defects. In most of bis ora-
tions there is too much art, even carried to a degree l^f
'Ostentation. He seems often desirous of obtaining admi-
•ration rather than of operating by conviotion. He is some-
times, therefore, showy rather than solid, and diffuse wheve
he ought to have been urgent. His sentences are always
round ;and sonorous. They cannot be accused of mono-
tony, since they possess variety of cadence; but from tok)
great a fondness for magnificence, he is on some occa-
sions deficient in strength. Though the services which be
had performed to his country were very considerable, yet
he is too much his own panegyrist. Ancient manners,
which imposed fewer restraints on the side of decorunH,
may in some degree excuse, but cannot entirely justify his
vanity. ♦
As a philosopher, he rather related the opinions of
others than advanced any new doctrines of his own con*
ceptions. He attached himself chiefly to the Academic
sect, but did not neglect to inform himself of the doctrines
'Of other sects, and discovered much learning and inge-
nuity in refuting their dogmas. He was an admirer of the
doctrine of the stoics concerning natural equity and civil
law, and adopted their ideas concerning morals, although
not with servility. The sect to which he was most averse
was the Epicurean, but upon the whole, from the general
cast of his writings, the Academic sect was best suited to
his natural disposition. Through all his philosophical
«works, he paints in lively colours, and with all the graces
of 'fine writing, the opinions of philosophers ; and relates,
in the diffuse manner of an orator, the arguments on each
side of the question in dispute ; but we seldom find him
diligently examining the exact weight of evidence in the
scale of reason, carefully deducing accurate- conclusions
from certain principles, or exhibiting a seriea of arguments
in a close and systematic arrangement* On the contrary,
we frequently hear him declaiming eloquently, instead of
reasoning conclusively, and meet with unequivocal pro<rfs,
that he was better qualified to dispute on either side widn
the Academics, than to decide upon the question with the
Dogmatists, and therefore appears rather to have been a
warm admirer and an elegant memorialist of philosophy,
jthan himself to have merited a place in the first order of
philosophers.
C I C E B O. ^377
The odtjtions of Cicero^s wotks, in whole, or in iparts,
jire far too numerous to be specified ia this .place. We
ms^, however, notice among tbe.most ouriousor valuable:
1. bis whole works^ first edition, by Minutianus, Milan,
1458 — 1409, 4. vols. fol. of great rarity and price ; 2. By
Paul Manutius, Venice, 1640— r41, 10 vols. 8vo; 3. By BL
Stephens, ^ Paris, 1543, 8 vols. Svo; 4. By Lambinus,
Paris, 1566, 2 vols. fol. ; .5. £lzi?ir, Leyden, .1642, 10
vols. 8vo ; 6. Gronovius, 11 vols. 12ino, and 4 vols. .4to:;
7, Verburgius, Amst. 1724, 2 vols, fol.; 4 vob. 4to;
,8. Ernest, Leipsic, 1774, 8 vols, ^vo; 9. Olivet, Paris^
1740, 9 vols. 4to; Geneva, 1758, 9 vols, and Oxford,
1783, 10 vols. 4to; 10. Foulis, Glasgow, 1749, 20 vols.
.12010; U. Lallemande, Paris, 1768, 12 voU. l2mo. iFdr
his separate pieces we must refer to JB^ibdin and Clarke.
Most of his productions have been translated into various
languages, and several into English, by Melmoth, Guthrie^
Jones, and others. Melmotb, as well as Middleton, has
written jsl life of Cicero, both with some degree of par-
tiality, but with great ability. '
CICERO (Marcus), the son of Marcus Tullius Cicero,
was born, as has been observed in the foregoing article, in
the year that his father obtained the consulship : that is,
in the year of Rome 690, and about 64 years before Christ.
In his early youth, while he continued under the eye and
discipline of his father, he was modest, tractable, and du*^
tiful ; diligent in his studies, and expert in his exercises :
.so that in the Pharsalic war, at the age of seventeen, be
acquired great reputation in Pompey^s camp. 'Not long
after Pompey^'S death he was sent to Athens to study under
Cratippus; and here first bis irregularity of conduct and
extravagance of expence made bis father uneasy, but -he
was soon made sensible of his £olly, and recalled to his
duty by the remonstrances of his* friends, and particularly
.of Atticiis ; so > that his< father readily paid bis debts, and en-
larged his allowance, which seems to have been about 700/.
per annum. :From this time, all the accounts from the
principal men of the place as well as his Roman friends
who had. occasion to ivisit Athens, are uniform in their
praises of .him. When Brutus arrived there, he entrusted
him, though but twenty years old, with a principal com-
> LiTet as aboTe.—Bnicker.— Blair's Lectures.— ^xii Oaomast where
^ are many useful references for information and opinionSi respecting Cicero*
SmIus has bestowed mucb {*ains on tbis article.
^78 C I C E R d.
mancl in his army, in which be acquitted himself with great
courage and conduct ; and in several expeditions and en-
counters with the enemy, where he commanded in chief,
always came off victorious. After the battle of Philippic
and the death of Brutus, he escaped to Pompey, who had
taken possession of Sicily with a great army, and fleet su-
perior to any in the empire, . This was the last refuge of
the poor republicans, where young Cicero was received
again with particular honours ; and continued iighting in
.the defence of his country's liberty, till Pompey, by a
tirealy of peace with the triumvirate, obtained, as one of
. the conditions of it, the pardon and restoration of all the
. jMTOscribed and exiled Romans, who were then in arms with
him. Cicero therefore took his leave of Pompey, and re-
.turned to Rome with the rest of bis party, where he lived
for some time in the condition of a private nobleman, re-
.mote from all public affairs ; partly through the envy of the
times, averse to his name and principles -, partly through
choice, and his zeal for the republic^ cause, which he ,
retained to the last. But here at the same time he sunk
into a life of indolence and pleasure, and the intemperate
love of wiue» which began to be the fashionable vice of
, this age*
Augustus, however, now made him a priest or augur,
as well as one of those magistrates who presided over the
. coinage of the public m(Hiey : and no sooner became the
sole master of Rome, than he took him for his partner in
the consulship : and by these favours to the son^ Augustus
made some atonement for his treachery to the father. Soon
L after his consulship, he was made proconsul of Asia,
or, as Appian says, of Syria, one ef the most considerable
provinces of the empire : from which time we find no far-
ther mention of him in history. He died probably soon
after ; before a maturity of age and experience had given
him an opportunity of retrieving the reproach of his in-
temperance, and distinguishing himself in the councils of
the state. But from the honours already mentioned, it is
evident that his life, though blemished by some scandal,
yet was not void of dignity ;. and, amidst all the. vices with
which he is charged, he is allowed to have retained bis
. fj9.tber'8 wit and politeness. ' .
\ Ibid.^Vallainbert'a «« Hist. M. T. Ciceronis, Marci filii," Paris, 1545> Svo.
C I G N A N 1. 379
CIGNANI (Caklo), an eminent artist, was born at Bo-
logna (some say at Rome) in 1628, and was taught his art
'by Giovanni Battista Cairo Casalasco ; and afterwards be-
came the disciple of Albano, in whose school he appeared
with promising and superior talents, but although these,
while he studied with Albano, were exceedingly admired,
yet, to improve himself still farther in correctness of de-
sign, and also in the force and relief of his figures, he
studied Raphael, Annibale Caracci, Caravaggio, Correg-
gio, and Guido; and combined something of each in a
'manner of his own. He is accounted very happy in his.
taste of composition, and excellent in the disposition of his
figures; but a judicious writer says, that he was censured
for bestowing too much labour on the finishing of his pic-
tures, which considerably diminished their spirit ; and also
for affecting too great a strength of colouring, so as to give
his figures too much relief, and make them appear as if
tiot united with their grounds. However well or ill-founded
these observations may be, yet through all Europe he is
deservedly admired for the force and delicacy of his pen*
oil, for the great correctness of his design, for a- distin-
guished elegance in his compositions, and also for the meU
lowness which he gave to his colours. The draperies of
his figures are in general easy and free ; his expression of
the passions is judicious and natural ; and there appears a
remarkable grace in every on« of his figures.
The cardinal San Csesareo passing through Forli, where
Cignani at that time resided with his family, desired to
have one of his paintings ; and Carlo shewed him a picture
of Adam and Eve, which he had painted for his own use,
intending to have kept it by him. On viewing that per-
formance, the cardinal was so pleased that he gave him five
hundred pistoles, and politely told Carlo, that he only paid
him for the canvas, and accepted the painting as a present.
In the Palazzo Zambeccari, at Bologna, is a Sampson by
Cignani, in a noble and grand style ; in the superb col-
lection of the dukfe of Devonshire, there is a picture of
Joseph disengaging himself from the immodesty of his
Mistress ; and one of the same subject is in the Palazzo
Arnaldi, at Florence. Sir Robert Strange, who had two
pictures by Cignani, *' Bacchanalian Boys,'' and ** Ma-
dona with the child and St John/' speaks^ highly of his ta-
}€^jts ; but there was in the Dusseldorp gallery^ when sir
iSO € I G N A N I.
Joshua Reynolds visited it, an impiense picture of the
Ascension of the Virgin, which sir Joshua thought heavy,
and in no point excellent. Cignani died at Forli, 1719, in
his ninety-first year. *
CIMABUE (Giovanni), another renowned painter, was
born at Florence in 1240, and \^as the first who revive^ the
art of painting in Italy. Being descended of a noble fa-
mily^ and of sprightly parts, he was sent to school to study
,the belles lettres, but he generally betrayed his natural
.bias by drawing figures upon paper, or on bis bpojks. The
fifie arts having been extinct in Italy, ever since the irrup-
.%ipn of the barbarians, the senate of Florence bad sent at
that time for painters out of Greece. Ciraabue was their
first disciple, and used to elope from school and pass whole
days in viewing their work. His father, therefore, agreed
with these Greeks to take him under their care, and he
soon surpassed them both in design and colouring. Tboujg^
ihe wanted the art of managing his lights and shadows,
wa3 but little acquainted with the rules of perspective, aoid
in. other particulars but indifferently accomplished, yet the
fo^nd^tion which he laid for future improvement, entitlepi
.him to the name of the ^^ father of the first age, or infancy
.of ;modern painting."
Cimabue. painted, accprdi n g to the custom p£ thpse times,
in fresco and in distemper; the art of paiuting in oil being
not then discovered. He painted a, great many pieces at
rFlorence, some of which are yet remaining ; but, as his
,fame beg^n to spread, he was sent for to many remote
.peaces, and among the rest to Asceci, a city of Umbria>
and the birth*p)ace of St. Francis. There in the lower
.c^hpi'ch, in company with those Greek painters,, he painted
.some of .the cielii\g and the sides of the church, with the
stories of the lives of our Saviour and St. Francis: in aU
which he so far outdid his coadjutors that he resolved tp
•ipaint by hHnself,.aDd undertook the upper c)mrch,ip fresco*
Being returned to Florence, he painted for .the church of
Sancta Maria Novella, where be first went to school, a
;piece of our Lady, which ^as the largest picture that bad
(been seen iiti those days, and is still to be ^en in gpod
rpr^seryation. It then excil;ed so much wonder, that it was
.<|arried frpm Cimabue'^s house to the ^hurcb,w^th trui^pets
' PHfeington. — D'Argenville, vol. ILr^Burgcs's^Lives of Paiuters.*— Reynolds's
Works* * . . . «
C I M A B U E. 381
before it, and in solemn procession ; and he was highly re-
wtirded and honoured by the city for it. There is a tra-
dition, that while Cimabue was employed on this piec^ ik
a garden he had near the gate of St. Peter, Charles'^'
Anjou, king of Naples, came through Florence, whei'e^
being received with all possible demonstrations of respect^
the magistrates, among other entertainments, darried him
to see this piece. Arjfd because nobody had yet seen
it, all the gentry of Florence waited upon him thither, and'
^i^ith such extraordinary rejoicings, that the name of the
place was changed to Borgo AHegri, that is, the Merry
Suburb ; which name it long retained.
Cimabue was also a great architect as well as paititef,
^nd concerned in the febric of Sancta Maria del Fior in
Florence ; during which employment he died in ISOO. He
left many disciples, and among the rest Giotto, vi^ho piioved
an exciellent master, and was his first rival. Dante mfeik"
tions him in the eleventh canto of his purgatory as witli-
out a rival till Git>tto appeared. Cimabue's portrait, by
Simon Satie^e, was Iti the cbapel-houi^e of Sancta Maria
Novella. It is a figure which has a lean face, a little re<i
beard, in point ; with a capuche, or monk's hood upon bii
head, after the fashion of those times. *
CIMAROSA (Doi^rNico), an eminent muisician^andcom*
poser, was born at Capo di Monte, Naples: he studied
music at the conservatorio of Loretto, ahd was a disciple
of the admirable Duronte. He was carefully educated in^
other respects, and his docility and sweetness of temper,'
during his youth, gained him the affection of all who*
knew him. On quitting the conservatorio his talents wHt^
4odn noticed, and his operas, chiefly comic, became the
delight of all Italy. But though he composed for bitffoii
ilng'et'S, his style was always graceful, never grotesque oi
capricious. There is an ingenuity in his accompanimentat
^ich embellishes the melody of the voice part, without
tbo much occupying the attention of the audience. HH
op^rad of " II Pittore Parigino," and " L'ltaliana in Loii-
dra," were carried to Rome, and thence to the principal
titles of Italy, where their success was so gfeat in 178^
and 1783, that he deceived an order from Paris to comppsd
^ ctotata for the birth of the dauphin, which i^iras performed
} Vasari;-=^4gliohby's Painting Illustrated, 1685, *t©.—PilkiDgton.
f y
382 C I M A R O S A*
by a band of more than 100 voices and instruments* la
1784 he ifas engaged to compose for the theatres and cities
which seldom had operas expressly composed for them ;
bringing on their stage such as were set for great capitals^
such as Rome> Naples, Venice, and Milan. By these
means the expences of poet and composer were saved. He
composed operas likewise at Petersburgh and Madrid, and
bis success and fame were more rapid than those of any
composer of the last century, except Piccini, and the fame
of his comic opera of ^^ L'ltaliana in Londra/' seems to
bave been as extensive as that of the ^^ Buona Figliuola/*
Cimarosa, unfortunately for his fame and fortune, mani*
fested a partiality for the French during their possession of
Maples, which occasioned his disgrace at the court of his
patron and natural spvereign, and he narrowly escaped the
fate of convicted rebels and traitors. He was, however,
allowed to die in his bed in 1801, in the fiftieth year of his
age( extremely regretted by the lovers of music, as an
original and exquisite composer,- and an amiable man. ^
CINCINNATUS (Lucius Quintius), was a celebrated
Koman, who was taken from the plough to be consul ; and,
a second time, to be dictator, 458 A. C. when the army of
the consul,. Marcus Minutius, was on the point of being
forced in its entrenchments by the i£qui and Volsci. Cin-
cinnatus conquered these enemies^ made them pass under
the yoke; and, having triumphed, returned to his plough.
He was created dictator a second time when eighty years of
4ge, vanquished the Praenestians, and abdicated twenty-
one days after. The time of his death is not known. From
the leading trait in his history, a society was formed in Ame-
rica at th€L close of the revolutionary war in 1-783, called
the order of the Cincinnati, but it met with some opposi-
tion, although it still subsists, principally in the form of a
charitable institution. ^
CINELLI (John), a physician at Florence, where he
was born in 1625, had not only great skill in his profession,
but very extensive literary knowlege, and few men were
better acquainted with books of rarity and curiosity. He
was a member of the academy of Apatisti at Florence, and
of the academy of Parma, and of other learned societies.
But he bad, unfortunately, the art of creating enemies by
y Rees's CyolopsdU. * Ronum History, fcc*
C I N E L L L 383
the severity of his censures and personal renoarks; and
having taken some liberties of this kind in his ^^ Biblioteca
volante'' with Dr. Moniglia, first physician to Cosmo IIL
be was sent to prison, and released only on condition of
retracting what he had so imprudently advanced. After
this, he quitted the dominions of the grand duke, and
having travelled over most part of Italy, settled at Loretto,
where he practised physic, and where he died in 1706. In
1677 he published the first two parts of his <' Biblioteca
volante," or fugitive library ; a curious and useful coUec-'
tion of remarks and information respecting rare books, in
which he was assisted by the learned Magliabechi, who
was his intimate friend. The third, fourth, and fifth parts
he published at Naples about the year 1686. The whole
was reprinted, with additiofns by Sancassani, at Venice,
4 vols. 4to, 1734 — 1747. He had a design of publishing
an account of Tuscan authors, which we are sorry to find
was prevented. by his poverty and want of encouragement.
The only other publication we know of Cinelli's, was a new
edition, with improvements, of *^ Bocchi's Curiosities of
Florence," 1677, 8vo. *
CINNAMUS (John), surnamed the Grammarian, was
secretary to the emperor Manuel Comnenus in the twelfth
century, and served under him in the army. Little else is
known of his personal history, unless that he was living
when Andronicus Comnenus usurped the throne. He
wrote a history of the reigns of the two emperors John and
Manuel Comnenus, from 1118 to 1176. Leo AUatius in
general praises his style, but blames his frequent use of
foreign terms and hietaphors. His history was published
by Du Cange in Greek and Latin, Paris, 1670, folio. '
CINO (da Pistoia), a celebrated Italian lawyer and^
poet of the fourteenth century, who usually is known by
that name, although he was of the ancient family of the-
Sinibaldi or Sinibuldi, and bis first name was Guittoncino
(not Ambrogino, as Le Quadrio saysf, the diminutive of
Guittone, ami by abbreviation Cino. Much pains were
bestowed on his education, and according to the fashion of
the times, he studied law ; but nature had made him a poet,,
and he cultivated that taste in conjunction with his aca<-
» Diet Hi«t.— Moreri.—Gent. Mag. 1746, p. 298.— Haym Bibliot. lUliana,
«— Morhof Polyhist but a futter notice ia Fabric. Conspectus Thesauri Litt.
iCalie. ' •
9 Cave.-^Dupio. — Blount's Censura.
3S# C I N O.
demical exercises. He took his first degree in civii law at
Bologna, and in 1 307 was appointed assessor of civil causes ;
but at that time was obliged to leave Pistoia, owing to the
<^ivii commotions; Cino was a zealous Ghibelin, and was
now glad to seek an asylum in Lombardy^ wfaither hefol*.
lowed bis favourite Sclvaggia, whose charms he so often
celebrates in his poems, but where he had the misfortune
to lose her. After her death he travelled for some time in-
Lombardy, and is thought to have visited Paris, the uni-
versity of which was at that time the resort of many fo-
reigners. On his return, however, to Bologna in 1314, he
fmblished his '^ Commentary on the Brst nine Books, of the
Code," a very learned work, which placed him among the
ablest lawyers of his time, and has been often printed, first
at Pavia in 1483 ; the best edition is that improved by
Gishez, Francfort, 1578. He now took his doctor's degree^:
ten years after he had received that of bachelor, and hi»
reputation procured him invitations to become law-pro-
fessor, an ofSce which he filled for three years at Trevisa,
and for seven years at Perugia. Among bis pUpils .in the
]atter place was the celebrated Bartolo, who studied under
him six years, ahd declared that be owed his knowledge
entirely to the writings jtnd lessons of Cino« ¥rom Perugia^
he went to Florence, but his reputation was confined to the
civil law. At this time the canonists and legists were sworn
enemies, and Cino, not only in his character as a legist^
but as a Ghibelin^ had a great aversion to decretals, canons,
and the whole of papal jurisprudence. It is not true, how-
^ery as some have asserted, that he taught civil law to
Petrarch, or canon law to Boccaccio, although he commu*
nicat^d With Petrarch on poetical matters, and exhibited to
him a style which Petrarch did not disdain to imitate.
Cino was professor at Florence in 1334, when be was
appointed gonfalonier at Pistoia, where his party had gained
the ascendancy ; but either from a partiality for his present
situation, or some other motive, he declined accepting the
honour. We find him, however, on his return to his na*-
tive country, when he was seized with a disorder wiuch
proved fatal in 1336, or the beginning of 1337,. and not,-
according to Tiraboschi, in 1^41, leaving, as his biographer
says, two reputations which long subsisted without injurini;
one another, that of one of the revivers of civil jurispru-
dence, and one of the founders of Italian poetry. It is ins
C I N 0. 3S5
f
^ latter character that his fame has been of longest dara"-
tion, and in which he has been praised by Dante^ and more
abundantly by Petrarch, Who chose him for one of his
models. Modern critics, hotvever, have discovered among
many beauties, an occasional flatness and obscurity in some
of his poetical pieces. They were first printed at Rome ih
1559, and reprinted thirty yeUrs after with a second par^
and are in several collections. ^
CIPRIANI (John Baptist), an etninent artist, claimed
by the English school, from England being so long the
theatre of his art, was born at Pistoia, about the year 1727.
He received his first instructions from an English artist of
the name of Heckford (who had settled in that city), and
afterwards went under the tuition of 6abbiani, by the study
of whose works he became a vigorous designer. Italy pos-
sesses few of his pictures, but Lanzi mentions two, painted
for the abbey of St Michele, in Pelago, in the neighbour-
hood of Pistoia ; the one of St. Tesauro, the other of Gre-
gory VII. In 1750 he went to Rome, where he had much»
employment, biit chiefly in drawing; and in August 1755
oame to England with Mr. Wilton and sir William Cham«
bers, who were th^n returning froii the continent. Hrs
reputation having preceded him, he was patronized by lord
Tilney, and the late duke of Richmond, and other noble*
men. When, in 1758, the duke of Richmond opened thife
gallery at his hous^ in Privy-garden as a school of art,
Wilton and Cipriani were appointed to visit the students;
the former giving th^ra instructions in sculpture, and the
latter in painting; but this scheme was soon discontinued.
At the foundation of the Royal Academy, Cipriani was
cbofen one of the founders, and was also employed to mak6
the design for the diploma, which is given to the acade-
micians and associates at their admission. For this wor]^,
which he executed with great taste and elegance, the pre-
sident and council presented him with a silver cup, "as an
acknowledgment for the assistance the academy received
from his great abilities in his profession." The original
drawing of this diploma was purchased at the marquis of
Lansdowne^s sale of pictures, drawings, &c. in 1806 for
thirty-one guineas by Mr. G. Baker.
Among other avocations,, he was employed to clean and
repair the pictures of Rubens, in the ceiling of Whitehall
1 Gen. Dict.-*Qm£rtteD6 Hist.^Litt. a*Uatie.--.Tirabotchi.
VouIX. Cc
38€ CIPRIANI.
.chapel, which he completed with great success in I77S.
He had before repaired the paintings of Verrio at Windsoi',
assisted by Mr. Richards ; and there is a ceiling at Ruck-
ingham house, in the antique style, the compartments of
/which he painted. We may also notice a room, decorated
with poetical subjects, in the house of the late sir William
Young at Standlynch in Wiltshire. Some of the few pic-
tures he left are at the seat of Mr. Coke, at Hoikham, and
four are in the ceiling in the library of the Royal Academy.
But his greatest excellence was in his drawings, where Mr*
Fuseli says, the fertility of his invention, the graces of his
composition, and the seductive elegance of his forms, weire
only surpassed by the probity of his character, the sim-
plicity of his manners, and the benevolence of his hearts.
These designs were disseminated over all Europe by the
graver of Francis Bartolozzi and his pupils, and bought up.
,with avidity. He died Dec. 14, 1785, and was buried in
the cemetery at Chelsea, adjoining the King's road. He
left two sons. *
CIRILLO (Dominick), nephew to Nicolas Cirillo, ft Nea-
politan physician of considerable eminence, was born at
Naples in 1730, and liberally educated. His principal
study was medicine, as a profession ; but his inclination
led him more particularly to natural history ; and at the
age of thirty he was appointed botanical professor at Na-
ples. In 1761, he published bis ^Mntroductio ad Botani-
cam,'' which in the then state of botany was considered as
a useful book. In the mean time, his knowledge of the
English language made him be consulted by all vintors
from that nation, and among others by lady Walpole, who
engaged him to accompany her to England, as her travel-
ling physician ; and here be attended Dr. Hunter's, and
probably other medical lectures. On, his return he pub-
lished his '^ Nosologiae methodical rudimenta,^' 1780; and
in 1784 another work, ^' De essentialibus nonnullarum
plantarum characteribus," which was followed by other bo-
tanical treatises, learned, but badly written, bis Latin and
Italian style being both ungrammatical and uncouth. His
most splendid work wasan account of the *' Pap3rrus,**
printed by Bodoni in 1796, and this was bis last. He soon
caught -the delusion of French liberty; and when the'
French army entered Naples, he not only joined them,
.. I Edwards's Suppiemeat to Walpole.— PilkiiigtMl.
C I E I LX O; 38?
pot was appointed a functionary, for which treason, on the
restoration of the lawful government, he was executed in
1799.'
CISNER (NicHOtAS), whom we have just mentioned as
*he editor of Cino da Pistoia's works, was a learned
Lutheran, born at Mosbach in the Palatinate, Mafch 24,
1529; He studied at Heidelberg, and took his master^s
degree in 1547, and afterwards taught the Aristotelian
philosophy and mathematics. To improve hiniself farther
he went to Strasburghj where Bucer, the celebrated re-
former, and his relation, instructed him in the principles
of the reformation, and where he was confirmed in them by
studying divinity under Lutheran professors. The fame of
Melancthon induced him next to visit him at Wittemberg,
whence he returned in 1552 to' Heidelberg, and was ap-
ppifited by the elector Frederic to the chair of professor of
moral philosophy. He alscT lectured on Aristotle's Ethics
and Cicero ^* De Finibus, until in 1553, the plague break-
ing out, he went to France and Italy ; and was n^ade doctor
of laws at Pisa in 1559. The same year he returned to
Heidelberg, where he was appointed professor of the
Pandects, and counsellor to the elector Palatine Frederic
IIL Some time after he succeeded Baudoin as professor
of civil law; and in 1563 he filled the office of rector of
the university of Heidelberg, and several other honourable
situations under the elector Lewis. He died at Heidel-
berg March 6, 1583. The principal of his original works
were published in a thick octavo of 1031 pages, with a life
Vy the editor Renter, under the title of " N. Cisn«ri, &c.
opuscula historica et politico-philologica, distributa in
libros quatuar," Francfort, 1611. This contains twenty-
three treatises, on subjects of history, philology, biography,
&c. besides poems and letters. He published also som^
works on law, and was editor, as we have noticed, of the
works of Gin6 da Pistoia, of Aventinus's annals, Albert
Krantz's ** Saxonia," Duarenus's works, 1578, 2 vols. foUo^
and of ** Simonis Ghardii Scfriptores rerum Germanicarum,"
•Basil, 1574, 4 vols, folio.*
CIVOLE, or CIGOLL See CARDL
,. CLAGETT (Nicholas), an English divine, was born
in Canterbury about the yeat 1607, and in 1628 was entered
a atudent of Merton-coJIege, in Oxford, where in October
» Diet Hist. . - 2 MprerK— Niceron, vol, XXI F.
CC 2
S88 C L A G E T T.
1 63 1 y he took his degree of B. A. Afterwards he removed
to Magdalen-ljially and took bis degree of M. A. in June
1634, being then generally esteemed a very able mode-
rator in philosophy. About 1636 he became vicar of Mel-
bourne} in Dorsetshire ; and some years after was elected
.preacher at St. Mary's church, in St. Edmundsbury, Suf<-
folk, where he was held in great veneration for his edifying
manner of preaching, and for his singular piety. He died
Sept 12, 1663, and was buried in the chancel of St. Mary's
church, before mentioned. He published, ^^ The Abuses
of God's Gracef discovered in the kinds, causes, &.c. pro«
poaed as a seasonable check to the wanton libertinism of
the present age,"*' Oxon. 1659, 4to. Though he was a
man eminent in himself^ he was more so for being the Es-
ther of the two following divines. ^
CLAGETT (William), eldest son of the preceding,
was born at St. Edmundsbury, in Suffolk, September 14,
J 646, and educated in the free-school there, under the
care of Dr« Thomas Stephens, author of the notes'on Sta^ ,
tius's Sylv«, who took very early notice of the promising
parts of his scholar, fiefore' he was full thirteen years 6f
age, he was admitted a pensioner in EmanueUcollege, in
Cambridge, Septembers, 1669, under the tuition of Mrr
Thomas Jackson, where he took his degree of A. B. 1663^
A.M. 1567, and commenced D. D. in 16S3. He was
then chosen one of the preachers of St. Edmundsbury^
which office he discharged for seVen years with universal
reputation.' From thence, at the instance of some con*
sideral^e men of the long^robe, whose business at the as*
sizes there gave them opportunities of being acquainted
with his great worth and abilities, he was thought worthy
by the society of Gray's-inn, to succeed the eminent Dr*
Cradock, as their preacher, which be. continued to be all
the remaining part of his life, much to the satisfaction of
the society. He was also presented by the lord keeper
North (who was bis wife^s kinsman) to the rectory of Fam-
ham^royal, in Buckinghamshire, into which he was insti*
tuted May 1^, 1683 ; but what be most valued ne^t to his
preacber^s place at Gray's«*inn, was the lectureship of S^.
Michael Bassishaw, to which be was elected by that parish
about two years before his death. He was also chaplain in
ordinary to bis majesty. . He was cut off, however^ in the
prime of life. He was seized with tlie smalUpoK on a
■
' Ath. Ox. toU II.-~Biog. Brit.
C L A <& E T T. >8sf
Sunday evening, March the 16th, after having preached
at St. Martin in the Fields, in bis Lent course there; and
died March 28, 1688. He was buried in a vault under part
of the church of St. Michael fiassishaw, in the grave .
with his wife, Mrs. Thomasin North, a most virtuous and
accomplished woman, who died eighteen days after him,
of the same disease. We are assured by the testimony of
Br. Sharp, tbut no man of a private condition, in the last
:age, died more lamented, and his private virtues and
public services are spoken of by all his contemporaries in
the hi^iieat terms. Bishop Burnet ranks him among those
worthy and eminent men whose lives and ^labours in a great
-ineasure rescued the church from those reproaches that
the follies of others drew upon it ; nor ought it to be for-
gotten, that he was one of' those excellent divines who
^made that noble stand against popery in the reign of king
James II. which will redound to their immortal honour.
:The several things published by Dr. Clagett, are as fol-
lows : I. " A Discourse concerning the Operations of the
Holy Spirit; with a confutation of some part of Dr. Owen's
book upon that subject," Part I. Lond. 1677, 8vo ; Part
.II. Land. 1680, 8vo. In this second part there is an an-
p swer to Mr. John Humphreys's Animadversions on the first
Part. The author intended a third part, proving that the
fathers were not on Dr. Owen's side, which was burnt by
an accidental fire, and the author never found leisure to
re-write it. We are not of opinion, however, that what
is published ranks among his most successful performances.
In 17 19 Dr. Stebbing published an abridgment of the two
' parts mentioned above. 2. '^ A Reply to a pamphlet called
*The Mischief of Impositions, by Mr. Alsop, which pre-
tends to answer the dean of St. Paul's (Dr. Stillingfleet's)
Sermon concerning the Mischief of Separation," Lond.
1681, 4TO. 3. " An Answer to the Dissenters' Objections
against the Common Prayers, and some other parts of the
divine service prescribed in the Liturgy of the Church of
England," Lond. 1683, 4to. 4. « The Difference of the
" Case between the Separation of Protestants from the
Church of Rome, and the Separation of Dissenters from
^the Church of England)" Lond. 1683, 4to. 5. " The
State of thie Church of Rome w^n the Reformation be-
'gan, as it appears by the advices given to pope Paul III.
^and Julius III. by creatures of their pvvn." 6. 5< A Dis«
course concerning the Invocation of the Blessed Virgin
and the Saints/* Lond. 1686^ 4to. 7.%:'* A Paraphrase,
390 C L A O E T T.
with notes, upon the sixth Chapter of St. John, shewing
that there is neither good Veason, nor sufficient authority
to suppose that the Eucharist is discoursed of in that
chapter, much less to infer the doctrine of Transubstan-
tiation from it." Lond. 1686, 4to. Reprinted in 1689,
8vo, at the end of his second volume of sermons. 8. " Of
the Humanity and Charity of Christians. A Sermon
preached at the Suffolk Feast, at St. Michael, Conihill,
London, November 30, 1686." 9. " A Discourse con-
cerning the pretended Sacrament of Extreme Unction,
&c.'* in three parts. " With a letter to the Vindicator of
the bishop of Condom," Lond. 1687, 4to. 10. "A se-
cond letter to the Vindicator of the bishop of Condom,'*
Lond. 1637, 4to. 11. "Authority of Councils, and the
Rule of Faith, with an answer to the Eight Theses laid
down for the Trial of the English Reformation." The first
part, about Councils, by -: Hutchinson, esq. the rest
by Pr. Clagett, 4to. 12. *^ Notion of Idolatry considered
and confuted," Lond. 1688. 13, " Cardinal Bellaimine's
seventh note, of the Union of the Members among them-
selves, and with the Head." 14. " His twelfth note, Of
the Light of Prophecy, examined and confuted." i 5. " A
View of the whole Controversy between the Representer
and the Answerer ; in which are laid open some of the
methods by which Protestants are misrepresented by Pa-
pists," Lond. 1687, 4to. 16. " An Answer to the Repre-
senter's Reflections upon ,the State and View of the Con^
troversy. With a Reply to the Vindicator's full Answer;
shewing that the Vindicator has utterly ruined the new
design of expounding and representing Popery," London,
1688, 4to. 17. " Several captious Queries concerning
the English Reformation, first in Latin, and afterwards by-
T. W. in English, briefly and fully answered," Londr
1688, 4to. 18. *' A Preface concerning the Testimony of
lyiir^cl^s, prefixed to The School of the Eucharist estab-
lished upon the miraculous respects and acknowledgements,
which Beasts, Birds, and Insects, upon several occasions^
have rendered to the Sacrament of the Altar." Translated
by another hand, from the original French of F. Toussain
Bridoul, a Jesuit," Lond. 1687, I'to. Besides these, afte^
his decease, his brother, Mr. Nicolas Clagett, published
four vplupnes of his Sermons : the first in 1 689, contained se-
venteen sermons; one of which was greatly admired by
Sueen Mary, who' desired to have it read mpre than pncQ
uring hey last illness : Text;^ Job ii. 10. The second YQ-s
C L A G E T T- 391
laoie, .printed in 1693, contained eleven sermons; a Para^
phrase and Notes upon the first, second, third, fourth, fifth,
seventh, and eighth Chapters of the Gospel of St. John.
The Paraphrase, and Notes on the sixth Chapter, which had
been publisued before: A Discourse of Church- Unity, with
Directions bow, in this divided State of Christendom, to keep
within the Unity of the Church : A Discourse of Humanity
and Charity: And a Letter concerning Protestants Charity
to Papists ; published by Dr. Clagett. The third and fourth
volumes did not come out till 1720, at so great a distance
of time from the two former volumes, that the booksellers
wouiii not call them the third and fourth volumes, but the
first and second volumes, as well as the former; only no-
tice was given, that they were never before published.^
CLAGETT (Nicolas), younger brother to the pre-
ceding, was born in May 1654, and educated in the free->
school of Bury St. Edmund's, under Mr. Edward Leeds,
a Greek scholar of considerable eminence. He was ad-
mitted of Christ' s-coUege, Cambridge, January 12, 1671,
under tne tuition of Dr. Widdrington, and regularly took
his degrees in arts, and in 1704 commenced D. D. Upon
bis brother's removal to Gray's-inn, he was elected in his
room, Maix:h 21, 1680, preacher at St. Mary's, in. St. Ed*
mundsbury. In this station, which he held near forty-si:s
years, he was a constant preacher, and diligent in every
other part of his ministry. On the first of February, 1683,
he was instituted to the rectory of Thurlo parva. Dr, John
Moore, then bishop of Norwich, who was well acquainted
with his merit and abilities, collated him on the 14th of
June, 1693, to the archdeaconry of Sudbt/ry ; and in March
1707, be was.iiTstituted to the rectory of Hitcham, in Suf*
folk. Tbis eminent divine, extremely valued and re-
spected on account of his exemplary charity and other
virtues, died January 27, 172B-7, in the seventy-third
year of his age, and was buried in the chancel of the
parish church of St. Mary's, in St. Edmundsbury. Among
other children, he had Nicolas, afterwards bishop of St,
David' s^ and of Exeter, who died Dec. 8, 1746. Dr.
Clagett published some occasional sermdns, a pamphlet
entitled ^' A Persuasive to an ingenuous Trial of Opinions
,in Religion/' Loud. 1685, 4to, and a volume entitled
*< Truth defended^ and Boldness in Error rebuked ; or^
> Biog. Brif. — Life preBxed to Sermoui.— Burnet'i Own Tiines.^-Cole'a MS.
Athena in Brk; Mut. ^
392 e L A Q E T T.
a Vindication of tho^ Christian Commentotors who have
expounded some Prophecies of the Messias not to he meant
only of him. Being a Confutation of part of Mr. Whiston's
book^ entitled. The xiccomplishroent of Scripture Pro-
phecies ; wherein hcL pretends to disprove all duplicity of
sense in prophecy. To which is subjoined, an Examina-
tion of his hypothesis, That our Saviour ascended up into
Heaven several times after his Resurrection. And in both,
there are some remarks upon other Essays of the said
author, as likewise an Appendix and a Postscript. Witk
a large Preface," Lond. 1710, 8vo. *
. CLAIRAULT (Alexis Claude), a celebrated French
mathematician ^nd academician, was born at Paris, May 1^,
1713, and died May 17, 1765. His father, a teacher of the
matheinatics at Paris, who was his sole instructor, taught him
even the letters of the alphabet on the figures, of Euclid's
Elements, by which he was able to read and write at four
years of age, and by a similar stratagem calculations were
rendered familiar to him. At nine years of age he put
'i^nto his hands Guisn^ie's " Application of Algebra to Geo-
metry ;'* at ten he siti^.di^d I'Hopital's " Conic Sections;*'
and between twelve and thirteen, he read a memoir to the
academy of sciences, concerning four new geometrical
curves of bis own invention. About the same time he laid
the first foundation of his work upon curves that have a
double curvature, which he finished in 1729, at sixteen
years of age. He w^as named adjoint-mechanician to the
academy in 1731, at the age of eighteen, associate in 1733,
and pensioner in 1738. During his connection with the
academy, he sent a great m.ultitude of learned and in-
genious communications to their Memoirs, from 1727,
almost every year, to 17^2, and wrote several other works,
which he published separately, as, 1. "On Curves of, a
pouble Curvature," in 1730, 4to. 2. ** Elements of Greo-
metry," 1741, 8vo, 3. "Theory of the Figure of the
Earth," 1743, 8vo. , 4. " Elements of Algebra," 1746,
8vo. 5. " Tables of the Moon," 1754, 8vo, '
CLAR^ or CLARA (St.), the founder of the Clares, an
order of nuns so called from her, was born at Assisi, in
11 9 3, and was a model. of piety and devotion from her in-
fancy, according to her biographers, whose account is
certainly £1, n^odel of credulity and superstition. Her pa-
> Biog. Brit. ^
' HutiOB'i Dictionary .-«-MQatacIa Hist. <]e MaUv by 1^ Is^^f vol. IV*-^
Pict. Hist «
C L A E E. 39S
xent6 were persons of rank, from whom in 1212 she ran
^vfzy, and went to St. Francis, who cloathed her in his .
habit, a pierce of sackcloth tied about her with a cord, and
sent her to a Benedictine nunnery, and from this epocb
the poor Clares date their foundation. She was next
placed by St. Francis in a new house of nuns, of which she
was aj^peinted the superior, and which was soon crowded
with devotees of rank. This female community practised
austerities, ** of which,'* we are told, " people in the world
have hardly any conception." They not only went with-
out shoes and stockings, l^y on the ground, and kept per-
petual abstinence, but were enjoined profound stlencCy
unless in cases of the greatest necessity. * Pope Innoeent
IV. in 1251, confirmed to this order the privilege of po^-
verty, without any property in comjqnon. St. Clare's abs-
tinence and mortifications brought her into a miserable state
of disease, from which she was released Aug. 11, 1253^
and was buried the day following, on which her festival is
kept. Al^ander IV. canonized her in 1255. The nima
of St. Clare are divided into Damianists and Urbanists*
The former follow the rule given by St. Francis to St.
Clare ; the latter are mitigated, and follow the rules given
by Urban IV. From their name, Minoresses, sometimes
given them, our Minories near Aldgate, is derived, where
they had a nunnery from the year 1293.*
CLARIDGE (Richard), a writer of eminence among
the Quakers, wUs born at Farmborougb, in Warwickshire,
in 1649, and after school-education, in which he made con-
siderable proficiency, was entered of Baliol-cdllege, Ox-
ford, in 1666, but removed to St. Mary-hall, where he
took bis bachelor's degree in 1 670. He soon after received
ordination, and in 1673 was presented to the rectory of
Peopleton, in the county of Worcester, although it does
not appear that be took his master's degree until 1676,
At Peopleton he lived in good esteem, and was accounted
an energetic preacher, but after several years, he entertained
many serious scruples, not only qn the subject of personal
religion, which he was afraid he had recommended to
others, while a stranger to it himself, but also respecting
certain doctrines and ceremonies of the church of England ;
and these scruples dwelt so strongly on his mind, that after
much deliberation, he voluntarily resigned his benefice in
169 1 9 9 step which must have been conscientious, as hb
) Butler's Liviis of the Samti.
394 CLARIDGE.
living was of considerable emolument, and after quitting
it, he does not appear to have possessed any certain in-
come. The same year he joined himself in communion
with the Baptists, after submitting to their mode of ini-
tiation. An incident on this occasion made a lasting im*
pressioti on his mind. Immediately after thfe ceremony of
baptism, while his wet clothes were stilt upon him, a person
accosted him thus, " You are welcome, sir, out of one
form into another.'* But, although tliis struck him for-*
cibly at the time, it led to no sudden alteration, and he
continued for some years in connection with the baptists;
till at' length his desires after what he conceived to be
greater spirituality in religion, induced him to leave their
communion ; and having adopted the principles of the
Quakers, he became one of their society about 1697. With
the Quakers he continued in religious fellowship the re-
mainder of his life, and was h welUapproved minister
am^ongst them. In 1700 he removed from London, where
he had some time resided, to Barking, in Essex. At
Barking, and afterwards at Tottenham, in Middlesex, he
kept a boarding-school for several years, but in the latter
place he met with difficulty from a suit commenced against
him, under the Stat. 1 Jac. I. for teaching school without
license from the bishop of the diocese. The cause came
to be tried in the court of king's-bench, before lord chief
justice Holt, who at the same time that he discountenanced
the prosecution, declined determining whether the de-
fendant was within the reach of the Act, and directed the
jury to retiim a special verdict; upon which the adverse
party thought proper not to proceed any further, and Cla-
ridge continued his useful occupation unmolested; In
1713, finding his health decline, and having a competency
for his subsistence, he gave up the employment of school-
keeping, and returned into -London, where be appears to
have passed serenely, but not inactively, the* remainder
of his time, and where he died, in 17ii3, in the seventy-
fourth year of his age. In his last illness, which was short,
" he expressed," says his biographer, ** his peace and sa-
tisfaction of soul, and an humble resignation to the will
of God.*' He left some descendants, the children of a
daughter who died before him.
In private life Mr. Claridge was a man of very estimable
character, and his services to the religioUs society whose
principles he finally espoused, are considered eminent,
both as d' minister and author. Amongst his writings in
C L A R I D G E. 395
explaualion and defence of their principles are, '^ Lux
Evangelica attestata,'' and ^^ Melius inquirendum,^' both
controversial; the former in answer to Keith, the latter to
Cockson ; also a Treatise concerning the Holy Scriptures,
under the title of ** Tractatus Hierographicus." This last
was not printed until after his decease. Several others of
his Tracts were also not published by himself, but ap-
peared in his '^ Life and Posthumous Works/' an 8vo vo*
lume, printed in J 726. The •* Life" is from the pen of
his friend Joseph Besse. The "Works" comprise, be-
sides some less considerable pieces, Essays on the foU
lowing subjects: Baptism and the Supper; the Doctrine
of the Trinity ; the Doctrine of Satisfaction ; I'ithes ;
and, Liberty of Conscience. As a writer, Claridge is said
to be methodical and perspicuous^ and in his style to have
apparently made it his aim to adapt himself to readers in
general, by the use of received terms. His works have
been repeatedly quoted by the Quakers of the present day,
when engaged in vindicating their society from the charge
of Socinianism. *
CLAHIUS or CLARIO (Isidorus), one of the most
learned divines in the sixteenth century, was born at the ^
castle of Chiaria, near Brescia, 1495. He entered among
the religious of Mount Cassino, and appeared with great
distinction at the council of Trent. Paul III. gave him
the archbishopric of Fuligno, where he died May 28, 1555,
aged sixty, in great reputation tor sanctity. He left:
** Scholia in Biblia," Venice, 1564, fol. « Scholia in
N- Test," 1544, 8vo, two learned and very useful works,
for correcting the text of the Vulgate, and explaining dif-
ficult passages in the Scripture ; one folio volume of Latin
Sermons,, and two in 4to, His Letters, with two ^^ Opus-
cula," were published at Modena, 1705, 4to.^
CLARKE (Dr. Alur£d), an English divine, who de-
serves to be recorded among the benefactors of mankind,
was the son of Alured Clarke, geut. by Ann, the fourth
d^^ughter of Charles Trim nell, rector of Abbots Ripton in
Hampshire, and a sister of the bishop of Winchester of
that name* He was born in 1696; and after receiving his
early education at St. Paul's school, was admitted pen*
sioner in Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, April 1,1713,.
where after taking the degree of A* B. he was made fellow
in 1718, and proceeded A.M. two years after. At this-
t ■ ■ ■ >
f 'Life as above,— Private CommuoicatioD. * Dupin. — Moreri^ .
S9« CLARKE.
early age be became a candidate with Mr. (aftersrards ]>r;)
Ward, for the proiessorship of rhetoric in Gresham college,
but without success. In May >72S, be was collated to tb^
rectory of Chilbolton in Hampshire, and installed preben-
dary of Winchester on the 23d of that month. He was
appointed one of the chaplains in ordinary to king George F.
and continuedin the same dignity in the subsequent reign,
when George II. on his visit to Cambridge in April 1728,
honoured him with the degree of D. O. and promoted hira
to a prebend in the church of Westminster, in which he
was installed May 8, 1731 ; being then one of the deputy
clerks of the closet. As a farther mark of the royal favouf,
. bis niajesty.advanced him to the deanery of Exeter May 12,
1740 ; but he did not enjoy this long, being always of aft
infirm and weak constitution, which was- worn out Itefor^
be had completed his forty-sixth year. He died May 3 r,
1742, and was interred without any monument in West-
minster.
, His printed works are few, consisting only of four occa-
sional sermons, and an ^* Essay,'' published m 173^^
" towards the character of queen Caroline,'* whom he
highly reverenced, and with whom he had long been a
considerable faTourite. By some this Essay has been given
to lord Hervey, but Mn Masters was assured it was Dr.
Clarke's.
As a man, his character stands very high. He is said to
have spel^t the whole surplus of his annual income ifi works
of hospitality and charity; and determined with himsdf
never to have in reserve, how great soever bife revenue
' might be, more than a sum sufficient to defray the e«-
pences of his funeral. The most remarkable instance of
bis active benevolence was in the case of the sick hospital
at Winchester. Its institution, which was tiie first of the
kind in England^ those of the .metropolis only est oefjted,
owes its existence chiefly to the industry and indefatigable
zeal of Dr. Alured Clarke, who in 1736 redommeiided
the scheme to the public by every art of persuasion, and
:wasso successful, that the first annual subscription amounted
to upwards of 600/. And when the great utility of such a
foundation became more apparent, its revenue soon in-
creased to upwards of a thousand pounds per ann. and in-
stitutions of a like nature were in a short time established
throughout the kingdom. The orders and constitutions of
Winchester infirniary wiere drawn up by Dr. CIarke> anjd
CLARKE. S97
9xt a proof of great wisdom in a branch of political oeco-
Domy, at that time very little understood. He began a
similar institution upon his removal to Exeter, (where he
had, with his usual Uberality, expended a large sum of
money upon the repair of his deanry house), but did not
live long enough to see his laudable design fully executed.
Dr. darkens brother, Charles Clarke, esq. applied to the
study of the law, in which be acquired great eminence,
and was nominated one of the barons of the Exchequer in
1742. In the execution of this office, he caught ttie in*-
fectious disorder at the Old Bailey sessions in 1750, which
proved at the same time fatal to the lord mayor, sir Samuel
jPennant, sir Daniel Lambert, sir Thomas Abney, and '
others in court Baron Clarke died in May, and was
buried at Godmanchester. One of his sons is the present
^ir Alured Clarke, K. B. *
CLARKE (Jeremiah), an English organist and compo*
ser of church music, was educated in the Chapel Royal,
under Dr. Blow, who seems to have had a paternal
affection for him. In 1693 he resigned, in his favour,
the place of master of the children and alo^oner of
St. Paul's, of which cathedral Clarke was soon aftet
likewise appointed organist. In 1700 Dr. Blow and hia
pupil were appointed gentlemen extraordinary in the
King's chapel; of. which, in 1704, on the death pf Mr.
Francis Piggi)t, they were jointly admitted to the place of
prganist. The compositions of Clarke are not numerous,
as an untimely aud melancholy end was put to his life .
before his genius had been allowed time to expand.
£ariy in life be was so unfortunate as to conceive a violent
and hopeless passion for a very beautiful lady of a rank far
superior to his own ; and his sufferings, under these cir*
cumstances, became at length so intolerable, that he re*
solved to terminate them by suicide. The late Mr. Sa^iuel
Wiley, one of the lay-vicars of St. Paul's, who was very
intimate with him, related the following extraordinary
story. '' Being at the house of a friend in the countr}', he
found hin)sclf so miserable, that he suddenly determined
to return to London : his friend, observing in his behaviour
great marks of dejection, furnished him with a house, and
a servant to attend him. lo his way to town^ a fit of me*
lancholy and despair having seized him, he alighted, and
1 Masters's Hist, of C. C. C. C— History of Wiochester.--GeQt. Mag. LXII.
>p. 1221 ; and for one of his Sermons see vol. IL p. 585, 606.
358 CLARK E.
«
giving his horse to the servant, went into a field, in the
corner of which there was a pond surrounded with trees,
which pointed out to his choice two ways of getting rid of
life ; but not being more inclined to the one than the other,
be left it to the determination of chance ; and taking a
piece of money out of his pocket, and tossing it in the air,
determined to abide by its decision ; but the nrioney falling
on lis edge in the clay, seemed to prohibit both these
means of destruction. His mind was too much disordered
tQ. receive comfort, or take advantage of this delay ; he
therefore mounted his horse and rode to London, deter-
mined tofind some other means of getting rid of life. And
in July 1707, not many weeks after his return, he shot
himself in his own house in St. PauPs church-yard ; the
late Mr. John Reading, organist of St. Dunstan's churclf,
a scholar of Dr. Blow, and master of Mr. Stanley, inti^
mately acquainted with Clarke, happening to go by the
door at the instant the pistol went off, upon entering the
hou8e> found his friend and fellow-stqdent in the agonies
of death."
The anthems of this pathetic composer, which Dr. Boyce
has printed, are not only more natural and pleasing than
those of his master Dr. Blow, but wholly free from licen-
tious harmony and breach of rule. He is mild, placid,
and seemingly incapable of violence of any kind. In hi^
first anthem (vol. ii.) which required cheerfulness and jubi-
lation, he does not appear in his true character, which is
tender and plaintive. The subject of the next is therrfore
better suited to the natural bias of his genius. There is-
indeed nothing in this anthem which indicates a master of
grand and sublime conceptions ; but there are a diearness
and accuracy in the score, and melancholy cast of melody.
and harmony suitable to the words, which are likewise well
accented, that cannot fail to soothe and please every ap-
petite for music which is not depraved. Tenderness is, '
indeed, so much his eharacteristic, that he may well b6-
called the Musical Otway of his time. '
GLABKE (Samuel), celebrated for his skill in oriental
learning, was the son of Thomas Clarke, of BrAckley in
Northamptonshire, where it is supposed he was born, ia
1623, and became a student at Merton college,- Oxf<>rd,_
} Surney's Hist, of Music. — Hawkins's Hist, of Musi^.
CLARKE. B9»
in 16.38. Ha resided in that university three years, and
then left it, when the town was about to be garrisoned for
%he use of : Charles L : but after its surrender to the psirKa*
ment| he returned to his college, submitted to the visitors
appointed by the powers in being ; and the same year, 1 648,
took the degree of M. A. The year following he was de*
«ign^d the first architypographus of the university, and for
his. better encouragement in t|}at oSice, had the grant of the
l^uperior beadleship of the -civil law, when it should become
vacaat^ given to him, and to his successors in that place
for ever; but Clarke, after all, was the last in whose per-^
son these offices were united. In 1650 he was master of
.a boarding-school at Islington, near London, during his
continuance at which place he assisted in correcting and
publishing Walton's Polyglcrtt Bible. In 1658 he returned
a second time to the university ; and^ in contemplation of
tlie death of him who held the superior beadleship of law,
was elected architypographus May the 14th that year, and
on. the 29th superior beadle of the civil law ; both which
places he held to the time of his death, which happened
lit Holywell in the suburbs of Oxford, Dec, 27, 1669,
He was well versed in Greek and Latin, and had also
uncoipmon skiU in the oriental languages. His works are ;
1. " Variae lectiones et observation es in Chaldaicam para-
phrasim :" inserted in the sixth volume of the Polyglott
Bible, beginning at page 17th. 2, ** Scientia metrica &
diythmica ; seu tractatus de prosodia Arabica ex authori*
bus. probatissimis eruta," Oxon. 16^1, 8vo. And 3. " Sep-
timum Bibliorum. Polyglottdm volumen cum versionibus
^ntiquissimis, non Chaldaica tantum, sed Syriacis, iSthio*
picis, Copticis, Arabicis, Persicis contextum," a MS. not
yet printed. He also translated from the original MS. of
tb^ public library at Cambridge, '^ Paraphrastes Chaldseus
in libr. Paralipomen6n ;" which Dr. Edmund Castell con**
suited, as he tells us in the preface to his '^ Lexicon Hep«-
taglotton,'' when he composed that elaborate work. Clarke
also assisted in correcting the Hebrew text, Chaldee pa*
(aphrase, and the Persian gospels in the Polyglott Bible,
which last he translated into Latin ; and there goes. also ^
iipder his name a translation out of Hebrew into Latiii of
f^nqther pii^e, entitled <' Massereth Beracoth. Titulos
Talmudicus, in quo agitur de benedictionibus, precibus et
gratiarum actionibus, adjecta versione Latina, In usum
400 CLARKE.
Mudiosorum literarum Talmudicaram in asde Ckt'i^y*^
Oxon. 1667, 8vo.'
CLARKE (Samuel), a very industrious and uftefol
' writer of the seventeenth century, less known than bis
services deserved, and particularly entitled to notice in <a
work of this kind, was born Oct 10, 1599, atWoolstOB,
in the county of Warwick, of which place his fatheir bad
been minister for upwards o^ forty years. Under bis tui-
tion he remained until he was thirteen years old, when lie
was sent to school under one Crauford, an eminent teaehec^
at that time. Here be informs u^ that he fell into loese
practices from keeping bad company, but occasionally
felt th6 reluctsCnce which a pious education usually leaves.
At the end of. four years he was sent to Cambridge^ aBd
entered of Emanuel, which was then, according to hia*a«r
county the Puritan college. After taking hifs bachelov'^
.degree, his father recalled him home, and he was .for
some time employed as a family-tutor in Warwicksbire^
after which, being now in orders, be was invited inie
iQbeshire, as assistant to Mr. Byrom, who had the living,^
Thornton, and with whom he continued almost two years|
preaching twice every Sunday during that time. Some
scruples respecting the ceremonies occasioned him miu^
trouble, and he had an intention of removing to London.!
but happening to receive a pressing invitation from the inr
habitants of^ Wirrall, a peninsula beyond West Chester,
be consented to settle among them at Shotwick, i^ere dq
regular service had been performed, and became here very
useful as a preacher, and very popular through an ezten*
sive district After, however, five years' quiet residenoe*
here, a prosecution was instituted against him for thj$
omission of ceremonies (what they were he does^ not ifiform-
us) in the Chancellor's court; and while about to leftve
Siiotwick in consequence of this, the mayor, aldermen, and
many of the inhabitants of Coventry, invited him to preach-
a lecture in that l^ity, which he accepted, and carried on:
for some time ; but bere likewise he excited the displea^
sure of Dr; Buggs, who held the two principal livings iii
Coventry, and who prosecuted him before the bishop, Dr.
Morton. After this, by the influence of Robert eatl <>f
Warwick, be was enabled to preach at Warwick^ and.
although complained of, was not molested in any great
> Ath. Ok. to!. II. i
^J
C LA R K Ei 40t
d^%e^.' 8bon after, lord Brook pretent'ed liiih to xbe
rectory of Alcester, where he officiated for nine ye«rs^
and» as be ii^rms us, ^^ the town, which before was calleii
* dlruokeo Alcester/ was now exemplary and eminent for
fieligidn." When the et aetera oath was enjoined, the
elergy of the diocese met and drew np a petition againiit
it, which Mr. Clarke and Mr. Arthur Salway presented to
Jik majesty at Yoi4i, who returned for answer, that they
jriiould not be molested for refusing the oath, until the
'Consideration of their petition in parliament. This basi*
oess afterwards requiring Mr. Clarke to go to London,, he
vf^ chosen preacher of the parish of St. Bennet Fiuk, a
curacy which is said to have been then, as it is now, in
the gift of the canons of Windsor. Walker, from ha?iiig
included this among the livings sequestered by the parlia^
mentary reformers, would seem to intimate that Mr. Clarke
must have succeeded to it at the expence of the incom*
<bent ; but the fact is, there was no incumbent at the time.
We learn from Clarke's dedication of bis '^ Mirror^' to
Philip HHolman, esq. df Wark worth in Northamptonshire,
a imtive of St Beunet Fink, and a great benefiactor to it,
that for many years before this time (probably before 1 646)
the parish had little maintenance for a minisfter ; . dieir
tithes, being impropriated, went another way» They had
no stock:, no land, no house for the minister, no lecture,
laor any one gift sermon in the year. This Mr. Holman,
hbwever, had furnished a house for the curate and settled
it upon feoffees in trust, and had promised to add some-
thing towards bis further maintenance. Such was the
situation of the parish when Mn Clarke was elected, and
he remained their preacher until the restoration. During
the whole of this period, he appears to have disapproved
of the practices of the numerous sectaries which arose, and
retained his attachment to the constitution and doctrines of
the church, although he objected to some of those points
respecting ceremonies and discipline, which ranks him
among the ejected non-conformists. Most of his works ap-
pear to have Ji>een compiled, as indeed they are genersliy
dated there, at his house in Threadneedle< street, and i(
w^s the' sole business of his future life, to enlarge and rev
pMUisfa them. In 1660, when Charles 11. published a decla^
rdtiiia'ccmcermiig ecclesiastical affairs, the London clergy
drew up a congratulatory address, with a request for the
remt^val of re-ordination and surplices in ' colleges, &c«
Vql. IX. D ©
nAkkMr. .OlAtke^^ia ^poirited to pces^nt. In tM fbl^^^
lotnng year .fae.Kn|sijKppoiiited one of the oommtMiooerli
for tensing: ^be :book of ^ Cmnioon Pmyer, but what {Hortsif i
culir 8hare4i9:took we tre not infinnned ^ nor aiw we toldi
more of: his chinoiy, white in>tbe chureb, thtn that he «ntt:
seven or eight years Ik. governor, and tww .years president,
of Sioo^qoltege.: Wh^n ejected for. aon-confomn^)^ soofa'
wsurhis idea of sobtsui and separation, ihtt he qiliei^ s«lb'^
joiilted Oft. A retired and studious iifeu From the chnteh^
viUsh. .he . constantly jttten^ted as? a < bearer,^ be> sa^i he
dsMd nQt:tQ:rae(iarate^;or/ gather a; private ohorch ont^f «
trtie^cl^urch, ^ihich.he jndged the church/ of £aglaiid<tj>^
be.: "^ thissiretirement he ^ooritinwed twenty years,' pevtljp
at Hammersniidi,i:.and ^mi^ly-at IsUwocth,* revising srixaa^
hie: had piablishaed9;L'a6d.con^img other works,. aU of w4kicht
appear tOw have heeaicequently reprinted, ootivithstaiid^^
A^grjiiieir4iizj; and.pric^ He died Pee:;9^5^ 168^, uniiri^r-
8a%eBBpedted:foii bi^ lately, ajld espedally for his atodera^
tien iath^nstniests^^hiobpiefvailed in hbtinie. :%- /; :'/^
hji]«.|ninsip3lqfmUic^iens were^ ].. f^A jMterdroriLpolft*:
iB^^'glaBarfocr&dats^ and JSinnnci^/' ;c(uitainiiig jetoarfcable
exaiirplesrfafctbes^Rte ofpessacMtoi^^
aMHWcci]jitidn% ^ad noitieea o£ thaliresief persoasensinoktc
foe^Mtyt rna^klwas % iittno voVonMH o£227: pages* pabli^^hiotd
ia;i^46^^wU6k viasfiso/siuuimsfai) and ihe?aothoc sapartisd
.tosttegobjastyllBitia: l^SDlibe'lrepit^tahfed it in:an'ftn9^6fi.4^"
sheei;s,'8lidkldd!ib7ih0rfQia9'l(^^^ iii:l4!lt~'
beca&ledlanoihef vQuiQkvQlf eqiualfi^./'; In thboenbnrged^^
f&sm, /jme k^iQw.jAot.irrri^ ew^ 3}amer!s %Bix>ft«»:
djemsos/f3ait:WBiAey^sfi^^ Wondefs,"?: • bdth rof which; ibUeiwc
hid^p]ai^ethabcontaiix8Da.greater pprtion :irf:tbe marvfiflenti'
aa.'weiimsstlBe icsefat ^ iHe; inust:jiavei;tttcGHed over aopaodW
g4x^s<;nni]]!b;Diofv.V!QAin)es: tct a£cajQGHilate>aiich afWiass..ttf/
ariecdote.vc<r2^r.'<^ Xhe: AIai:rmvr »f ::£cdeaia8tieaMIi8tinf||E^'^
cbntaimng 'the,:Bv8Sdof:tbee£BtheiS9 fiehoohnenj^ Kefiorm^^^
ers^ and exiinent^inodc^ Diviues^ i&Cwf; 164^; 4la:jl)c..
Berkenhout gi)sea:^be:pmrij[y t4^EuUer-s ^MJ^elrRediiHviiSiVr.
baiihedceffnoEl^apliearotb hav0;heafd.of CJaikerwhorun^
^piestiooably. was t4e fi«st wJia pttblkbed any coUectianoC!
Biography ill 'English,, aaid .wh<l is oespectfaU]^ noticed .bj.:
Fuller, as his fircdeceasQC\> Jn^ 1.6!$0 he fsiiblisbed a secoML
part, and both together, with additions, in a thick quarto
of^hove loea pager, in 1^54,'wttb'many^piB'tmiis in emii^
and Qopper; but the best editibli Is tbsit of l€75^ foli&^*
S.i:d! A -General MftTtyrolDgy/^ or^tbridgeiQeTtt^ FcfW imd'
ofitanie tnone YeceAt vutfainrs, 1051, IbL^ to this^ in 1652/
be' «d^ie«hftii r ^fr Ehilisb Mattyrology," rcprmted tocher
ib (1690, Mid iw le^, with aa adctrdonal isertef of the livct*
q£ IbfiMs. f The i^hie' of aum, of" fcis Kves iii, that ^ they*
asKe'taiDentfrom'/ftcwce i^lumeratid tractsy whleh^t wooid
Rlmi b^.ndirtreinelj-difficidt as unell'tia expensi^ to procjire^'
4%\f^TflmLwt% if^ioftdry eoilAeiit persons in this latter<
Bffoj^iteM; fol. 'witb'portraiti better executed than hihir
mitef^works, whioh'^kas ioipafted d particular irvlue to iMt
i»lbMr«7im3t)hfr Mtiffistion of portrait-collectorr. '^r»^
eialiD»V ^oHieir vrbrks are "<< The Marrow of Divitiiur, mth^
siiaaitnfi^XMeBoPOemcieneef^ l6S9j fol.: « treatistAigainst
tbcr teJemtibfi^of sciriiniatics and separatists, entitled ^^ Goi-^
d^i^^]^le8, or: iteboaaMe and' serious Oouiisel/' &c. 1659,
l«tai0)^ and some^ieasef historical tracts itnd sermons.^
-?6iLAJlK& <S^iKtusL); son of the preceding, wasr edi}^^
cftted)^air #eii»br^e'*^baH, Cambridge, where he lost hia
fellowship, inndle^^tline^of' the {lump parliament, for i^;
fidingHtic^alrethfe ^^a^ement H' e had, towever, enough
afitisS-MMRr^ccgifbrfaiityCHo resign^ after the reatoration, the
likrir^arffOrendm'/iii^Ba0btrighamsfa(ire. He applied btm«^
sMremlyi (CO ithtif iitttdy^ of Ube seripturet $ «nd the bellfel'^
v«faifibF]iie<pab)ishei^^ ae^ helps to others in the same coirse
gC istady,^: are-^proofc 4ff bis 'industry ^aad abiMltes; Hia
<^ AdAota^tions < on (the Kble,'* 16^0,* fi>L {motsd together ^
wifb the sberlsd text, was the grest awrk ^of bit life; It is
cbaqpKindeil in nrery. high terms by Dr. Owen and Mr. Bax*-
teiy(«&i i: labori^ruis «(nd jndieions pef'fonnance, and baa
be^MJtliiieiteenend'fnnd for some modern commentators,
ndap&atirar repufbli^ed a great pan of it, adtb tery.fittlt
altenajfon.ir He died P«b. 24,. 170041, iu hia- a«remy-iifth
ykan^s 7be gvcait ^grandson of theiMEartynilogtst was Dr.
SamiieUCi^kie, i4^ Otark (for bis p^tcrity dropped the e),^
pastflort of a^'oocngregakiovv of dissenters at St. Alban's, and
author jof^< Seripture Promises,^^ apopolar work, often re«-)
printedjl ^Tthts Dr. Samuel CtUKk^ was father lo, the late ten-
Sanruelr^ClaHi i^ Birbnif^ham, wbo.waai Assistant ta>Dr/f
DQikhrt%e lin bfSiaMiMdbaf]^, anid^died <l^ a fail from his >
Ws^ioiA^^t^'iindvlso to Mys. ft66e,' wife 6f Dc; Rose o^
Qbiswic^ k3g«iit3iefiMl ^eHknowii^inK the literary worldil''^
BoWf ki W«vW iprisfiT^.^. M^ Uirei^ jeep. .ft^i-rAjpsii^Fpihif ». Wpu^
D D 2
4p4k C :L -A R K E.
CLARKE (DrvS^MWL), a very celebmt^d Eogiidh di*^
yine, the sod of Edward Clarke, .e^q. aldcirqian of Ner*' <
wich, and M, P., was born there. Oct. 1 1, 1675. Ite v^ in*/
s^ructed in claftucal learning at.tbe 'Aree-scbool of tha;!^
town ; and in 1691 reqioved thence to Cains college in
Cambridge^ where hU uncommon abilities soon bag^ 'to
display themselves* Though De^ Ciortes was at ibat^ time
the •established philosopher pf th^ .university, yet Clarke
<^ily mastered the n^w system of Newton ; and in oriief
tp^J^s first degree of arts, performed a public jssieretae ia
th§ schools upon a question t^en from it,^ aaiid contributed
tp its establishment, by a translation of '^ Bdheollfs Phy-
sics,*' which he finished before' he was twedty»two yeans of
age. It was iirst published 1 697, 8vOi The systeoi of
natural philosophy dien generally taught in the umversity,
was that written by Rohault, founded altogether upon
C%rtesian principles, and very badly translated iilto Lat^n.
(Jlftrkegave a new translation, and «tdded to it such notes
as./night lead students insensibly to oiope^sound nations^
. Afterwards, in-order to fit himself fof the skcred fiiYic-
tion, he studied thepid Testament in the Bebmw, the
New in the .Greek, and the primitive ChHstiaa writers.
I||||fg>g taken orders,- he became ehapkiitv ^ Moore bishop
o^.^omich, by, the introduction i>{ the celebrated Whiston^
t^uen chaplfin^ -jto^^l^ bishop, who in 1698^ being collated
t^jtheiiving^^of ^owestoif in SaHblk, resigned his chafi«iii-
s^ip^ and w^siiecee^idl^y Claybe^.- In this station^lkike
lived for near twelye-i^earB, with.HBill'the freedom of an
ef|ual ratber^baA as an inferior to-the bisHop, wboesteMoipd
him^ highly while he Uved, and at hi6i' death giave hita a
stfiking^fi»dQfof confidencey by leaving sk>lely in bia bttilds
a}i the cpiic^^ of/ his. family: a trust! wbioh CktrkeVexe-
cut^d very faitl^uUy^T&nd to the entire «att9fae$ioiit(ifeviery
person concerned, Im 1699' be .pitbtisbed two iit^tiaes :
one entitled, . ^^ Three prac^cal essays on Baptbm, Con*
firmation, and^Rqpeptancg j" the other,, ^f.^ome reSections
OH that part of a. book* eal)ed Aioayntor, or -a defenoe of
IVIiitpn's life (vyritten by ToUod),- wttch. relates tp. the
;^ MrriUQg3 of the primitive Jsik&rSf audi ihecMioif.of tbe Hew
Testament. In ai letter, $0 a ftiend.'l * This wa$ (^Hdied
without a name, ;but>v)ras. afterwards added, to his letter to
Dodwell, &c« In 1701 he published a paraphrase «ipon
thegosp'ei of St, Mat^ew; whieh was followed Jn I7^3^^y.
the paraphrases upon the gospels erf St. Mark and St Luke, '
C LA' REE
luid ^00(1 kftst hf a third yolwne iri)(Ar,9t.»J^il$^after'
wardd oAe» printed togedier in 2 toIs. 89o» H^ had<4»S-
^Mi ^'parapbra^d upon the AcU of tbe ApoMles, and #*
^ hav^ extended^ his labours to the remaimngiboiokft orf the
'New Testaoient, but sooiediing accidenuUy interrupted
4bo eareeutiofi^ ^wbich he^ himiolf used to say, wa& madfe
iMs necessary by the labours of several worthy and learned
j^tfMns' sinee^the^ appearance of bis wotk upon the four
' JHteanwhile* bishop Moore, his patron,, gave him tbe
vecNl^ry- of* Drayton near Noiwicb, and procured for him )i
. fjari$k'i]fi'«hat city ; dnd these he served himself in tbafit
'< is6$s4ri when tbe 'bishbp- resided at Norwich. His preach^
^ ing was without notes, until ho became rector of St.
-MmeaV }n 1704 i»e was appbintisd to preach Boyle^
lecture; afidth^- subject he chose was, << The Being and
Attributes of Godv"v Hib succeeded so wdl in this, and
gave sneh htgb'balisfaction, that he was appointed to preack
tha same l^tofO'-the tuAit year; when he chose for bk
■ -aiibj^ot, << Tbe E^ences of natural and revealed Religion.'*
< TheseflferftiQO^ were first printed in twd distinct volumes :
tbe'foi'iner in V70j, the latter in 1706^ Thev have jsinde
, : been |SrrintlKl in on^ volume, ainl J^ave passed through sete*-
•xat^^it)ons« In the fourth or frfth were added several
' letjfierft to Clarke firom Butler, afterwards bishop of DuN
kalB, ireladng to the demonstration of tbe being and attri-
tiutes, ' with tbe doCtor^s answers. In tbe sixth edition was
' added^-ik discoutse concerning tbe connection of the pro^
; jriieeies in ihe Old Testament, and the application of jthem
. iQ Christ: and an answer to a seventh letter concerning
/ttie.' argument a priori. It may not be amiss to observe^
ibafe Clarke's sermons concerning the being and attributes
4^0pd occasioned a controversy, but we do not find that
C}f)^Jce himsetf aver appeared in it *.
• I,
^; Tl^s controYeciy pfoduoed several
piecet iat and s^intft In*. Clarke*t
'* -BeiBataatffttion of ll^ Bcritfg and Al-
Uabutes «f GckI*".. U was anirnad*
tert^ upon by Mr. Sdmund Iaw, tlie
' lattbi<bo|yot.Carti»le> iahit "Ifot^
vponsfohbiftbop King^ Esisy ba tb^
Origiii of Evil/' translated (tori tha
' LaCSn. Tbif oeeafioaed> m pitce enti4
. iM, *\ A Defonoe «f Dr. Clarka's De^
jBbMtratioir of tJ)« Betpf «ad, Attributes
'^ia^Q^dl: frbereia ii particolarl/ cod-
sidered tbe na^vre of Space, pamlkNi,
md necestary £idftenoe2 belng'snaa*
twer to a late book entitled, < A Trtuii^
lation of Dr. King's Origin of Erik/ and
•ome bther objections t together with a
Compendium of a Deibonattetion of tb«
Being and Attributes of Qod/' Lfndon,
173d, 8ro. Mr. Law vbidicated hit
Remarks in js *' Postscript*' to the ^le*
CQud cilition of Dr. King's Essay t wbich
oecasionedi <* A second Defi^noe of Or;
aarke'8 DemojistratibB vf the Betsf
'».<
ii
Ateut tliii tiTO, Wlibi* idb «^
Clarke bgd been looking into the ptimitive #rit*r8, «id
•ui^ected ihtA Ae AOianisi^tt aoetrine efi tiie^Trki^ wm
uotthe doctttnV Of thofe ^ly agfes. -Mrv WM*>on aidsf
that be beinJ feim «a>v tlmhe aevcr read ih#fAttoo*ti^i^
creed m hi« parish, at or tltirl^orwicbi but oiiWV ^^^
was odJV by itoUtake, atartime when k was aiot^lpplwwy
by the Irubric. In 170* he puWisbed a tett^ tcy:Mfi*BW^
well, as an answer to all the argnitieMs ii^ bis epUl^laiy^i
diftiOurse agaioit the it^rodrtaiUtj^ bf 4lib-iK>ttV and re«ro*^^?
seiitnig tSljudgnient 6f tfie fatbtersi te ^ftibnv MtviOodweliv.
bad appealed^ concerning that matter. 'Fhitf^*|^ettKl tt»ii:;
have giveniini^eb^l *atisf>i.ctioto, buttthJtf ct)mr«fws»8y*^id
not stop here ; f6r the tdel^brated Collins^ a^a- saeoiid^tibi
J)bdwell/ went mutbfertbcr into the :]^b»^o|^byiT4tf ib*f
dispute, and indeed i^eemid^ot^r^diibeail rtiai^ouidyissfcfci
sibly be;siici^gainst tbe'imra^lertility ^fcbfe •sa«i4,>aS'W^I!:i
a^th^jIbMy of human a^-tiSwKj. TBfe^iil^tjgeii ttw^scifcTO
pf the dispute; into whiehouif author r6nie#e^ $|K»3woteiJ
with such a spkit bf dteiriie^a'aiMi diim<iMt*atkJi«^fa^ M$i^
once *e^dP*ffim greatly* yb'periorto^hl^ adi;»«sarie8 m<me^
taphysical; and tJbysicalkhoWtedgf V ttftdL<«^^^
ligent reader ^ejoicej that sufeh anPfecidfeat Had^baj^pKiteii
to provoke* and extort- from- hioi AatModpteilvsiattds^^
rea^tihtu^ and persjpictjity - of i6xiprissi^,'^^bid:^ webe^iw* >
deed verv much wanted" upon t6ii^46tl*cate*and ob^rd
subject;"" Clarke's letter tdlDfbd weU-wpsi* soon ftilbv«:«d by
four defences of it, in four Several Letter* to iihe amlidr^efia?'
Leiter to the learned Mr; H^enry^Dodwelt } Jpotitaiiaingli«BW5 ^^
*4i,L»'w* i-;-; ij.
and Attributes «f God: m answer to a Reiittltyi'tevilso'. the^.Sdf-Eirittf^fiSit,
Postscript,- &c. By \he author of the necessary ^^)$t?Buce. and ^Unity, of >bc .
arst Defence," London, 1732, in fiVo. l>!Vm^NaCiii«,*^*EaMul6«Ui*»i%f;A-*.
the translation of aircbbisbop .King's author of the twty 0efe«ees of^^. ;
• O^b 'of £vil iC Mb9 a» ahaaeer ttf \ C^ldrka^s fiteaiiH^ferataJbi& '^hawii^i vfiii-js'
two Um paii||ihleis«iiliUed, A Defettce^ lisbod a tbird, , Mr. Josepti Clarke pnb« .
^c." Afr. John Jackson publishad a lisbed ^< A fortii^r ExaiiiiMikili of tyr."
ptece> entitled, «<Tbe £«iateace and Clarke's noUous brHp«Hie;rtria»«Nttr.1
l]jk\tyf>(:G0di'^JO9tAfrgm biaVa^re , coasidefk^icliis oa tbe^;|i<jimbilii^r<<^;^
add AUcibvtesj being a Vindicattuu of , Eternal Creation: ^ is reply to '^Str-"-
Br. Ctaike's Demonstratidn of the Jdhn Clarke% thifd iMidke^ 'li^< *^^
4^e -entKled, ^ *' An^ Enquiry iato - the ateice and Ufiity/' i&c '•' > * : i i- ({&
C L yi R K B.-- ^^Sbi
femmk$^^n a'lfpMieiided demQnsUatbt^tl»f ^e:irniMteri|^^
androatufid :f«mQrtolky4>f the soul/^^m Cl^i^e^s ^h^wi^y
tot jn^ iftte fpbtofevy dUooona, |Scq. T^ were ail^
wfidl.:^ fMrmted l9{reiher ; aojl the answer 19. llolatii^s /!
Aflrqmtor added te iheia. In the^midtit of all the^elabours I
ha^tmind tianei te. sbevr h^ re|^d. to mathematical and .
phjwieal f emdieg, 3 which were .nora lijttle imp^tiv^d by the J
miiwUiip'Offlir^ Isaac Newton, at wl^M request liie trans* .
lattHb^-hbi^Qptios'' into Latin in noel \With this ver^ ,
sion siv Isaae was so highly pleased, that he presented hMu .
wilbtiiessiioiijof 50(UL or iOOtL for .each child, Clarke having .
then &rev^hildrejr&
^TlSii^ flMie/yeiw al8r>, bishop Moore procured for him the .
rcMob^ ii£ Sti Biuiiiet*Sy Paurs Wharf, London; and soon .
aAer earritsd bi|ii;4o court, and recommended him to the
AnMMir 0f.«)iieei| Am^^ - 3he appointed htm one of hes *
ciHiirfaiiis in brdiaiQ^ \ and, in consideration of his greiit .
m^rk^i tod'atrthe r4<)U4st of the hiflhop, presented bim td
the/racsorjji of SuiJaiwesV Westminster, in 1709. C^rom
this time^beileftcff preaching without aotes, and wrote bis
sermons >at leagth, with .much care and fit ifbr ihie press^
iiv^sehich'Utate .they wer^. found ai bis death. Uppn bia
adi»fK^em:tpt St. James!s rectory, he took the degree of ;
IKiHipvihen^ tbe public axe^xise which he performed for it\ .
at^am?brtdse was much admired. The questions which.,
bemaihiajned Mvife >' these : 1. ^'Nullum fidei Christianas
dogma^ 4o 'sacris vcripturis traditum, e9t rectae rationi dis« '.
seotameum '.<'' that i^, Np article of the Christian faith, de- ^
livered in'tbeboiy scripLuces, is discordant to. right reason^ ^
2. ^ Sine actionom humanaram libertate nulla, potest esse
re)igiort>?uhat is,; Without the liberty of human action^
th%e Idai^ be 110 religbi^ His thesis was upon the first of •
tbesftt 4{uestiehs } .which (being thoroughly sifted by that
moteadlte disputant professor James, he made an extern- '^
pore 'jrcply-in alcoptiniied discourse for near half an hour^;:
wilAf «r Ktde hesitation, that many oi the auditors declstred,?
th^A'they had not beeh within sight of hitfii they should -
haver supposed him to have r^ every, wqrd of it from a
ptff0r.'\M the. contse of tbe^syilogisticai;
disputation^ he. guarded so w^ll ag^hst the arts wblph the;
professor^ was^ a:cto)plete master of ; replied so readUy to^
the greatest diSkjulties such an objector could propose r
and pressed biinj so cto^e and. hard with clear and iuteU
ligible ansmers, tt^^iperhaps th«re. never was such a eoii i
.^|M e LA R K B,
fiet heard in Acne leboolf. The pinSeuor, wba wto^A
man of humour as well as learniibg,' nud to hisLAt the end'
of the disputation, *^ PibfeotA me probe esefeeisti/' that
is; ** On my word, you have worked aie iuffiotently ;*' aod
the mdmbers of the university expressed lihma aetoeisfaaieflt
that a man even of Clarke's abilities)^ a£t!e^ eat abaeiiae «f
so many years, should acquit hunself a^ifthia 'SorftofiMoa^
demi<iad exercise had been 1ms constant enqployiaeati^r^ed
with such fluency and purity of expression, as- if <he*.4ttd
been accustomed to no other language to 490B\«rsatiea bu4
l^atrn. The sanle y^, t70^-he rel^iasd^aadkcooreeted
Whiston's translation of the <* Apostolieai .(^astiMtieiQst*
kitD English, at the author's particular 'fe^estsv idr . .
' In 1712 hepvbKshed a most beautiful and apileod^edi^
tion Of ** Casar's Commentaries," adorned: wektieiegfrtit
engravings. • It was printed in 1712/ foK and-elte'lvarcbtm
I720v -^oi It was dedicated tk> the 'great ddke mt.iMfoAf^
bdrough^ ^'-at a time,** sliys*:biehopi/Hoadiy,ii.*bwbQ»*lM
unequalled Vidories and,suo6esses ted) raised <hMioglecy«.4t>
tb^ highest pitch abmad,.aiKl* lessened' his* ifitiBeaett ^Cf
larouc ^^' fadme.*" ins^tbe'publicatien.of-thls^bookii'the:
doctor took particular care of thepnuc^aiaoiu. ! Jo' ibe^aii-'
notations, he selected whlit appeared ibe. best and oicet
jucUcidus in former editors, - with '^aomc| 'conieciiioivst .k^
emendatfons of his own interspersed^^iv.. .it>.r «.< ;\: ,. ,j. . ..J
The same year, 1712, hepublishi^d'hb cdebrated boekf
euiitled><l he Scripture Itoctrine of the Trinity, &Cr\\-wfayksb
IS divided into three parca. Tfae^fitstis,; a| icolleeltett:aeNl
explication of all the texts in the New Testameint r^lfttin^jf
to the doctrine of the Trinity : in theiseoondf tfaft&feir(Hni»
doctrine is set forth at large,* and exptainediot^iirtsifticttEsc
and distinct propof»tions ; and in tibe. third,, the prinipipal
passages in the liturgy of the church of -England, relating*
to the doctrine of the Trinity, are considered^ . Whistoo.
informs us, that some time before the publicat ion. of .thie
book, there was a message sent to him fironi 'lord Godoi^
^hin, and others of queen AnneU ministers, iQipoi;tUigfi'
^ that the adTairs'df the public were with diffiofdty tk^(
kept in the hands of those that were for liberty ; that it v|tai|
therefore an unseasonable time for. the.pttblicatiQB o£su
book that would make a great noise and disturbance ; and|
tlmt, therefore, they desired him to forbear till a fitter, op-r
portunity should offer itself.** Which ^ message, si^Im^
the doctor paid no regard to,;but wanton, ttbctnrmidff^or
Ike ^litt«t^ Qf -hit oym QOtipciaqce> i»th the pitblicntioQcrf^
I)tti book. Th^ . iniAisiersy bawey/er^ .Hcer# sight ia thisir
' coo|ectrireQ,#ipr the work occasioned- a great*. number o£
books ainl pAiQpbleif^ written by himself and others.^. It
alao^tn^d^Jifcaiiihfr ohaosious to the ecdesiastiGaL pQwer^
and his book was complained of by the lower blouse of con^
VQoation^ Their cojnplaiot being sent to the npper house
Jfjioe ;2y i7H| .ibe bishops returned in two days an ans«ifea%
'Ltbatilhey 4ippro«ed.tbe zeal of the lower house; thought
tiiey had just cause of cpmplatnt, and would take it into
their consideratton t" and on the 12th sent a message to
thaiD'..diffeeii|ig an ctx^ract to be. made of particulars, out olF
the books camplaioed of. On the 23d the said extract was
laid? before: the. bishops^ The doctor drew up a reply to
thia ex^raet^ dated JiUne ^^ which, it seems^ waa pre*
ae«ited,to>fi09se.of the bishops; but, for reasons unknown^
mittjUid befure the boi«ie; After this, there appearing in
sU«i09t^>tbe'wjiole ilpper house a great disposition to. pre-
Xent di#se»sienaiAnd divisions, by some moderate step^
Br* Ciariier was prevailed apon.to Jay before the house a
paper, Miated<-Jul^ 2, whiich'pooeludes with these words:
*^'iain sorry thaid/wbati sincerely intended for the honour
* We shall subjoin ^ list of those taining^ Obsenrations upon his book
pdbfish^d by otxr sAtihor/refefring, for entitled A pfain Scripture Argument
the (est, to a paniphtflt eatided ** An agtfiast Bf. Clarke's Doctrine ooneem*
a^^oovAt of all the. qooaida>able books, ing; the ever-blessed Trinity.^' 5» *' A
and pamphlets thai have oeen written Letter to the author of a book, entitled
4m ytli«r side,' in ih« Conlrorersy eon- The true Scripture Doctrine of t^ m(wt
qSflMPgiiie Jffin^i ajpoe.thejrear 17 12* hob^ and uQdivided Triaity, Qoatiaaed^
In whiph is also contained an account and riodicated : Recommended first
QiSht pamphlets wrltfen this last year by Mf. Nelson, and sin6e by Dr. Wa*
<mtmAinByiBbif^tk9iDme0en,/tottn teriand." 'The two .last pi«cet pob-i
fs^pf the yea^,17^9,'.' LoKdoii, 1720, lisbed toother, London, 1719» 8vo, i|t
8Vo, Dr. Clairke^s tracts are as fol- the end of a tract by another aTithor,
Ibii^ I J t« A tietter to the rev. Dr. Wells, entitled *' The modeit Plea ibrtlie Bap-
is iiV|l|Vierf to hi% Reqiarks/' Leaden, tisaial and Sonpturai nation of ^9 Tri-i
m4, ,8yo. 2. *« A Jleply to the Ob- ,nity,»' &c. 6. " The mode«t Plea con-
jyscbat nf Robert' Kelson, e^q. and of tinueil ; or, a brief and distinct Answer
4m^4d|oSfmMUitoClMii^(sQ|>posed to be . to Dr. Wateriaad*! qocrics relating to
Pfpi^^ma Kiugbt,,Tkar of St. be* the Doctrine of the Trinit|[y*', London^
. puicnre's, tdOndon) against Dr. Clarke's 1720, Svo. 7. " Observations on Dr.
lidHiAAiVie^Dectrineortbe Trinity; be- Waterland's second DefBnoe of bie
iqg;>«if0^meataiy. ogk fsrty select Text^ Queries," London, 1794, 8vp. 8, ** Dr.
Qf^.Scriptijire.^' 3. ,*< An Answer to the Clarke^s Replies to the author of thre^
Iteitfalrki ' bf ihe author, (Dr. Gastref, Letters to Dr. Clarke, from a'clergsr-
llUho^ «ftClMil«r), ef^sooMl.Coiiaidera*- maa of the chundi of fiajgland, con*
Ifq^s, coooeiraif^ t^s. TrinHjb and. the jcerning his Scripture Doctrin^ of thf
ways of managmg Uiat Controversy.^' Trinity.'* The Letters ancl Replies pub*
Thfto two last pobli^bed together; ' lithed together, b3rlhe author of the
^mkthA'i^^*^^^' 4«^< A Letter to the JLetton, LopdoB^ 174^ Sro.
MUifY, Mr, lUAl(Ri«ha^ M^yo}, C9n*
410 CXXH'K
Md gbry of God, 4ad so to explain tlii«v|rreat' myk^ptBt'^
to avoid the faemsies io botfa exlreo^fy- H^Mld hat^'gr^da^
any ofience to this synod, and particuliiriy toiaiy IcMs 1^-
bishops. I hope my beiiavioor for the time to cMie^ witft;
relation. ber^nto, will be soch as to^fMMRrent aey^fottt^'
compiaittis against me.'* ... tx.v
After this psperfaad been before the vfppev boui^er 'b^^^'-
apprebensiire that, if it should be published separat^^^ ^^
afterwards happened, without my true a^coant of the\^^^'^
ceding and following xircutnstan^cs, it. might be miailrR^f^v
stood in some particulars, he caosed an eifplanatioiv^dat^
July 5, to be presented to the bisboip of LoodiM, tiie-lfext'^
tioie the upper house met : setting forth, ^* That w{ietite<r
the paper laid before their lordships the Friday befell/
was, tkroogh haste and want of time, not drawn up ii)4t%
sufficient exactness,, he diought bimsdf iiidispiensaM^
obliged in conscience, to acquaint their iordsbips,' ttetct^'li^.
dHnot mean thereby to retract any thing he' had wYt^Wft,'
butto declare that the opinion set foitb' at large iff \iik^
Scripture, Doctrine, &c. is, that the SoD waa eternaHy b^>'
gotten/ by the etenial incomprehensibie pe^er and wilt'<$t
the Fathex,- &c. and that, by deckiring .he did not inteoll'
to write any more concerning the doctrine of theTriui^i
be did not preclude himself from a liberty of makinlg linjr'
inoffensive corrections ia his former books, ii they'shoulii^
come to ai>other edition, or from ' vindicating hrmself'
against any misrepresentations or aspersions,' which aaight
possibly hereafter be cast upon biai,-^n oceasiftm^^^of^tM^
controversy." After the delivery of this e.Yplabati0i^«tli^
upper house resolved, July .5, to proceed 'no i»itheM«pon^
the extract laid before them by the lower house ; aivd^f <^
dered i>r. Cjarke's^iapers to be entered ia ihe,acts^0 tba«
house. B«it the lower house, not so satitrfied, -rc^oived,'
July 7, that the paper subscribed by Dr. Clafrke^ andcetti^
municated to them by the bishops, does hot jcontain m <i>t
any recautation of the heretical assertrotns and oi^usire
passages complained of in their represenUttion, and a{iier<«
wards produced in their eK^tratct ; nor gives- such satt^C;^
tion for .the great scandal occasioned thereby, aaoughtto
put a Slop to any farther examination and censure .thecee£'i
Thus ended this aflfair ; the most authentic account of wfauS"
we have in a piece entitled^ <^ An Apology for Dr;.Ciaidce|i
contaiuifig an account of the Jam proceedings in cmrots^
lian> upiQH fak writings*:concermng the Tiinity, 17 l4,:{8¥o>?r:
iipiitt«D^««WMritoii!^lt usy. by a clevgjTiBMi in tbe coontiy;
a;,cQaaiiion firieod of hiB «ndfi>r. Cbrke% with the know-
k4c^ «0€l ««MtaMe of the latter. The ^ Scriptum Doc-
D^P^of ili>e Triiiiiy/' as ire have ob$erved, was first pub-
lWh^>in-17 id; afterwuris there was a second edhaon, with
many alterations^ in 1719 ; and there has been, sinee his
death) a third edition^ wtdb Tery 'great additions^ left un-
4ar the doctor^a hand tvady prepared for the press. Bishop
Hoadly assures us, in deposition to those who lisve sup-
posed Clarke - to haine retracted his notions concerning the
Tfioity, tbat|. ^^ from: tlie tune of publishing this book to
the day of hit death, he found no reason, as far as he was
s^jill^rtte^' judge, to aker the notions which he there pro-
fesf<^»" Mr. Whilaker, in his ^^ Origin of Arianism dis-
do^^'' has taken uncomoion pains to support the truth of -
ohevatier Ramsay's assertion, that Dr. Cbirke greatly re-
pc^fited of hi9 ever having published his work upon tbe
Triniiy*. The testtmoniea on the other side of the question
Mr# Whitaker endeavours to reconcile, by supposing that
the^< d^l^r- ocoasionaily avowed his repentance, and yet
cfmti(Miedihisf practices. He avowed fully ^^ to Mr. Rattisay
vfhf^^ was too timid to avow t<S his son, to a Hoadly^ or
to;ftQ.Emlyii; ackd what he even took pains to coficeat
fnom them, in. a- seeniing continuance of opinion^ Md in
an AQtuai' perseverance <>f conducts" All this, boweveri
bitafkcieti Bvost conftdently denied by Dr. Clarke's friends.
Mln.l7l5'aod 1916'be had a dispute with tbe celebrated^
^imbnisz^t #ei«ting to the principles of natural pfaiioB<qf>by'
attArfiligion: aifid a collection of the papers which passed'
hetM^on^themwESf published in 1717'; and remarks upon'
a^bMk enjtitled '< A philosophical enquiry concerning Ha-
tiwil< Liberty,^' by Anthony Collins, 8vo. The letters from
Cwibridge,: wtiiohr Clarke answers in this vi^me, Were*
wittten by Riohard Bulkeiey^ esq^ author of a poem in 13-
bboks^ iontitled <' The Last Day^'^ who di^d in 1718, at*
Amm. twenty 'four .y«ars of age. Ail the pieces contained^
iaitbia iralume were- translated ^into French, and published
by>/ffies Maiaeaux.in the first volume of ^'llecueil' do di**'*
verses pieces sur la philosophie, la religion nator^Ue,'
l^htsttMiae, 'J les • mathematicpies, ^c. par M^srs. Lc^ilitz, •
<Barke,' Newton, et autres auteurs cdebres," printed at'
Amsterdam in 1720, 2 vols. 12mo. This book ^f thef-
doctor's is inscribed to her late majesty queen Cad^ine, -
then rpriocess of Wales, who waa pleased tohcr^'^tiie'^on^
H2 t: L: A: R K EL
.timeniy ptBsdiiiMi^ berhuAy and ww die minmemMA
judge ot every step of. it It related olnefly to the ii9>*
portant and diffioult subfects of Ubeyty end necei^iy.
\Vh^ton>$a^ji> .<^ I confess, l.look upon these letters o^Dk
Clarke as. among the. im»taseluljof fats perforiBatioeaJa
natural philosophy^'. He has also {^reserved ao aoecdoce
relating ta this contieversjrv which is,-, that sir Isaac Ne«r<»
tOjQ obc&pleasantly told Clarke, that ^^l^hdd.hroke^Letti*
tkiiZ'ti heart with his reply to htfl;i."
About 1718 Clarke, made an alteration in the forms^
dpxology in the singing psalms, in a ooUectiop of ^^ Psalaw
and Hymns" for the:u8e o£ St. James's dbiOKsfa,' which. prjO*^
duced no small disturbance, and occasioned soipe pan)-
phleta to be written*. . The alteration was this h^*. ^ '
To God, through ChrlstilHstoafy'SOilV ^ '■ *'
Immortal glory be, &s.
And,
ToGpd, thiioug^Clirifit, hissoa>.pw^*d>. . '
All glory be tbeveforp, &c. . . , . , ,
A confiiidciiable number of thenie ^^ Select Psalms aqd Hy mae^^
having been dispersed by .the Society tor pcomQtingiCbfiia^
t|an , knoi^^Mge, before the alteottion^ of .4be doxologios
fras itaken notice of^ he. W9^ chargedowitb-a^desiguof io^
posipg upon the society^* wh/ereas ik^WM answered that Um
edition of them had been prepared by jum.for tl:i^nfle €|f
his Q.wq. parish ;Oniy, beforj^i the soci^y. had.. thoughts. 'n€
purcbo^h^g any of the copies^: and asotbi^ usual forma of
^Qxology were not established bff any iegal aatthoiriiy^* eiM
^^le^iastic^l or civ:il, in this be had not o£peoded» Anbii^
sop, however, bi»bo.p .of . LondoD^ si9 highly, dislilied/thi^i
sdteratii90| . that be thought proper txf publish a letter^o
the incumbents pf all churx^bes and chapels in Jbis diciciesflb
ilgaiust their using: any pew. fovms of do^cology;^ The letMr
U dfited Decu 26, 11 iS^ and begins thus^ <^ Revaneasd
brethren, there is an instance of your care aoddiUy., whieb.
I conceive myself at. thi;s time highly obliged tp offer,: and.
you to regard, as necessary for the preservation of. thetf%erf.
foundatiooa of our faith. Somepersons, seduced, I.&ai^
by./thie. strong delusions of pride and self*conoek, riiave
l^ly. published, new forms. of doxology, entirely agreeable
t9.th0se.0f some ancient heretics, who impionsly denied ^si
tnnity.of ftersons in the unity of the Godhead. I do thmne-
fore . warn, and charge it upon your. souls, as. you hope u$
QbUJ^in^inecii^ fronGod the .father, through the .meijitf. of r
CLARKE. 4IS
I^Dtt OhrM bar Loi^^ atid^fb^ ianefificSitSofi <>f the
floly Ghost, ^fee persons and oAe Gkkl bl^^ssed fotewr,
ibttt y^u employ y<ltir b^st eliiteivoura to prevail with your
Mverat flooksr, to have -a ^reat abhorrence fdr the above-
BientioMd n^te forms, and particularly that you do not
suffer the 'same to' be used, either in your churches, or in
smy schools, where you are to prevent that most pernicious
>3buto, &c.** * This letter was animadverted upon by Whis-
ton, in " A Letter of Thanks to tbe right reverend the lord
biflbc^ of Lotidon, for his late letter to his clergy against
tlwe use of new forms of Do3cology, &c.** Jan. 17, 1719 ;
and in a pamphlet entitled <* An bumble ap<^gy for St
Raul and the other apostles ; or, a vindication of them and
their doxologies from the charge of heresy. By Cornelius
Paets," 1719. Soon after came out an ironical piece en-
titled <' A Defence of the Bishop of London, in answer to
Whiston*s Letter of Thanks, &c. addressed to the arch-
bishop of Canterbury. To which is added, ai Vindication
of Dr. Sacheverell^s late endeavour to turn Mr. Whiston
out' df his church." Whrston's Letter of Thanks occa-
dMned likewise the two following pieces; viz. "The lord
biMrbp of London's Letter to his Clergy vindicated, &c.
•By a Believer, 1719 5*" and •* A seasonable review ot Mr.
'Whiston's aceOunt of primitive Doxologies, tic. by a
Pi^esbyter, &c. 1719." This presbyter was supposed to be
Df. WiMiam Berritnan. To the latter Whiston replied in
'al second letter to the bishop of London ; and the author
'ot^ "•The seasdnable Review^ 8tc.'* answered him in t se-
ebrid Review, &c. As to darkens conduct in this affair,
%e arcf not Surprised to find Whiston declaring it' to be one
df thle )tnost Christtah attempts towards somewhat of refor-
ittafitm, upon the primitive foot, that he ev^r ventured
jtfpoh : but hebdds,"Abat the bishop of Londbrt^ ?n the waj^
bf iiiodcfrn authoi*fty, was quite too hard for Dr. Clarke, in
theway^f primitive Christianity.'* •'
^ ' AbbUt" this'^me Dr. Clarke was presented by the lord
ii^TfdicteJ*' chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, to tefe
mtffWrsfeip'bf Wigston*^s hospital in Leicester. In 1724 h6
ptaMishfed'seiF^iteeh sermons preached ah several occasions^
cteVen- of w*Sch wer^ never before {printed ; and the year
following a sermoii preached at the parish church' of St;
Jaille§/ upon th^ erecting a ^charity-school for the oduca^
tib* of women- servants.* Itt 1727^ upon the death of sir
I(teJ|c -Newton, lie was'oflfered by the Court the place of
♦U C L ArRK E.
Qiaiter of Ae mint, mtmh c&mmtmibiu mum isoom^ isobl '
a yepir. Upon this offert . Whistoi) t^lis Ufi, tbe doctor ad**-
vised with his friemlsi and particularly. wkh Mr. Emljm andt*-
himself, about accepting or refusiiig iu . Tbey advised him
against, accepting it, as wl^t- h<e wanted not; as what was.
entirely remote from his, profession, aad.woold hinder tbe>^
success of his ministry. He was biamelf generaUy of. tbta
samie, opinion with them, could not thorotighly reconcile
biQiseif tQ this secular prefermenty andtbarefore ahsoluteiy^
refused ijt. Whi^ton seem^ to winder that Clarke-i 4ei4^-
mirers should lay so }itUe stress upon this refusal^ as m;
mention it not at all, or at least yery. negUgently ; >wMle-:
<'he takes it,*' be says, *^ to be. one of the most glorioua'
actionci.Qf bis iif^, and to.afford undeniable convietion tbatl
he was in earnest in bis. religion.'' ; v r
In 172S was published, ^^A Letter froni<:Dr^ Clarke»i;t>
Mr. 3enjamin .Hoadly, F., B. 8. occasioned by the control-
v€^$y> J^^lating to tbe proportion of velocity, and fbriee' in r
bodies iii motion," and printed in thePhilosopbicai Tf«i»s^r
actions. No* 401 ; and in 1739, be publisbed tbe tvelffe^^
first books of ** Hoiip;^r-sJiiad,'l in.4to, and. dedicated'co i
the duke pf . Cusibc^Und. . rJbe Latin torsion is almost en^ *
tirely new ; . and aittiotationft af e addedto^Abe bottom ^*
thepageis, Hom^r, rbisbop Hoadiy:t;eib. u% wa& CUriee'al
admired^tbor, ev^n to a degree) of soomeibing itk^catbui^^
siasp^ bardlj^ nMiira) to. bis j<^mper; .and tbatiin this htV
went a lit^^ beyond ,tbe b^^nds pf;iIorace!a judgment^: au4^
was so unwilling tO:aUow.lbe.£iiii»^ill^
that b^ bds ti^ken rem^»lHo painsrii ftod!^ttand gitaa
rea«H]^for every 'passager.v<^Q0d^^Md^tUtr6i tbat42cjbid»wbbtdl
any (Suspicion. . It bek^tb<>we!re(.'«(^to%)«i4 aaijttsUjiiiieill
tbe popular edition of Homer, that it would be unnecessary
to. expatiate ott its:meriis (ia- tbis^place^r^ Wbiston iitfollnHi
us, that^b^ had begtrriih^ ^rfc iif ^:^^rtj^
that *ftb^jnQtes weiie iiafb^r mR4f»^bed thaxiitm9q«9^^
Tbe twelve isstbooks-of the ]li«qd>wetO'{l«tbKih6(f i^ TIM/
iif;4^;l)^ our autbQirii?^??,>g}?iej;d?^^^
us'inrrihe preface, tha^ itts«iauther..bad $iiMbed iheanaWiko
ti^to thetbre^fim^^tl<6se^bo^^^
3^%tb*¥ers^ of tb^ ffimtbi». and, h# riisiis^ XM itxx aiiAff
versimrasferasTerse 51(HJU><9f tbe^same^tKN^k.'^'^ noij*:!: .^r-^^c: »•
, ^iV-h^^iiJlirlie . was; m ^^W^^MMMM^'-lsii^l
mai^ifig'^aooks' of Hetner^ he wa»'>initerriipted wkb^an iiUid
ness which ended in bis ^^^drtb. •-^hioiftgh ^not^^l^ lilt*^
in LA R X X 41S
b^;ril his life longt eiijoyed a firm slate of healthy witboat
aay indisposition severe enough to confine him, except the
sMU*poi in hir youth; till, on Sunday May 11, 1729,
gping out in the inoming to preach before the judges at
Serjeaats^-ino, he was there seized with a pain in his side,
which quickly became so violent, that he was obliged to be
carried home* He went to bcSd, and thought himself so
nmch better in the afternoon, that he would not suffer
hiaiflidf to be blooded ; against which remedy he had strong
priyiidices. But the pain returning vidieiitly about two
the Jiext morning, made bleeding absolutely necessary :
hatappe^ped tobe^outof danger, and continued ta think
himself j^o,KJiill the Saturday morning following ; when,, to
the inexpressible siurprise of all about him, the pain re-
moved from his side to his he^ ; and, after a very short
.intervalf took away, his senses, in which state he con-
tinued breathing till between seven and eight of the evening
of that day. May L7, 172SI, and then died, in bis^itfa year.
Thetssiine^year was printed his '^ E^^position of the Church
G^eohisflfyfVand : ten volumes of sermons, in 8vo, by his
biotber Br* John Clairiie, dean of JSaram^. His ^* Exposi-
tioiai'iaumadeup^ of those lectures be read every Thursday
nlQi'mi^ fear somemonths in the year at St; James's church.
In iheJatter paiTt of bis time he ^revised them with great
care, ^ a«d .t le& them completely prepared for A& press.
This performance was immediately animadverted upon
bj&il>i:j Wai^laipd/ and defended by Dr. Sykes, in a cour
ttfiansmf^ whidb pi^uced sovte^ pamphlets.
xi'Ebc^ciuaraccer'Ol Dr. Clarke has been thus drawn by
I^fiare^ '4>ubop of Chidiester, and by bishop Hoadly.
Dmiiiuqe^mbis pampi^entkled << The difficulties anddis-
ArlloMo. CUfte 'dean of iaiisiii» UtSoot mu^' Giotiak '* Oe: YtriUte/'
our ui|boc!« br(ither» bew^t..Ui«|^iece» vlib Le Clerc's ootea, 12bu>, and 8vo^
eMi&Miymnl&otikd in the coarse and the ootet iiniiexed to WoHmton'i
oTlii^AeelH ^IMied it^-NnjUoilMi; - ** Hdigion of Nature delineated.'' He
ia ^Hff^iJp #f •• Qflli*'^. S^9 ;" beiflR i , va» jrt ^m apiwnticejto a weaver «l
tWb suM^Mc bf a let of A^naeos which l^orwicha but was seqt to the tmiversttir
W^Sil%&lAt^i|t Mi^B«^fe^a leoratv bf His bmther, lod by bis interest af-
in4fl1lllii.0ili Sias*nsil% nrnorni . : teNraeds ptfeSerred to a prebend in Nor-
^^Mti^eS'^^'^^^ ^^fi^^^JL f*l.^ ^!^^> *9^:^i.^^' deanery of Sartiin« ^
eolnnMi syim fX'Uiie liberfyoT tba where lie' chiefly resided.- He ^ died
bdMbi iM.^ «i' ^ te1»tisiwd a- about fTSd, M^ seventy yeers old*
^Demonstration of ^b9jfil|6ipsl>^^' :i||i4:M^,tiroortiiree..daQgbters, one of
lions of 3if ^Itaac I^ewMl P^incipiR»*^, , whoin was married to Or. leoob^ «pby-
Soa^tfnl'hiuMdMMW wi^isli ^ lto> ' steian'of eminence at Snllsbory . M9
hanWl iMySibTii' 4»iihJlifi:bratber?i note b^ JotaaWhitloti in biacopy. «f
416 C L A RK1L
CMjrageinents which altetid the tUxidf <yf ^the Scriptuire^^n
the way of private Judgement,*^ says that he is " a mart Who
haa all the good quaKties that can me^t together to recom-
mend him. Hie is possessed of all th^ 'parts of learning
that are vahrable in a clergyman, in a degree that few pos-
'sets' any single orie. He has joined- to a good, skill in the
diree learned languages ^ great compas!^ of the best phitb*
aophyavid mathematics, as appears by his Latin wdrks^;
tmd' his English ones are snch a proof of bis ovm piety, and
'of his knowledge in divinity, aiid have done so much si^t*
vice to< religion, as would make any Other man, diat wts
not undet^ the suspicion of heresi^, secure of \he fViend^Mp
•nd esteem of nil good churchmen, especially of the iitetgy.
And tec ali this piety atid learning; and the good lisl? ^t
^as bec^ madfe -of i^ is aiided a temper happy beyond -^x-
TiressioQ.: asweetj easy, modest, irioflRttisiiv^, obligifi^'W-
.bMouf Adorns all bid fictions ; tfnd-no-plission, vaniiy,*W-
aoleiice,"^or ostentatioft, appears- eith^Kin' what be'Wntes
or says : and yet thes^ feults are 6f&^rt*ftlcM«ttV t6 Ae be^t
men,' in the freedofn> of convereatibif, M#drwrrd¥»^^llg?fiftit
Jmpertinent and utiti^asbrfable adversafties,'J^^pe<^iaWy'stoth
«s strike at the fdund«*idh'of v^rtiile e^ntf r^igferti fm^
the leamm^, thtS'theteM)|^er df the¥ifi&i^^ wbbs^ sCudy^
tbe^cHptures Has betltty^d him ifiloW^'^iBplcldti'^^f^ some
•heretical opinioril'*' ^ :/ r. wor. /i o. u-^i^i:
Bishop Hoadly wrkes thtti? of €larbeV^»fe Vi^asap^i^
of a^natural genius; ^ise^H^iht^fi^tfgH tb h^ftv^f^^QikK^ Mrnf-lh
the superior rank of fli^^^tth^ilt Jth^^fcdqlitirelitait^ iSfie^t^
iug; and of learnihg rt«6tt^ tt3r^bai4irAid»«d'«'4«tfA
comprehensive genios ve^j* cWisfAs'ihibtey^llfe'M^a^^Mtti
^mrld. But in him tbef Wefe b6th^i#(i(l^^iJ6ft a^
groe, that those Xvho ui«re -df^his' intiM!E(te^-a^ualUtli^^
knew not which to adm*e* 'iHd^/ 2 /f!ili^#ttefetrbke^*af
'Jinowledge, in . some *t>f iti; ^bmnchea. ^^•ei^W- be 'fiftte
}es6 than natural to him; 'fdr tlie^^ap^^al'^d'^I^^KNt ri^>i^
liis mind, as soon as anjf^ thing i^ottld ie^pi^lfV'^i^^fl t^'*^
the very same, which a(t9)^«ldsgr^4*il^^(^^
perfection, as the stren^h auf! •ctprt*M|A^ M^Hfinffli^
•ccea^ed. He bad ondi ^}i^pin^nie^yw^\y^^^
\vasin all branches of liJniwiedge ind^lfeiftilng, h^Mt<ttk
thus : '' If in any gn^ of th^ae many Wai^trhesThd ^^^^^^
C L A B I^ E. f 17
f eUed (mlj so much as be did in all, this alone would juvtly
^ve entitled ium to the name of a great man. But ther^
h something so very extraordinary, that the same person
. sijiould eiccei, not only in those parts x>f knowledge which
faquire the strongest judgment, but in those which want
^ the help of the strangest memory also ; and it is so seldoiqi
^een, tj^t one who is a great master in theology, is. at the
Ijffme t^ne skilfully fond of all critical and classical leanir
}PSf Qr excellent in the physical and mathematical studies^
^f^ well fri^med for nveuphysical and abstract reasonings ;
. jtljmt it Plight to be remarked, in how particular a i^anner^
jgoid to koyf high a degree, divinity and mathematics, ex*
perintep^l pbiio^pby and classical learning, metaphysics
.and critical skill, all of them, various and cUfTerent as they
.^e ^Aiongst. themselves, united in Dr. Clarke.*' Afterr
^HUirds the bishop informs us^ ho\v earnestly his acquaintance
^nd friendship was sought after by the greatest lovers of
virtue fi.nd kno\«[ledge ; what regard was paid to him by the
*pb^^f persons of the law; and, above all, what pleasure her
Isfi^ fnsgesty q^een Carpline took in his conversation an4
iri^^dstiip: foi^ << seldoii[i a week passed/' says be, *^i^
>whipb sfa^ did not repeive some proof of the greatness of
Jbis gei^ii^, ^nd.of the force of his superior understanding.'*
** li any one should ask,'! continues the bishop, *^ as it %
natural to do, bow it came to pass that this great man was
3t\^VGf raised higher in the church ? I must answer, that it
wa^ ni^i^er for want of merits nor iqterest, nor the favoufr
of fiQ$i)e Ui whpse power it was to have raised him. fiut he
ba4 iK'if s^Bs within his own breast^ fvhich hindered bioji
fx€m ^iUier ^eeKing after, or accepting any such protno*^
tip}}. Of these he was th^ proper, and indeed the only
jiliigfi^. ^iid th^r^pre I say no more of them." The trudi
fSy his scruples abpttt subscription were very great ; as wf
^^ infpfn;^ by Sykfos, who observes, in bis eulogium of
(C!lai^ pfipted at the ei>d of Wbiston's Historical M Ot
mpirs, thi^t ** the doctor would pften wish, that those things
^iph were suspected by ipany, and judged unlawful by
WQ&^o* migb^ ^ seriously considered, and not made term^
qf:^Q9mUf^iofi* Hl^ thought it would be the greatest hap«>
pinei^ t^ IM (he oac^iops of good and learned xpen's
fcr^pli^ rempvy^d f^i^t pf the put^Uc forms of divine servicef
a^ 1^ dpc^ipes of Cbrifti^iity reduced to the New Tesr
tMi^9l^n)y i ^Ad ijhiM: i% wouU be right to have nothing
xe^mf^f^oBk thjl gtt^^ichejrs ,p^ the. gaq>el,. but what wag
Vol. IX. E E
4lS CLARKE.
purely primitive. This he thought to be the only means
of making the minds of sincere Christians easy and quiet.
This he believed would make men much more charitable
to oge another : and make the governors of the church and.
state transact their important affairs with greater ease and
freedom from disturbances.'* Upon the whole, bishop
Hoadly makes no scruple to declare, that " by Dr. Clarke's
death, the world was deprived of as bright a light, and
naasterly a teaciher of truth and virtue, as ever yet appeared
amongst us ; and,'* says he in the conclusion of Ws account^
^^ as fats' work's must last as long as any language remains to
convey them to future times, perhaps I may flatter myself
that this faint and imperfect account of him niaj^ be trans-»
mitted down with them. And I hope it will be thought
a pardonable piece of ambition and self-interestedness, if,
being fearful lest every thing else should prove too weak
to keep the remembrance of myself in being, I lay hold on-
his fame to prop and support my own. I am* sure, as L
have little reason to expect that any thing of mine, with-
out such an assistance, can live, I shall think myself greatly
recompensed for the want of' any other memorial, if my
name may go dowh to posterity thus closely joined with
his ;^and I myself be thought of, and spoke of, in ages to
come, under the character of The friend of Dr. Clarke."
On the other hand, Whiston, who wrote his Life, and
held him iti as high estimation as either Dr. Hare or Dr,
Hoadly, candidly mentions those failings^ some of which,
perhaps, may occur to the reader in perusing the preceding
pages, and considerably lessen our opinion of his consis--
tency. In the first place, he blames Clarke for subscribing
the articles, at a time when he could not, with perfect
truth and sincerity, assent to the Athanasian parts of them;:
namely, at hi& taking the degree of doctor in divinity. Mn
Whiston, then professor of mathennatics at Cambridge, en-
deavoured to dissuade him from it; and, when he could
not prevail on that head, he eaniestly pressed him to de-
clare openly, and in writing, in what sense he subscribed
the suspected articles : but he could not prevail on this
head neither. Upon this occasion, professor James,^ who
suspected Dr. Clarke of an inclination to heretical pravity^
$aid to him, upon his subscribing the articles, ^* he hoped
he would not go from his subscription." The doctor re-
plied, *^ He could promise nothing as to -futurity, and
could only answer a&.to bis present sentiments^" However^
CLARKE. 419
Mr.Whistou acknowledges, that Dt. Clarke, for many
years before he died, perpetually refused all, even the^.
greatest preferments, which required subscription,, ^nd
never encouraged those who consulted him to subscribe.
Id the next place, he objects to Dr. Clarke bis not acting
sincerely, boldly, and openly, in the declaration of his true
opinions, and his overrcautious and over- timorous way of
speaking, writing, and acting, in points of the^ highest
consequence. When Mr. Whiston gave him frequent and
vehement admonitions upon this head, his geperal apawer,
he tells us, was, who are those that act better than I do ?
•* Very few of which," says he, "I conld ever name to
him ; though I did not think that ^ a sufficient excuse/'
Lastly, Mr. Whiston is greatly displeased with Dr. Clarke's
cbnduct in relation to the aifair of the convocation, and
concludes the account of that affair with these w<»rds :
*' Thus ended this unhappy affair ; unhappy to Dr. Clarke's
own conscience ; unhappy to his best friends ; and above
all unhappy, as to its. consequences, in relation to the opi-
nion Unbelievers were hereupon willing to entertain of him^
as if he had prevaricated all along in his former writing^
for Christianity."
Some anecdptes respecting Dr. darkens personal cha«
racter, lately collected by the rev. Mr. Jones of Welwyn,
are not incurious. - We learn from them, that Dr. Clarke
was of a very humane and tender disposition. When his
young children amused themselves with, tormenting and
killing flies upon the windows, he not only forbad such
practices, but calmly reasoned with them, in such a fami«
liar manner, as was calculated to make a powerful impres-
sion upon their minds. He was very ready and conde*
scending in answering applications to him vwith respect
tOBcruples; numberless instances of which occurred, in the
course of his life. One thing of which Dr. Clarke was pe-
euKarly cautious wa^, not to lose the least minute of his
time. He always carried^some book about him/ which he
would read whilst riding in a coach, or walking in the fields,
or if he had apy leisure moments free from company or his
other studies. Nay, he *would read even in company it-^
self, where he might take such a liberty without offence to
good manners, and yet \yith all this value for time, we ar«
told that he would spend whole hours in piaying cards.
When our author was a young student, at the university^
be was 90 distinguished, by the. excellence pi his exercisf%
EE 2
Mr.Wliistoti
yean before fa<- uit.
greatfM. preienB-ii:^
1» the next piac::., it-
•UKserely, -boiu -,« ,
e|RiiioBS, ant. ii:~ ov-
•peaking, wmii.^ at
* Vers HMi f- •, .
iim ; to'juH^. - l». ■
CQIIQUCI l: «f-qnf.
•*ti rrnirrinn _ ^ .-■■.
aary,
yew
d tlip
wlier*
:UQB At
, vafMi-
the rep«-
1, thotJw
bishop of
c (loeffneut
o appoint-
lo Tboflow
he did nat
ari^bishiDp
out afiy sp^
jiaL rcwon-
con, u4uMe
preb^dnty
II the «Mbe-
' this be lud.
-eges WaUi^
uii extiellenit
." which «ra»
;ient9 of ,tbe
» that of Juji
gentleiBWl>i
ess of MhU
u B»t Mr,
the I
««> CLARK&
md by of^er imrks of \inilsual proficiency in lit^nftttte, ih«l
l^ M» comniofily spoken of, among the rest of the acbo«
IftV% by the title of <^The lad of Caius.'* His publio ex*
efoisO) which we have ivrentiorred above, was long remeni'^
bered in the university, and by the learned men of thai
period. Dr* Henry Yarbomugh, prebendary of York, and*
rector of Tewing, Herts^, declared, thut be never heaav
any act equal to it or like it. * The samie gentleman, wberl
at the age Of seventy^seven, said, that he would gladly takd
a ride to Cambridge, to hear such anothef act as had been
kept by Dr. Clarke. Dr. darkens memory w«s leuiarkidbly
sUtong. He told Mr. Pyle, of Lynn, that he never forgot^
any thing which be had e^nce thoroughly apprehended ian4
understood. Tiie doetoi^^ with his intimate friends, WM
perfectly free and easy ; but if strangei^s were introdteedy
he behaved with much circumspection, conversing only
Upon comfnon topics. When be visited Dr. Sykes, his'
Ustttfl way was t6 sit with him upon a Couch, and, reclining'
upon bis bosom, to discourse with him, in the most fiimi'^
liftr manner, upon such subjects as were agreeable^ to the
tttate and judgment of 'both.
When sir John Germaine lay upon his dc«ath*bed; anrf
wa^ in great eoi^usion atfd trouble of mind, he sent for
Dr. CSarKe, and l^quested to know of him whether he
sfhould receive the - Sacrament, and What be should do iw
bis sad condition. The dioctor, who was wefit acquainted
With Mr John^n purstik« and eeurse of life, sedately replied^
#iat he eotdd oot'advbe him %o receive the SaCrainent, and
tbathe did not think it Hk^lytlo be of My iv^iail to him with
te^pebt to his #mtl ii^^M^e. Having said this, be depairtad
wiehctet a;dfniniste#ing the ^communion, having first recter^
mended ifte^dyin^ nian ^ the mercy of God. ^ Mr. Pope
haa a kind* of fieBectiiM tipoh Dr: Cla^e^ii frequentiilg tbd
eomt; to ^ich Ifhep^tfv^s stimulated by rebutment
against the doctor, because he refuiMd ib use hi^ iot^fesl
for obtaining the te^aH 'of Ibfd doliugbroke #<m Fnmnr^
widr a gefneral pardon. * *- ;j
Dn Cla^e married K^therine, only dimg^r of ^le revi
Mr. Lockwood, rector of Little Massin^am in Norfollc, by
whom he had seven children^ two of whi^h died befbrf kinii
Md <me « few weeks after him. Hi» widow thad a pensioa
from ()ueen Caroline of 1 65£ pcranTmmi,; One of hn
Uving in 1771 ; and in an article inaerted in the LojiJJIon
Evening Pest^ Dec. % of diat year, fe«ltiveiy eentnidieied
ihe^i^l^Mt ithat his &t^r bftd evfor retawtod 'Us opifiiow
CLARKE {Wbuuam% a lesirned divaae^wd laoU^aryr^
wftf b(ir9 at H^^on abbeys in SfaiiQpsbu;^^ .ia l<be yft^r
1^$69. -firyd. was educated at JSbcews}Mify ^cbool» "VHiKl^r Mi^
eiMT^ of .Mn Lbyd« for wboAi ba ajmiys ^entertained tbp
gi^90U;esi rogayd^ From Sbtremfibmf he mts n^iw^ad ^
^t^; J^jya^is mUfif e, in fehe univecsity of Cambrjdig^ wMei^
lie J»^&ii»e ^ ifeUo«r, Jan, ^, ji7i^"17» Hia ^l^ioa Ht
t^ •c^dy la iiened^f life wa^i^im 4o a numl^^r of vafW^
91^ ^oofttioned (by Al^ xiemo^ <H seviciral «iaxi«j#ri(^ f^
l9w^ *n oofMeqiieiiQe of «a act ^ psiiiaiuent. He jc^9il^
mmwAB.A*l7i&;ia 1719 becawe 9L A. g md tbe repnt-
tatiau ifiibicb Jue #c^if od ^'fhm yojuog «ms 9ui4i# ibat kf^
ivas 4;b«sen ^ be cbaplaia ta Ar* Adim Ottlagr , bbbop of
^tDavid'!9:: hut tbtfi prelate ^y'^ in 11B% bedi»e»aajt
appear ^q btm reeeited<^y adi^tii^e firpm ibe a|)p«int>-
i|iem» ■ lie .was^.^fuvr wards de«e»t«e i^bapUio. to TboqiM^
llfdlfiSy ^iidce of j(^e«iQaatle ; mi wbicb aituation be did nat
eofititiue'ikAgpi as in A724» ^e wa3j^fie«enl»d by arfibbishiap
Wakeito .liie rectosy ol BuKted^ in ^Suspex;, wjtboiit afiy spr
KeJitotlmi of bis ova^ 9«fftiy ^ aooo«nt ^f ibis evt^^dioaty
aaerii^ and. pamly from a segftrd to ^he f^eoial f^om^
^jnen^ion; of tbe. learned Jhi WUUam Wettoiv w4bo^
daogfaterrbe oiacried* la 179;^ he was aMide preb^daqr
aodseaideptiary of t^ piebend^ H^^va Villa in tbepadio*
tel^cburdbtefiSbicbesi^ri. Spme years -beforettl^is be fcad
^ ptvei^ to tim .pnbfo a aj^eoimeo i^f his li[^erary nhiUties^ ia ,a
|inifeoeilQibisisAber*ja?laiif Dx. Wottoa's . ^VLeges Wallip
fiKfafiasticfet'' 1730:; and itt is, thangbl iiiat>an^acc6Ua]Mt
ftiAnaonvsfi ooibe Comioaice^flif ;tbeI(piaaW%w.bicli wa#
bijp^lyxijfkJioUfid b)f Dr. XayJar, » Mfk ^^M^m^fm of »tbe
finril jLaw^'' :caoie aetlhieir'^rota ^is.^ipid ec firpm tb«t of bJys
jfeMud. Mf • BoMgrev< it.is repiaatad M ^bat :gealleimK%
^ JMBaeettaaeoos Ttn»)ts^'* land ia ^^ Xbe iRragresi of Mari^
lane Ai•eaMerj)r»'^JbyJMIr. Cllitfke*!^^^ Bat Mr^
Clarke's chief wovk was <^ The Conneavi^ of tbe B^aiaq^
fi»aon^^aad?£iDg]MbCmis^.(dad^fiitig tbe^LHi^quilias^ oust-
W^iJMhphlett . , , ,.. ^, „ ,«
42Q CLARKE.
tomd, and manners of each people to modern times ; parti-
cularly the origin of feudal tenures, and of parliaments :
illustrated throughout with critical and historical remarks
on various authors, both sacred and profane/' 1767, 4to,
dedicated to the duke of Newcastle. It had been perused
in manuscript by Arthur Onslow, esq. speaker of the house
of commons, who honoured him with some useful hints
and obaervations : but he was chiefly indebted to Mr.
Bowyer, who superintended the pubKcation, drew up sa«
veral of the notes, wrote part of the dissertation on the
Roman sesterce, and formed an admirable index to the
whole. By this work our author acquired great reputa*
tion. Mr. Pinkerton, in his Essay on -Medals, says that a
student cannot begin with ^ better book in tfiis science.
Ii> 1768 Mr* Clarke obtained from archbishop Cornwallis
permission to resign the rectory of Buxted (after having
held it more than thirty- four years) to his son Edward,
through the unsolicited interest of the late marquis Corn*
wallis, who recollected on thks- occasion the intimacy that
'had subsisted between himself and the rev.' Edward Clatke
in the island of Minorca. In June 1770, he was installed
chancellor of the church of Chichester, to which office the
rectories of Chittingley and P^vensey are annexed ; and in
August that year was presented to the vicarage of Amport.
These preferments he did notlbhg^njoy, as he died Oct. 21,
1771. In the *< Anecdotes of Bowyer'* arc many letters
and extracts of letters, written to that learned printer Istnd
other persons, by Mr. Clarke, which exhibit biol to great ^
advantage as- a man of piety,' a friend, and a scholar.* Be-
sides the writings already ntentidned, Mr. Clarke joined
-with Mr. Bowyer in the- translation of Trapp-s Lectures on
poetry, and in aiinotations oh the Greek Testamipnt ; and
was the author of several of the notes subjoined to the
•English version of Bleterie's 'Life of the Empefdr Julian.
He left behind him a cCfnsiderable number of manuscripts,
among which are some volximes of excellent srernfbiis, the
kestof which were giverf to the late Aslibuftiham, bishop
of Chichester, and at his death were inadvertently bo mt
with some other papers. Bishop Bagot had strongly re-
commended the publication of a selection of Mr. Clarke's
sermons. .— . . . j
Although antiquities were the favourite sttdy of Mr.
Clarke, he was.asecral^ ^ttn/d by no means an unsuccessful
votary of the muses. ^ ik^ wrote English verse with ease^
C L A R K E. 428
«
eiegano€>* and spirit. Perhaps there are few better epi-
grams in our language than that which he composed ofi
.seeing the words Dornus ultifna inscribed on the vault be-
longing to the dukes of Richmond in the cathedral of Chi-
chester^. Among the happier little pieces of his sportive
poetry, there are in the Life of Bowyer some animated
stanzas, describing the character of the twelve English
poets, whose portraits, engraved by Vertue, were the fa-
vourite ornament of his parlour : but he set so modest and
.bumble a valye on his poetical compositions, that they were
seldom committed to, paper^ and ai:e therefore very imper^
fectly pi^^erved in the memory of those, to whom he some-
.times recited them. His taste and judgment in poetry ap-
pears, indeed, very striking, in many parts of his learned
and elaborate ^^ Connexion of Coins." His illustration of
Ne8tor?s cup, in particular, may be esteemed as one of the
happiest examples of that light . and beauty, which the
learning and spirit of an elegant antiquary may throw on a
clqudy and mistaken passage of an ancient poet. He gave
a. yery beneficial proof of his zeal for literature, by the
trouble be took in regulating the library of the cathedral to
which he belonged. He persuaded bishop Mav^son to be-
stow a considerable sum towards repairing the room appro-
priated to this purpose. He obtained the donation of many
valuable volumes from different persons ; and by his Con-
stant aa^d liberal attention to this favourite object, raised an
inconsiderable' aT)d neglected collection of books, into a
^ very. useful and respecjtable public library.
By his only wife, Anne, daughter of Dr. Wotton, Mr.
Clarke had thre^ children, two of whom survived him;
Edvv^rd, of whom in the next article, and a daughter, whp
inherited not only the virtues of her parents, but their taste
. for literature. I^he died at Chichester, and was buried in a
cemetery adjoining the cathedral. His widow died July
11, 1783..^
CLARKE (EDWARD),.son to the preceding, was born at
Buxted> March 16, 17:50, and was educated at iSt, John's
,« " Did he, who Uais inscrib'd the wall, *
Not read, or not believe St. Patil,
' • Wlio soys there is, where\*r it Ktands,
* Aaotber bouse uot mHde with hands ;'
* ^ Or may we gaih»"r from these wortls,
That' house is uol a houM of lords ?"
> Nichals*8 BQwyer. — ^Biog. Drit.
, 1
!l^* CLARKE.
^/ Cambridge^ where h6 took <liis de^prM fit B;i^;^
1752^ and after being elected a feliow^ proceeded M.Ai:;;
'17i53; In 1758 'be was presented to the rectsoryof Fej^p^* <
iiftrfoiv, in Surrey'. He was, like hisfather,a;iniinof gemiltt^'
%nd ah eiceeltent scholar. His taste »ndwitgaire pn^otiilK-:
^liarms ia his conversation, in which he ^^tticnl^tAy^ti^'J
'celled, ilis 'first publication, we believe^ Wa8.&x6{>)r of j
<7feciL hexameters on the death o^FredericjplriJie^^if : Wiiil!B^»:«
in the '^ Luctus Academitt Cimtabrigieiisis,*' 1751^ 'ih'^
1755, he pubKshed/^A Letterto a Fdemidiii'italyv soi4 '
i^em^s on rei^ding Montfaucoii.*' In ctmetrt Sia&l. Mir.
^owyer, he projected the improv^mant of .a>*1iatiAi^die^::
tioii^ry, by reductngvtbatofFlibir front its. predeittiracKttfli
ko a regular form. One single she^t of this wedt was ^eHm^i
'pleted^ When the design (irapped £9r Want of «dikl6i^nnb0iiM..
ragemeht In 1759, he published a thauksgivil^ s^tmoi^'.
Tor the victory ov^er the French llleet; and .the.ielloiHfiigivi
^^ar, i^nt as chaplain to the embassy at Madvid> ancLdnlfiagia
k residence there of two years, collected the tnat^iab'of^i'^*
ve^y curious work which be published on-his retaniy entiiledbt
'" k;ett^s concerniri^ the Spanish o^tiony itrritten at MtsMM.-
'^foriifg the years 1 766 and 176 1," 1 763^ ?4A0* In this yieav )
'llso, faj^ married A^iie, daughter of TfabixiafGTeiifield,'^sQiiv'
and ^oon afterwards attended gehei'al Jamoies. Jobnstotie t^.^
Minorca (of which island l}bat 6ffic^r hai been appdifiti^ -
•Ifeufcenant-governor), as secretary artd chaplain. . In 1767^1
'li6 pmblislied ^* A' defence of the condti^toc the lieuteniifit^:)
governor, in reply to « prrnted iibdii^' .iOahisfreturoufhati^i
IVfiuorca, about 176B^ he was induok^d to^:the vibdragearof^
ly^iingdon and Arlington, in 'Sudsex,' tfarotigh titeitic^t^r
t)f his father, by whose resrgnatiba alsdrhe^sa^ceeded tathsi^
^ectoi'y'of Buicted, on whi6h he princifxftllj^esided^.*idtf«*
Voting his whole life to Ikerature. In^ l^T^a. U6 rea^iedl
Pepperbarrdw, from a dislike, Tery hanoorkblci to bini^^«fi
the character of a pluralist In 1778y Jb|e.priated pi^iusolsd
for an fedltioh in folio of dre " GreeJtTestatt)e<iti^.'WJih)a
iteleetiion of notes ffom^the «iost einiii^rii .crilie8«»id4)onikii
roentators, but sufficient encouragement ; was .not ^gvvdiii''*
The copy, however, is in the possession of bisaoii>the ndv;i
James Stanier Clarke, with another tbat:was\^interleaved^
and filled witii notes by his grandfather Mr* Williaai ClatkcjJ^
He died November 1786, and was buried at Buxted. He
left ..three sons, ^nd a-daugbte.r^marrie.d.to cap£, Parkfnsp
of the royal navy. ^Of.his;Sons>.the youngest, capt Gfiojqgeif
C L A R K El . 425
GfitkB of th^ toyA i^Tf^ t, btrav^ i^d ^kilfbl <fficer, irlii
uoftyrf ifnAtely drowiieii liy the ttpBdlittg ei a pleastire^bosct
fn-lb^-Tbattf^ Oct. l> L805. It would be tmnecestety to
adA hbm muchthe litei^ary honours of tfads famity am Ukdy
toyblt^ffyeilifatsed by llis oriier sons, the rev. Jaities Statiter
Cli^e^ LL. B. and F. R. S^ the biogfapker of Nelson, and
ttei «ev;' -Edward Oaniel Clarke, LL. D.| a geiitlfemafi^
t:i<|miimiUafte ikbilktes in-^he ailtiqnities of litetatare^ and
ttHlliol* cTf €W0 volumes of <^Tmvek"juat^iibHsbed, which
hivtt i tftttMted lite ^ilblic tn 4ie eommon "degree. ^
C^RKSONr (l>AVii^), a floficoinfoni^ist diiiine of con^
Hidenabbe celebrity, and one orf the tutors of ardibisbofi
TtMolHo^^ was die son of Robert: €)arksoto of Bradford id
^oAahiYtf Hyfatete he war bohi Pebrnary 1622, and edncateA
atObilPeHbailv Cambrtdg%and wassdme time fellowof that coK
iegttv fte wi^-d»fiSa%utbrto TillotsoD, who succeeded him ifi
UfifeUoivAipiii i^l. He iiras, aceordifng to Ba>cter, ardivitie
'oS^estraardinary v^ftb for solid judgaiierit, beeh'm^.modeh
rale priBcipiea, adquarmance wit4i the fathers, great miukf
tcMiil JE^iltttes, aind a i^odly* upright life. He held for sottib
^titoe the living of Mortkke in Safrey, from whidh lie wite
e'leeted^foir lfOnc0»fcKfmity in August 166^. After this hte
shifcad ahowti si66ordtii^ t<^ Neal, from one place of obstti*
rity t» another,.. ontil, in 16&2, he was chosen co-pastor
with Dr. Owdn,' wfaom hie succeeded the year follofwing.
lie diied June 'i4^ 169^. Of his works, whieh prmdpally
eo^iitt of occMio^ial Sermons, find aTotomeof *f Sertniitns^*
iilrfblia, tte^mosti^cNnatkable ivevet, one einitSed ^^No^vi-
dtooe Hrf.iDtiocesao. E|nscopaey-in tthe pfimitiire tinies,*^
1 M<l, 4ta, in amwer to Dr. Stttlingfleet ; and another, dn
febe'^sniie sol^ecl, {nrtoted after bisdeath^ under :t!betittetof
^* PriiUitive ' £|ttbDopacy^'^ li68S ;. -this was a;n$wered .by
UhMUpnty Mbui4ffe in ^1691, in bts <^ Defenoe of Dibcesifti
E|Hsp(ypacyi'* TiUiEitsonj» ncKwithstanding Clarksori^ ncin*
'oob£oi$flir)ty,t.«lways 'preserved: a veitybigh respect for hrm.*
^GILAUi>£ <LoftB'Aii9fi)^ »^opeiiy CLAtn>B Gcle'e, an
iiMaiitableJaiidscape painter, was born .at Lorraine in 1(900^
and 9^ed:an apprenticeship to the^trade of a piistry-cDbk*
In- the?eariy'.part Of his lifb he shewed no symptonui of that
aitonisfamg ' gemrus^ which in his mrore advanced years at-
tracted Ihe* adihlratibn of the 'world. lie was vexy little
n ♦ * ' -"^ • ■ I • %t*.
» i^icbolf's Bowyer» , . .
^ Calamjr. — Birches Life of Titlotson. — ^Neal's Puritans.— Tomin*s Biogra.-.
426 CLAUDE,
indebted to any m^ter. fpr iestructiou^ except. Agostin^
Tassi, who kad been a disciple of Paul Bril^ and mtb great,
laboiu' taught Claude som^ of the rules of perspective, j^nd
the method of preparing his colours. But although at &rst
he could with difficulty comprehend the rudio^nts of tlie
uyt,, yet in tbp progress of his instructions hisriQind seemed
to fxpand; his ideas tmprovcid; his imagination. becsmie
more lively > and. with wonderful eagerneiss he applied bw-
self. to his studies. During these he explored the true
principles pf painting, by a,u iuci^ssant examination of na-
jture, i^sually studying in the open fields,, wherp^b^ yery
.frequently continued from s^n-.rise till the dusl^ .of the
.evening. There he sketched ijirhatever he thought bieaviti-
ful or striking; and every curipus tinge of lights, on .all
^inds of objects, he marked in iv$ sketc^hes. with a ^njiilar
colour; from which he gave bis landscapes such aat.. appear*
ance of nature and trutb> as has rarely been disp(^vered.> in
any artist that ever painted in that style. . Sandr^rt relates,
.that Claude used to explain to bin), as they walked tbroiigh
the fields, the causes of the different appearances. of .|h^
same prospect at different hours of the d|iy, from the re-
flections or refractions of light, from dews or vapours,, in
the evjening or morniqg, with 111 tbe predion of a pbilo-
sopher. - .
He worked on his pictures with great care, endeavour-
ing to bring them to pei;fectipn, by toucbiiig them fre-
quently over ag^ip; a^nd if any perfoi'man^^ did. upt an-
swer hisidea,r it was^ customary with bi(n tpf^ltQi*, to. deface,
and. repaint it agaip se^ver^l times ov^r, till it cpnr^ponded
with that image pictured in bis mind. But^ whatever
strnpk his imagination, while* he observed n^i^ure abroad,
..viras so sjtrongly impressed on bis memory, that^ ,on bi^ re-
turn tQ wo^l^ he nev<er failed to make the happiest use of
it. His skies are warps,, and full of li^^ti^e, and, every ob-
ject is properly illumined. His . distanpes are . adfuirable,
and in every part a delightful union and . harmony never
fail to excite our applause and admiration. His inyenpc^ti
is. pleasing, bis colouring delicate, and his ti|;)t5 have §uch
, an agreeable sweetness ayid variety, as. tq have be^en but
imperfectly Imitated by the best sub;iequent , aittists, but
were never equalled. He frequently gave an uncom^aon
tenderness to his finished trees, by glazing ; and in his
large compositions which he painted in fresco, he was so
exact, that the distinct species of every tree noigbtj readi^
CLAUDE,
42?
'^ he ttistinguisbed. Among several of his performances in ,
that manner of painting, one \i'as on the four walls of a
magnificent saloon at Rome, belonging to a nobleman named
Mutius, the height of the walls being very considerable.
On the first side he represented the vestiges of an ancient
. palafce, bounded by a deep grove of trees, incomparably
expressed as to the formSj stems, barks, branchings, and
foliage^ the proportional grandeur of those trees, as weU
as the length of the grove, were perspectively and beanti-
fully set off by the shrubs and plants with which bis ground
was diversified ; artd the eye was pleasingly cbnducted to
the second wall, which seemed, by an artful contrivance
and disposition, to be only a continuation of the sanie
scene, the same elevation of the horizontal line being ob-
served through the whole work. On the second side, he
^shewed an extensive plain interspersed with mountains and
falls of water, as also with a variety of trees, plants, travel-
lers, and animals ; and this part of the composition was
likewise connected with the third wall. In that, the
lengthened prospect shewed a sea-port at the foot of some
high bills, with a view of the ocean, and vessels labouring
amongst the waves, which appeared in violent agitation ;
at»d oil the fourth wall were represented caverns among*
rude rooks, ruins of buildings, and fragments of antique
statues; the composition, though divided into so many-
parts, constituting in the whole but one entire connected
prospect, the beauty, truth, and variety of which, the
power of language cannot sufficiently represent. . As to
his fibres, if he painted them himself, they are very in-
different ; thoiigh Sandrart assures us, that he spent a
'- ^-eat deal of time and labour in practising to design them;
that he drew for sonae years in the academy at Rome, after
living modds, as well as after statues ;« and that betook
'much more pains in endeavouring to form his band to draw
figures correctly, than to perfect himself in landscape, in
M^hic)\ he was confessedly superior to all. And he was so
conscious of his deficiency in figures, that he usually en«
gaged other artists who were eminent to paint them for
him ; of which number were Courtois, and Philippo Laura»
His pictures are very rare, especially such as are un-
damaged ; and those ^e at this time so valued, that no
price, however great, is thought to be superior to their
merit. There are some of uncommon excellence in this
country J and a few years ago the vast price of 6000 gui-
♦M G L A U D E:
was given -for tivo of ^them. Iq ord^r <0 avoid ^ re^
fietitton of the same subject^ and also to <letect,sQoh co|Hed
^ his works a» might be injurious to fab (toBt by being soUl
jGonr originals, kwas his custom 'to draw (in a paper iHiOfk
|prepan»l for his purpose) the ctesigns of all theisepimuit^
^hieb were transmitted to different countvi^ ( *ad ^oci the
iMck of the drawings be wrote tlie iMCme of thef)^r»m ii^
Ibad been the purchaser. That book, wbicb be ^M^
^hVbito di Verita/^ is now in the possessioci ol^lbe Aviki^^*^
IDertyRshire. For his aamsement Claude etched « seic^^
twtoty^ght mtddKng-sized landscapes, ]engthwa3^^' from
liii tmn couiposttions. They are very sli^i^ bwt< verf
spirited, at^d abunrdantly testify the hand of'die ^llia^en'
JDe Pflies safys be died ki 1678, but all other mriM^ j>faM9^'
iift death in 1682.' -a;.!
CLAUDE (John), an eminent French proteslanticleif^ji^ >
nan, was born at Sauvetat in the pnmtlce of A^^nttb^ ill'
<6it^ and studied grammar and pbtlosopby «wd6rliia*£jb^
4dier JRranci:; Claude, ulso a mtnister^ and a -Mm ^ SC^ftft'
fiiety, and afterwairds weiVt through a cimra^.^t ^imtmyM
MoQtauban, where he itas ordained in l^M. 8e Wfl^'
nuide nainister of the church of la'Treytne,] \i4^reiie:afl^'
ciated a year, aiid then became minfcuter'of a church o#>8lL'^
JIfricin Rovergne; and eight years after^ pasKir ef-^tbaft;
of Nismes. Ais the protestants had an tunivei^sity Ifi ^^"^
bity of Nismes^ Claude had an opportunity «f displayfug^^^
oneof his chief talents, that of ha{)pily explaining ft-^ie<>^.?
togieal snbject; and be used to refed private l^ti^e^-M^
«iibfa as were candiddtesfor the minify. He bad ^artiAf^^
taken to refute the piece called '« The Meriiod,'* ^hidi'
wns written hy cardinal Ricbelieu against ttie (protesHmCiBf'i^
Init hearing that Martel, an eminent professor of 4i¥(ni4y^^'
led a sy nodical oommissiion for that purpose, lie laid^sMi^'
that design. Having opposed, in the synod of -the Lower
dLanguedoc, ^a person whom the court had won^over to*at^?
4empt a ire-nnion between the Roman catholies and-^op^'^
testants, he was forbid, by a decree of eouncU, tbefuncs-
tions of a minister hi Lnnguedoc, after hefhad efKorctsted-^
them eight years at Nismes. fie went to PHvis^ toiget itbis '
fesoitition taken OfflP; and, after staying there ^x months •
to no purpose, be went to Montauban, preached ihed^y
I n'ArgeaTitte.«*-Pi]MiDgtoo.-TStr«Ut« ,
)'• .
C L A U 0 R 4S9
after^his arriTal^ and accepted an offer fcc^ok tke poopte <iC
tbtxehutcbu
; UNuring this journey, he wroie a Uute book, wbici|> gavt
rise to the most famous dispute that erer was carried oa ia
ti^mce betiveen tbe protesiaats and Bomau^ <*atjbu9lic9*
Mess, de Port*Royal in their endeavours to m^ke^a^converl
of Mr. de Tarenne to tbe Romisb reUgioo, presented bia|
wi^ a work in which they pretended tQ shew jthat the pro^
festaat cborckes bad always believed what is taught in tfa^
of tbe Romanists concerning the real presence, and that, a
knge of belief, such as ttie prptestants suppose, 13 im-
le. Mr. de Turenne's lady, who always dreaded^
what happened after her decease, uamely^ that her busbaad
-^wouid turn Roman catholic, was yery anxious to confimi
him in tbe protestant feiitb, aud employed Claude to wril»
an ai^Mrto tbe piece of Mes$. de Port-Rpyal, ivhich J«e
executed with sa much abi^ty, that several copieaw/^rft
tajcen and pirculated as e^^tensively, botbin Paris and in
t^ provinces^* as >if it bad been printed* Mess, de I'Qrl^
Hoya^ bearing of this, thou^t tfaemselves. absotutely obr.
liged to answer it, by publishing 10 1(»64[, tbe fensQUs work
emiiled *^ The perpetuity of tbe ca^oUc cbui^ch in negi^r4
ta i^ . doQtriu^ of the Eucharist^' It contains the firsi
pieee, and a repjiy to Claude*^ ani^ver, who was* then al
MoataobtHi; ana published in 1666, with his 6rat answert
a ivork entitled *^ An answer to two treatises, enUJ^ed This *
perpetuity, lie/'. There is no 4oubt but the ii%tniisMs
merit of Qlaude^s book cpntrihute4> greatly to its ^^oie.;
bqjl, ibe hM ^P the, Jansex^sts on bis sale, wbo hoped thai
i|(iipK)ruld'vex tbegentlfsmen of the Port^-Royal ; and there.T
fyl»,'.for their own.sake, they spread in all places ,bis oaoiei
a.ii4.iiMri^ Arm^uld undetook to refute Claude's, boo^
aiiaii: published ^ large volume in 1661^.. Father Nouet
alai^. a^ femoios Jesuit, engaged io tbe cpoiroversy, and
published -a book ^aiust Clande, who. wrote an answer to
it,r ivditcb w^ printed in i£6fi, and which some prefer to
his other pieces;, and we am told it was his .own favourite^
pieee> Tlie author of the >^ Journal des S^avans^' opposed
Claude, by insetting an extract of that Jesuit's book, wbit^b
indueed Claude i<^ publish an anonymous letter, entitled.
^^•A Letter fjKim, II. provincial to a friend, occasiooed by ihe .
journal of the 28th of June, 1667 ;*' and this obtained a
reply from die joumaiist some tiine after, which terminated
4S0 C t A i; » fit
Ibis contest ; b«t as Arnauld had added two niorc i^oldmes to
riie former, Claude was forced to engage in a very laborious
•tudy, in order to examine the tenets of the Greek churcb,
ftnd those of the eastern schismatics^ and shewed great learn-*
kig and abilities in the answer he made to him. The Jao-
•enists only made a gefte»al reply to Claude's book. . They
published their " Just prejudices against Galvinism :'*
which Claude refuted by one of tbe ablest vindications of
protestantism, entitled " Defense de la Reformation/''
Roan, 167a, and Hague, 1682,
Claude, as we havfe observed, was elected minister of the
church of Montauban, about 1662 ; but four.years after he
was forbid by the court to exercise his functions there,'
which obliged him to go a second time to Paris, where he
continued near nine months, without being able to raitnove
the obstacles of his return to Montauban. During this
interval, he was invited to the church of Bourdeaux ; but
•the congregation of Cbarenton, being unwilling to lose a
person of Claude's abilities^ gave him also au invitation itt
1666. From that time to the revocation of the 'edict of
Nantz, he did very great service to the cause of the P rench
protestants by his excellent works, and by the minute at-
tention he paid to the affairs which the deputies of pro-«
irinces communicated to him. No man was ever better
qualified to head either a consistory dt a synod, or to ma«
nage a personal dispute. He discovered this latter talent
in the last conference, which Mad. de Duras desired to
hear. This lady would not forsake. her religion till she
had heard Claude and the bishop of Meaux dispute in her
presence; and they accordingly disputed at the countess
de Roie's, her sister's, the ist of March, 1673. Each dis^
putant \nrote the relation of his confbrence, and ascribed*
the victory to himself. These relations were at first only
handed about in MS. but at last the bishop of Meaux pub*
lished his in 1682, and that of Claude followed soon after.
Claude was distinguished from the rest of the ministers^ by
the manner in which the court ordered him to leave the
kingdom. He, like them, had a fortnight allowed him to
leave it: but the Romish clergy found means to shorten
even that time. For, Oct. 22, 1635, the day on which
the revocation of the edict of Nantz was registered at Paris^
Claude at ten in the morning. was ordered to leaye France
in twenty* four hours. He obeyed with the utmost sub*
mission ; and set out^ attended by one of the king^s foot*
CLAUDE. 431
<
jnes,^ who viaft ordered to conduct him to the frontiers of
France ; and who^ though he executed his orders faithfuUj;
yet treated him with civility. He travelled in the Brussett'
coach; and his fame flying before him, procured him mock
kind and hospitable attention daring his journey. He passed
through Cambray, where he lay ; atid was tbere presents
ed with some refreshments by the Jesuits. Even their rector
paid him a visit, which Claude returned 9 and the differ*
ence of religion did not interrupt thisinterchangeof civilities.
Having arrived at Holland, he met with a very kind re^
ception^ and. was honoured with a considerable pension by
the prince of Orange. He used to preach occasionallj
at the Hague ; and his last sermon was on Christma»Klaiy^
1685, so eloquent and impressive, that the princess of
Orange was greatly affected. Claude had not a pleasing
voice; which gave occasion to the witticism of Morus^
^' that all the voices will l^e for him except his own :" but
this did not lessen Xbe eSect of his sermons, nor the popu^
larity o^ the preacher. At the conclusion of the last^men*
tioned sermon, he'wi^s seized with an illness, of which he
died Jan. 13, 1687 ; and hts death was jUst master of grief
to. bis whole )>arty, who^Iosta man of great abilities, and
one likdy to have healed the animosiiies which afterw^d*
took place, in some of the protestant churches.
Claude married in 164'8 £Uzabeth:de Malcare, by whom
he had a son, Isaac Claude, bom March. 5, 1653, of whom
he was very fond, and bred him to the ministry. He
studied in the universities of France; after which he re*«
turned to his father, who completed his education: for the
pulpit. He was examined at Sedan in 1678, and approved;
he was invited by the congregation of the church of Clep-
iBont iii Beauvoisis; and his father had the satisfaction to
impose his. hands on him in 1678, and to see him minister
of the \yalloon church at the Hague, when he retired- to
Holland in 1685. He died at the Hague,. July 29, 1695^
after having published many excellent, works of his de-
ceased father, particularly 5 vols, t l2mo of posthumous
theological and controversial treatises, Amst. 1689... Lavo-*
cat, a Rofl^an catholic writer,, allows that tliis works are
written, id a- manly, exact, elegant apd close style, disco-
ver great genius and learning, and an uncommon talent
for employing ^all the subtleties .of logicJ So candid a
critic may be forgiven for adding, " happy had he not
misapplied his talents by writing ag^nst the catholic church.'*
«». QUA V n a
"l^befe mbioacis just ^a«t)fl«ed tontaiA ^ Jkn aaiwer rt<^
tfeatUie on the Hmr^mjm^^^ ftuppoied ta be visritien bj '
cardinal le Ciuqus, bUbcqpi -of Grenoble ; Foor Letters on ^
tbe same subjfQl; an ^-^ Es^ay on the oomposition of a Ser-
nons'^a/* JBody of Qbristiaa Divinity}" exposiuons of
paru pf Senpiure, LeueiSy &g. His Life,<«mtteii by
Al. de la Devaiae, waa tvaaslated into Eaglisb by 6. P« anil *
IMiblisb?d Lond. 1688, 4t^ His ** Historical DefeaeeW-
t^ Refocwatiou'' was published in fiogiish by T. B: Latyk ^
l^as^ 4to, and bis <^ £ssay 0» the Compositicsi of a Sef^ >
aiDD*'* whicii be wrote about tbe year 1676', for the Bse tt}
1^ fon^ was translated Mkd published in £nglisht in 1779| ^
hy. tbe late rev« Rob*' Robinson^ ol Cambridge, 2 >yo)^ •
8fQ) with a Life gf (be autbQr» andnotes, dflwhich^ ai^
displaying an implacable, and unpsoitoked boatility td 4i6 '
eiltahUshm 'Ohurcb^ haive beem vary peoperly esBitti^d'in>b.^
new edition ef tbe 4rani)atioa'' published* in 1796, by tise^
rer. Charles Simeon, of King's ooUqieii .Cambridge. *
CLAUDE (John Jai*£S), am of I^ae ClaMdp, pastor^t'^
the Haf uey and graAdscm:Q£ the celebsated minisier ofttlaan
muQe, was horn January 16^ 16&4^ in fbat ciQrf and Qmm^^
hia,ipfiiofiy diq|>layed a taate for reading and Utnmry mbt *
•^arah« At fifteen he wrote a oiirions Latin dissertation'^-
on the manner of aaluttag among the ancients^ an^pubi**
li^hed it al eighteen^ with another diasertationi in tbe^
aame lang|iage> on mmiea and psdagognes, nnder the tiila ^
^<^ J. J. Claodii Dissertatta de Salutationibas Veteruit^ e#^
audita est Diataiha da N)ilrioU»ttf et PBsdago|ps,M Iftincb^ i
17()8|^ Umn. Ha tbematudied at Utxaoht, mwler Burmani; t
and deipt^dhit^self entiady ^tathe heller ksttrea; bavlK -'
Si^artin^ hm relation ni)4 tntov,* wba way minister ^liksfoi'-
f«Jhag idifigarQusly ill,. :andseemg/rM.. Claude one 4&y4^'«
h\$ Md-'sidej paid to him, attMmg etheMhings, ^iBaMdi^
a^ dear child^ of -what^mft ?tfae faeUes> If ttses aie, when^^ ^
man i9 neduoed ta my- simaticm.^^ These . wards atade ^^
deep ai;i^.ifiiprassioii^ on die young -scholar, tbaM«e datet^
mined fioni that iiine tansake dirinity hia ehief atiMdj». iVtf^
ajwMPwi^ came orerio Fatghndy and hecamef>aai^<0f tAW:'
Faenph : churoh in London, i.liO^ wheea^iiei died o#>4h#'4
amalUpAXj Maptch 7» If 19^ lamented ^r, the- fiiiendfeiief *
lea^i^ and » piety* A>«rQ|mBm nf Jiis *.^ 'Seantooi** was '
pi^Uahed bjt.hi4L brother sii 1719. They are^only ten i*^
> Ififie, Vj PcrM^^--H??a< Q^H
CLAUD t. m ^
Wmbe^r^ bat yvere highly praiaed iff the literary jt>timals of ^
tk|e timet ^^^ oocasioaecl redoubted regret that the world
bad been no soon deprired of his talents '.
CLAUDE, Bishop of Turin, See CLAUDIUS.
:,CI^UDIANUS (Claudius), a Latin poet, who flbu«
rUbed in ifehe fourth century, under the emperor Theo^
dqsMi^iattd bi&.. sdpa Arcadius and Honorius, was born in
ti^e year, d€5« ^Maoy learned men imagine him to have-
bjt^n borA at Alexandria, in Egypt ; others, howerer, have
mii4« a Spaaiard of him, others ^ Frenchman, and Ptutarclk
ti^ Poliuan 8iq>po«^ Florence to haw been the place of bis
n^h^ty, ( Iii is .certain that he came to Rome in the yeair
39;S;». and insinuated himself into Stitico's favour, who,
bfing^aiier^on of ^reat abilitieB, hotb/cnr civil and military-
aSlAnb' t^ugh a Goth.by birth, was' ttow become so con-
aid^riible; ttoaor jy^onqrius, . that' he may be. said 'for many
yew« tA ha^e go vernedidieji western empire. StiUco after-
wards fell into. dis^r^og^' and was -put to death; and it'fs^
iiMm>**thc^ti,|i]iaybUkl»,othat the poet waa inyolved- inn^e
iili9tf9rf^nes. of .hia palrbn^ *whmh' he* had egregiously flat**
ters^ Md severely tpeose^ed by Ifadrian) 'who Was cap*
tai^ioiS ibis guaivdtt tpfHEonorius^ al^d-seems to have su-eceeded
S|jlj|)0j; .'^bereiiaJaiuauBOii^ 4h0W«ver,Mio thirik^that he rose^
aft^irtffaflrdsi tp igvcaitifavbur^ and i^^tkiued seveiiAl %onouF8
b^tfa oitil^diOiiltiMiiy.. Arcadiaa and-Honorius are said'
to^ba^e.graiited bbn ^ap' honpur, which seem^ to! exceed
imy^tliat had 'emif been bestoWed iipon' a poet -before^
bfwlng;fttthetfi^Q)q^S'i^(piest ordered a statue to be erected
fojhhim iti T)rig«ii>iocun4 wibb aVeiy lionourable^idscrip*^
ticiKl^ai&dtbuf iS'Saidtd be'coufkined by the late discovery
of iMtu^rble^ eupposedi to be the (pedestal of Cl4udRan''jr*
atatUe in brass.i - TTfle. inscriptions mn^thuj^: ^^ 1>> €)aiSdius
Cji^|i4biln9^ .ti^faiuie; aowl ^pioiavy, ««tid tiitnOng otSher'1if€A>le
ju^Pftinj^isb^tenM^ilbe^mbBi e^beHenuolvpotetsti' though bi»^
€ifii pf9ews.ife«uffieafeQlt to reuderibis'{iiame itnmdltbi,^ yet '
^^tWiwiimyoCrtheirApprobatiob, ithawtiost^^rnefl a^d'
A^py .^lopejrora'Avciidius anfl HomnHlus^ bitVi^, -at the i^
quefct W tjbte jieMiie^ i»rdenedt tfads^.stitue : te^ "be ereeidd^ and
plfMeed, i^i^fe foi^um'^of Tti^.? <''tlnderi th£[ IdserJptibil^
virita plm^ ^Uj lepigtainr in Gteek^ ^Igqtfytog tfaat fafel had
uqited tbepeKfecliottS'bfiHomerlaad Yirgil. :Tb^pjrih'cies#
|Be^il%ba4iik:>g9eat esiietem for GiaaciKan^ and ^ecpmmended
i Life prc6t«da»l|ir8(irm^V<^ai]f^l^«itect, B^^^
« *
4U ttkM^tXHVU.
§
atid laiftfried him to ^ lady of great quaKty and fortarf^ls
Ijibya, a6 b^ ackttor^ledges yrety gratefully in an c^isifli
which he addresses to Serefia froth thence^ a little befoi^
his wedding day. ^
^ ' There are a feW Hitle poems on sacred subj^ts^ wbicb^
though mistiike, have been ascribed by some critics ti
daudiafi) and have made hitn be thought a CilrisciaM
But St. Attstin, who was contemporary with faiat, eitp^^e^tf
fays that he wad a heathen; and 'this }s coinfirraed^'l^
i^vdlns Ofosins; another cotitempdrary. They af^e-witH
more pf^tiety ascribed to GlMdidEnus Mameftttt, ^e m^
;|eer of^the following Article. The tifihfe of Chradian^s dentil
p uncertain, nor & we knovtr any farther parCftuflard o^ Hil
life than what af^ to be eollected from bis works; ' ^^
In consequence of Oiiosiiixs proffotinciog htm- a heathei^
** an dbstinate pagafri/' €avi^ thinks it may be reasotiabt#
iafen^ed that he had written against the Christian religioti^
Tbvs Fab^icitis oppose^ but Lardner ' says^ it may b€
reckoned somewhat remarkable; that a l^sMied ' mMi\ **#
devout worshipper of ail the go<k> a i^it' and! a- poet, btrit
^Mhorof many works, should nevw say ai/y tldtrg df^t^
jtpedtfut of Ghristlianity. He alto^f however, ^mt' it itf
somewhat more extraordiOafy that Claudia sboirfd so d»e^
in Latin vers^, as to approach tbe^ best writers of tto^ Au-
gustan age in parity aild eleganee. €ftbbon'» drar^A^I
of Ckudian^ corresponding wi& this, is written i^th tt^rt^
tjban Yisii^l care and diseriminatiot); If,.say^ this bbtoiiau^^
^6 fah'Iy balance Glaiikdtan^s tnerits ftnil defect!, wie^lskfitf
^ktiowl^d^ that he doe^rn^t^idie!' satisfy, or siieiwe^lMd^
reason. It would rtot be easy 'to produce 'a pa^^geuftsto
des^irVes the epithet of sublime ' or path'eticg to selebt a
v(^rse that melts the heart, or enlarges tb^ ittoagitif^oil&t
We should vainly seek in tlire po^ms «f €lcind)»ti^^ ihe^
Bappy in\^ntion and artificial condoct of an im«resaAi|<^
fable, or the just and Itvefy representation of tbechahusHeii^
aftd situations of real life; For the iserrice of *Ws |»a»t>tt^
b^ published occasional panegyrics 'rind iftvectit^esy'afli*
the design of these* slavish compositions ^etfcourageil Hi}
propensity to exceed the lidfiits of ti^itb and ncjiture. 'TbeM^
ifhperfeetions^ how€f\^e?r,^ are co^npensaied -4n spaie^i^^fem
by the poetical virtues of Claudian. He was endowed with
the rare arfd preciDus talent 6f raising; Wi; meaheaM^*^' 0^^
adorning.the piost ba;rrei^9 andof diversifying the. baj^isI't*'
snilar topics ; 'Ms colguring> more Especially in descripti#^
C liAVPt ANUS. 4W
fMli^r ^ 90& anivspliosididi $ a^'dche sieldaoi faib. to dis«
jyiayi aiid eve^ tp abuse, the advftot$ige.s of d ctildvated
mfid^rstandlng, « copious fancyi: M .es^^e and. soitietnnes
forcible expression ; and a perpetual flow, /pf barQupnioaii
jF)^ificat«QiB*/ To^'lheie OQqMQ^Eidati^hs, i^d^i^pendent of
4!^y aeptdeptovof tiaie^«Rd placei :W^ ^iqst.add tjie p^qultar
. m»rili wbicb ClaiidiftQ d^ivjed from the un&fpumjgrl^ixit^
fttfiMi^^fl^estof hisibirili. Iti thadecUiie qI ar^i and q{ em^
^ei >i]iati^e of M^yp^j^^o had received tliue odMcatioo
$f s^Gri^k, assumedM-^ mi^re age the familiar u«e^ ao^
abaoIa):e qemmmd^f.^beL^in language, soared abqy^ the
h^a^ oW^.ft^til^'caDlempararies', and pktced bimself> after
aiii^teiivaj'Oif thfeeJuandred j»ears, ajnoDg the poet9 of an*^
cient Rome*. Strada,}(n faisProliisions^ialkMiH^hiqa to. contend
Yfkh^b^B^e beroie poet9^ Luer^iius, Virgil^ Qyid, Lucan,
aadi. Statins. His palroi^ is tlm ^compjiisbed edur^i^r, Bal<^
tJim^ Ca^ttgliope. ^ • 'His i^mirers- ^e iiumerclM$ and pa^v
lunate. V Yet the rigid ■. critics repraa^Qb the exotic Ivoedi^'
tr A(iwerl»^>i^(hich.spfjiiig too luxufiaf^tj^y in bis Latian soil^
1^ fofn w^oh, ' Dr. W^rtpn, one pfjpbably ranked by Gibt*
b^Uii^mcmg* these -^f: rigid crvtiosjl'^ .places Claudian with
Sl;a|ius..«^lid Sei^ef^itbe 'tragedian, asiaqtbots into wfaii(:h n«
ffivttk tof genius ^^^H to be i^uiief ed to look.
...Th^iiiist edikiofi of . Cl^udiah was supposed to be one of
14.?% bfut aa the best critics reject it, the claim of priority
i«-/aHawed to that of ril 482^ foL The best editions are
(h^^e of Bartfaiii«, . jf rancfort, l&^^O, :4to; of Heinsiu^
iiqrd^fii l«3^, laroo ; Amst, ig/S^, 8vq; of Gesner»
idfS^iQ^ 1759, i7«y(^ 8v0>r and thought the edit, opt. ^ and
5, GLAU0IANUS ECDICIUS MAMERTUS, a learned
presbyter of Vienna, flourished about tbe y^a^r ^^Q. x He
HI celebrated f^r bis eloquence ^nd his general knowledge;
m4 pertioulariy for his acquaintance with tbe dialectics of
Af^fAoAe, which were made use of by the orthodox fathers^ *
1^1^ ayeapoiia bc^h offensive; and defensive, i^inst beretifca*
Be. wrote Oft. the state of the soul, ^^ De. statu .anim»,i
Ubhi tres,^' primed by MosellamiSi Basil, 1520, 4to, and
i^tw^^rds rreprin^d in the collections of the. fathers, as well
aa^isei^ifalic^yi A bymn.ia praise of Cbriat has been attri«
p't^! t *.-'■•■ - i. • •/ ' •
^t Cnisijpt's l4Ye9 pf.Uie Ppett.<^Vo8sins.^-(Fabric. Bibl. tat. ^n6 Bibl. Med«
JEti. -^^lount^s Censura. — - Saxii Onomast.— Care.— Lardrier*« Works.-M-Qib«
I^M^s leooMu Hi«tory.«JWlif»liV-£my on P6^«;«*«ttacdian; ^Q».n5, M9r
F F 2
45« C-L A U D I'A N U S.
buted to bun, aod as we b&ve already noticed, to Chuidu|h
the poet. ' ■ . ,
CLAUDIUS, or, as aom(( add, CLAUDIUS CLEMENS,
bishop of Turin in tlie ninth century, and one of the ear-
liest reformers of popish superstitions, was a Dative of Spain,
and iu his yotith a disciple of Felix bishop of Urgel, wbQBa
be accompanied into France, Italy, and GeuniDy, .btA:
vbose errors he afterwards renounced, and obtaioedrt^cce^s
to the court of Lewis le Debonnatre, emperor and kii^ <}f
France. Lewis admitted him among bis ^^l(aon^r!i::j^nd
chaplains, and having preached befqre. the court, a thigg
very rare in those days, be was much admirea ,aa an ex-
pounder of the Scriptures, of which fleury assurcvi^ {.^s j^e
bad great knowledge. On this account Levyis, who JWfr-
ceived the ignorance of a great part of Ilaly, and was, m^^
lag to provide the churches of Piedmont with one^^^o
might stem the growing torrent of image worsblp,,,pur9-
moted Claudius to the see of Turin, about tbe year 8i.7j,.4n
which he fully answered his expec
preaching and writjngs successfully <
superstitions. His coipmentSTies oi
and New Testaments are still extar
rious French' libraries ; but bin " Ct
tiaiis," Paris, 1542, is the only par
been printed, except his " prefaces"
and to the Epistle to the Epbesians
published; an abridged ".Chronic]
attributes to htm i BkO^t a l^ter »dj:
Charlemagne on the two eclipsef o
in the tenth vol. of Ij'Acberi's collfi
taiy on the Qalatiahs, he every wl
of all the apostles with St. Peter, a
the proper head of the church. I
doctrine of human merits, and agai
a height of credibility equal tu tl
He maintains salvation by ^th alp)
of the church, exposes the futility
hiid oF the idolatrous pi;actice8 tue
■nan see. These tenets involved bi
a recluse liamed Dungal, and with J
and created many mure dangerou:
-.->■ >rMk*r.— Sxii OmIuK.— Fsbrie. BibLUt-Htd. Muk '- >: '
C'l^l'U D I tr S. 4ST
_» r
V he appears to bare been protected by the French
court, and di^d in peace in the year 839. ^
'' 'CLAVIUS (Chiustopher), a German Jesuit, was bom
"if Bamberg, in Germany, in 1537. He became a very
's^dtoUs mathematician, and elaborate writer, his works
rmakiDg 'five large fblio volumes ; and containing a com-^*
^-plete body br course of ^he mathematics. They are mostly
^^elieiAetitary, and coditnentaries on Euclid and others;
^^iSrirfg very little 6f inVention of his own. His talents and
-'ft^ritihgs^ve been variously spoken of, and it must be
Tackbowiedged that be exhibits more of industry than ge-
"hiuii' He was iient for to Rome, to^ assist, with other
'lie^rn^mei^, itl the reformation of the* calendar, by pope
j®ife^ory j'whTch be afterwards undertook a defence of,
ig^inst Scaliger,' Vieta^" and others, who attacked it. He
"Biferf ^ Home^ the 6th of February, 1612, after more
^ifian" fifty years close application to the mathematical sci«
''Wfc6^«* . •.'•'..'
**^\ CtAYMOND (JotiN), one of the presidents of Mag-
f^iJi^nl;()llege, Oxtbi'd, and first president of Corpus Christi
^^tolttge/ in that university, was born at Frampjton, ip Lin-
lihJjre^ of patents ' who, although not opulent^ were
ple!d to a%)rd him a liberal education. He was first
^i^lfi tdf la gramn(iar-school in Oxford, and then etitei'ed of
^M^'^dstfeti college, where he became felfow, D.t). about
''fS!(J7^, 'arid hela several ^iloable benefices. In 1516-17,
"^tiiibop' Fox, the foupder of Corpus Christi college, re-
fi^l^^ed him to i^^c/ptq^e preiMdent of that new foundation,
"^kn^j &s it was ihferiqr in value to that of Magdalen, be^
' idPOiweii 6ft him the rectory of Cleeve, in Gloucestershire.
'"4bliiVt[fend presided'above twenty years, arid diedi in 15,J7,
"Wawas buried in the chapel of Corpus.. He left a cbn^
^^fiUefii^e pai*t of his prbpertyj in scholar^ships and oCherVe-
^iiefi^tib^ns^ to Brazen- nose, Magdaten, and Corpus Christi
*xqlT^ge$. He appears from his manuscripts, some of^'woicb
^aire'im.'thd^rary of Corpus, to have been a classical schow
'^UpT^t^tl acquainted with natural history, his works con*
"jrotfrig ^commentaries on Aulus Gellius and Plautus^ aiitd
'^otei iiidt observations 6ti Pliny. From these, likewise^,
' Irre learo that he wa^ the correspondent of Grynaeus, Eras*
t.: >'.. f-.
* Momri.— Diipim— Mott^ctm and Milner*! Church Hist. — ^x\\ Osomatt.
Fkilpseghi^ «-6tn. Diet.— Btount'i Cf Mur|i.-i-SA]|ii OpomaiV.
*8» G L A Y At O N t).
•snu8> and other learned men of his time. With Era^miii
be became personally acquainted at Oxford, and £rasmiii^
Afterwards dedicated to him some tracts of ChrysostotH.' '
CLAYTON (Robekt), bishop of Clogher, was born at
Dublin in 16^5, a descendant of the Claytons of Ful«,
wood, in Lancashire, whose estate he became possessed
pf, by right of inheritance. His father. Dr. Clayton, mi*
glister of St« Michaiers, Dublin, and dean pf Kildarei, sent
liim to Westminster-school, under the private tuition of
^Zachary Pearce, afterwards bishop of Rochester^ with
whom he held a lasting friendship. " From' Westminster
school Dr. Clayton removed his son to Trinity college*
Dublin, of wliich, in due time^ he became a fellow, ahd
afterwards made the tour of Italy and France. From whom
Mr. Clayton received holy orders, what preferments lie
)]ad before he was raised to the episcopacy, and^ when oc
took his degrees, we are not informed ; only we ^nd that
he was become. D.D. in 1729. In 1?28, having coope
into the poBsiession of an affluent estate, in^<:6nsequeace of
)iis father's decease, he married Catharine, daughter' of
lord chief baron Ponnellfin^ and gave her fortune, which
was not considerable, to .her sister.^ He ][)ehaved with tm
Kame generosity to hi^ own three sisters^ and gave to each
, of them the double, of what had been bequeathed to tnem
Vy their fathef ^8 will.
Soon^ after Dr. -Clay toa^s marriage, be went With his
lady to England, and while at London, a person in dis-*
t/essed circumstances. jappH^d to him. for assistance^ ^wi^
the tes:tiihony of Dn Samuel Clarl^e/or a recommenda«*
Cion, upqn which, instead of the usual donation on au^
> 9cca$ipt>^> he gave ;to the necessitous man the sui^ of Ihree
hundred pounds, which wa$ the whole that he iii^ante^'!€&
make him easy.io^he;»«)rld, This circumstance lnl^«
,duced him. to Dr^.Cl^i^e, and the Result of their acquiuiit-
anoe was^ Dr. Clayton's embracing the Arian principli^
to which be adhered, durinsr the remainder of his ifife!'^ &r.
Clarke having carried to ^ueen Caroline an account of pr«
Clayton's remarkable beneficence^ it made a /ppV^rifhl
impression on her majesty's mind in fayou^ of' his cli^-
Facter ; which impression jvas strongly enforced by fi^r
jbed-cbambef ^woman^ Mrs. Clayton^ afterwards lady S^n-
9 Atb. Ox. voh I.— .food's C9neffet and Halls.-^C^armkrs's Hist. oirdjfi(bf(M
>-»I>odd'6 Churcb']aiit.^Ttiioer<-3prUa and Ksufj^VwUyiW of «?— "••^ ^ ^ --
,. C L A Y T O N^ 434
^4qsbi,, -6udk s powerful interest procured an immediate
^^jrejconuneoudation to lord Curteret, then chief governor of
jiSfelandy for the very first bishopric that shoold beeorae
ya^ant, and accordingly, he was advanced to that of
Kitlala, January 1729-30. In this situation he continued
till November 1736, when he was translated to the see of
Cork, and in 1745 to that of Clogher. Excepting a letter
^ written to ^he royal society upon a subject of no great
^pon^quence, his first publication was an ^^ lutroduction^
ip the History of the Jews/* which was afterwards trans*
lated into French, and printed at Leyden. His next work
|V2M* " The Chronology of the Hebrew Bible vindicated ; the
!lfacts compared with other ancient histories, and the diifi-
^<9uUies explained, from the flood to the death of Moses;
^Viogether with some conjectures in relation to Egypt during
^^th^t period of time ; also two m^ps, in which are attempted
Ij^'be ^^ttled the journeyings of the children of Israel,'*
o]L7^7, 4tp, and Gontaiiiing a variety of observations which
^d^,erve the attention of the learned reader: In 1749 lie
^ptjIbUsbed a "Dissertation on Prophecy," in which he en-
deavoured to shew, from a joint comparison, of the Pro-
phecies of Daniel, . and the Revelation of St, John, that
^^be final end of the dispersion of the Jei^s will be cotti-
jxi^nt with the rnin of the popedom, aitd take place about
^ObO. This was'fcllowfed by ah " Impartial Enquiry into
.t^e tjme of the coming of the Messiah,'* in two letters to
"9111, eminent Jew, printed first separately, and then together,
'm 1751. In the 'same year (1751), appeared the " Essay
9P^Sp.irit,** a performance which excited very general at-
'^eniion, and was productive of a fruitful controversy. Its
<^9Pjlf ^t was to recommend the Arian doctrine of the infe^
nbrity of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and to prepare
&e^way for suitably alterations in the Liturgy. His bid-
graphor, who is at the same time his warm panegyrist^
^lows that in this performance he has indulged too treely
^j^^magiiiation and conjecture; and that he might have
^(CORfined the question with greater advantage to the direct
/s^d sjinple standard of Scriptui^. The work, after all, was
*ppt Dr. Clayton^ but one of his adoption, the real authoi
^ being a young clergyman in his dioeese, who shewed the ma-
^^.us6rip.t to his lordship, but had not the courage to print it in
disown name. The bishop, with what is called a romantic ge-
i^igi^sity, conveyed it to the press, and managed the affair in|
sucLamaimei^t that th^ ticeatise was aniver^y asprfbed ta
'4i6 CLAYTOW.
t
himin all the attack^^ to wbich it waseiq^sed, ami die sMiC«
men ts-certainly were his *• O ne effect of this conduct iiaii
.)iis being prevented front rising higher in the church* la
1752| he was recommended by d^edake of Docset, iinea
ti^iceroy of Ireland, to the v<icant archbishopric of ^Toun,
but thi^was refused^ solely on account of Us bmag xt*
garded as the writer of the Essay.
The next appearance of Dr. Clayton from the ptess^
was in a work undoubtedly his own, *^ A ViadicaUon of 'tin
Histories of -the Old and New Testament ; in answer to t3i^
.Objections of the late Lord Bolingbroke^ in two lettens^
a young nobleman,'* 1752,- dvo.; a work of great tMdtjf
in which some .^f lord BoliagbrokeV objections ta several
parts of scripture are well exposed and confuted. - hi l-tSf,
be published ^' A' Journal from Grand CSairo to MoHt
Sinai, and back again^ Translated tmm a manuscript
written by the Prefetto of Egypt, > in comfpany witk the
Missionaries de propaganda Fitk at Grand Cairo. To wfairii
^e added, some remarks on the origin CC hienatglyfili&A,
^and the mythology of the ancient hnitbens;'- J^nRcaAkl
^to the Society of Antiquaries, London, 4to and I^to* >'Tlle
^l)igb9p,*havine 4^come posal^ssed of.the^ original' Joiprsal
from Grand C^iro to Mount ^ifiai« and which had'b«BD
.jonentioned by Dr. Pococke in his^TraYels through tbo Satt^
commuoieaied this translation of it' to the Society of Aq-
.ttquaries, with a view of exciting them to make someinquilry
into Ci^ft^in ancient charactei^, whacfa,. as' appears from
the Journal, >re discovered in gre^t numhees in theWii*'
.derness of $inai, at a^ plaioe well known by the namevof
pebet .pi Mokatab, or the Written Mountains.^ 'I«f>d5cs
, liotappiQas that any measures were takea by the Socia^of
, * 'fhe controversy <to which the " K«- , jbriqe* of $ociBUS«** 0n the," JEM^jnpQ
Say on Spirft''' gave irise, continued but Spirit*' Br. Wat1>urfbn fays io a Idllev
■■,^ ihpi^ tin»,. Tho h«»t:ans«tirf Io the . to Dr. IlttrS» 1751 : ? Thft<l>isliO^>Bf
^vork were, " A Fall Answer, 9icJ'^ Clogher, pr 8cifi« ^ch\ ^a^ifW^h
^ii53, 8vo, by thd late rer. William name, In Ireland, ba« just publith^
. ilooes, <jlhe . Mind and bio^raphdr nf a book. It is mttda up out 6f th« irafb-
bishop. B(paiat and '* A Vindioaiion of bishof the h«rafiss;^of a nmoh-BMier
' Hhe Doctrine of the Trinity,*' in three cast than common Ans^evsub Jpsas
. t^Vts, with an Appendix, by the re?. Christ is Michael, and th^ H6ly C^l^
^.bi!. Kfk«d<Mph» father to th6 present Qabri«l,A<% VhismigMbatieraay'ui
J bishop of i^ondon. Dr. Kippis. ex-, ,^£sgli8h)»ishpp« butina»|i3»h^>^
£rft8Se9 hrs Opinion that the ** Essay only a blunder* Butthiank God^bur
a Spi#itV' *«Dd«the tracts in defence of bishops are hr from m«l[raso^ vtadSniJ
, jt» wens th9 Jseam of diffosiog 4hs beretiasi ihousb-for tWfpood »f AM
'' Ariad sentiments/ which, however, he churchy they haye excellent eyes<a|
#dds, « are at present upon the decline, spying it out whereter it skulks of Qpi
' |]H)yi)kU^iSttit«iid#f fest tf tiwdocf )m4/» '* : .w./
"x
13 L a: Y T O N. V '441
^Juniqtiaries ; but the celebrated Mr. Edward Wordey MoiK*
..taf^u, who went from Cairo to the Desert of Sinai, with
^e express purpose of seeing and describing the objects
pniporad by the bisbop, was greatly disappointed, and
.coDvineed that the charaeMrs were not written by the
^faraeJtas ; and we believe tbe researches of mote recent
travellers have been equally nnsuccessfiil.
^-'inln It 6^ the bishop of Clogfaer favoured ^^"^ literary
riffDtld^witb the second part of his " Vindication of the
3lii9ti>riea' of the CHd and New Testament,'* but written
:«f]lii more^inffenuky than judgnient. His account of thai
ffcxkiintieaiQCdie earth and of the deluge, was successfully
lottBoked by JMr. Alexander CatcotL Our prelate's next
,pliblieatioAii^Bs in 1755, and consisted only oK some letters
tmhiUi Jmd passed between his lordship, wiften bfshep of
rC'cn^^ And Mr* WilUam ^Penn, on the subject cf baptism,
dnr wMtth he^coRtended that the true' Christian baptism is
ft0'coatinue»t&the'endof the world ;• w)iereas the baptism
,GSjike Hidja Ghost ceased with ihe ce;tsing of miracles*
bM^iuwe aliipady 'noticed that his object in publishing the
sffCssayron Spirit^' was^'to reeommend Aiianism, and coti«
L anjiiBntiy, alte^rakftms in t^ liturgy. ^ He liow determined
i-^Of4,ybw the sume.^seatim^ai'iin his legislative* capacity ;
,wmA acocMrding^,^ on Monday the' SA of February, 1756, he
pjtoposed in ^the Irish 4iouse of lovdr, that the Nicene and
^At^anasian Cra^s should for tfa^ ftiture be left out of the
oLiiturgy of ilhe church 'Of Ireland. The speech which our
|»M«be'deUvefed' upon this occasion being taken down in
Vsimrtehand/ was lifimwards pubK^hed, and passed through
caeiieml editfams^ ^ Though so ^declared and avowed an at-
t iacfe upoR the estabiidiment was regavdefd in a v^ry unfk^
vourable light, no measures were taken for calling Dr.
;tj(|ayton to an account for it tiU h^^ bad pubiisbed tbe third
\'pi§t of bis ^^ Viodieatten of the Histories of the Old and
f;ff«w Testament,'* ITSf^; in whith' he renewed his attacks
llupon;t;he Trinity^ and gave up so many doctrines ^as indit-*
'.^leasiUe, ^and advanced others so contradictory to the thirty*
' nii^e articles^ that 4be governors of the church of Irelaod
!;deiaRBined to proceed against him.' Accordingly his late
• lBii^$ty ordered the ^Icmi-lieii tenant to take . the proper
I steps toward a legal prosecmion^of the bishop of Clogher.
^ A day was ft^ed for a general meeting of the Jri^b prelates
^"at^t^ie hous0 of the primate, to which Dr. Clayton was sum-
^ moned, that he might receive from them the notification of
tt^eir intentions, A c<^nsure was certain j a depQvation waa
«#* (S^L'E ANT* tt rjS.
Mjoy if as well as myself.^ The reasoiii whidih Ite aini^otl
for tbe superiority of former phi losophem above the prt«*
sent waS) that formeriy philosophers studied things, where*
as now they study only words. When he was old, he sdll
retained the entire use of his faculties, and often ^id, thet
he should always Ihink life worth preserving as long as be
should, be able to write and 'study. LMg'^ter his death,
which happened in his ninetieth year, the 'Roman *seiiSf^
paid respect to his memory^ by orderHl^ a statue to 4Mb
erected in honour of him at Assus. ^> . ' ^i
He wrote many pieces^ none of wbUh a#e oM^ dbwtiio
tfs, eatcept his *< Hymn to Jupiter/'* and a Ikw itagea^itB^;
^tiie several editions of wbieh have been einime«ated, wlA
4he various readings, and critical remarks^ k(y the learitefl
reviewer of « Butler's edition of *^ Marcus Musdrus^'&iS.
eontaining this hymn, and other fragments. It wa» fi#it
^published by Fuivius Ursinus, in 1568; then ^ by He^rjr
Stephens, in bis << Poesis PBilosopbica/' iri 1673; aftei*'
<wards by Cttdwortfa, in his ^MnteUectual System,^ 'i^ify^,
*fol. ; again in Mosheim's Latin translation of Ou^wot^h^nUi
1*739 ; a fiftfi tikne in tbe^thwd dissertation added t^^Bat^lM
--Steirndum -Septuagtnt, Jloiii. 17*73, foL; a sixth time' Id
the Ski eifition 6f Moshehki'ir translation bf€«idwoi'ih,''p<ub«*
tfshed after bis death, Leyd. fiat. V772^ foi; a^ii 4^
;Brunck's *< Analecta," in 177#, and afterwards-by BmiMH^
iH his edition of the *^ Gnomici Poet» f' a ninth tinie^ in
the '* Eeidgss ' Phy»e«i^ of John StobeeuSf published 'at
^ottingen, 1795}^ 8vo, hy^A. H. HeereAr Uhas^aba^eeijl
)iranslai^ into German^' {Latin, and- Engli^^ the <iat«t)l^^
Mr. West; at the desir^ df la frietid^ ^s^o^ was ^^A^mi&im
find such just sentiments of ^e deity In %hei«hi0n;iin4-i'£
innch po^tly-in a philmo^er. * '■' * ^ ^^ \ -^^i
' OLEGHORN (GisORdfi)^ar learned ph^id«itftf,Wifiibeti
t>f reputable j^reiHs, at- G#ftnten,dii the^tilh^tbloe^^isMli
i)^nd, near Edinburgh, oh tbe I9th %{^ 'D^MM»beF>^tl»k
His father died in It 19^, and left^tii Widow-^itdi 6^ dblfa^lsm
George, who was the ybiingie^ a<i6^ ^tet^wtd- tim <hi^
in^ts of his education in ^^e-gtamMif^Si^dM %f*el«Mi
ttk>ndi and-in 1728 wa^^ sdtet'tb EdidWirglli^be^ilrtflk^
instructed' inf the Latin^^ t3rl^%y aifid Fl^ntl^^ wUl^^^^^^ti.
kngulai^ pfe^iency in these^ki^iiageSy^e"added<a'^MMi^
,« - •- ;-u's> V xV.-j- .■ t. .oi
It^oi^s CyolopKdia«— SaxU Opomag^ . * * .
• J ' . •• .... V. :.i->.j a, ■ ,. . >•/ iv: > ;. ^ .. . :.rf : 45L5
^, C L E }G H a R K. :4i5
yemUe ftoek.ol ma^tfiematical knowledge* In the
taping, of 1 75 1 be. resolved to study physic aqd /^rgerj^-
.and had the happiness of being placed under the tuition
i<af the late Dr. Alexander Moni:oy and i|pder hift roof. }xk
^«Mie of his letters bis pupil appeared to dwell with peculiar
pleasure upon this cirpuouitiiruce ; observing, , that ^^ his
^#iaiable roaniiers and unremitting aq^ivity inpupinotin^ih^
;a|mUic w^l&re^ endeared btfn to all his acquaintance, but
^eiore partici^larjy to tho^ who lived under his -TQof, ai^
had daily opportunities of adfQiring the sweetnest of his
oeonversattmi fyatdlbe invariable, b&igi^ity of hi&.di^osi-
;¥QPtk!r For&ve years be. cootinued to profit ^y thein^
fMppttc^iQnuaddi^caKainpl^of his ^e^Uent ma^tcgr, visitiagpa-
i^^fcainxqeinpany with him^.eiMd afsisl^in^ at the dissectioi^a
.in^tbeanalQitiical thefttre ; ^at th^ same tiro^ he attended,]^
^tbi^^ir iiirn the h9f^^^» inrbotany, materia medica, chemit-
ffyr-^nd.tfae<lM&Qi9r and praq^ce of medicine ;, s^ byei^^
-IffMrdinary^ diligCfRoe he attmipt^d the npt^^ of all b^ipre*
^^usfimr%.^- :.Qo Dr.. Fothjejrgili^ arrival fronivjE^glaod at, this
mn^^ei9»iiy. ia'l733» J)r. Cleghorn was introduced to h^s
jllli4^ioten$e» w4 ^oon, b^4(«^ hia inseparable fso^ipaniou.
^h^A^iwriiV'pqf^U tih^n studi^ tii^etber >he 9;iaie branchcy
4)»ga^i9iic# ^utoiiir thfiv^pe.Qi^^^ri^ with equftl ar^quraifd
#pQ€ii«a%:( they frequen^ly^ m^t<,to compare the notes the/
JbHikd..wllectedi Ir^m the proiefsfors, and to ^^ommunica^
^heir reajpieQtive observations.;. , Their moments of relaxar
j^oii, if tk^ .tiqoe cdf> be o^iU^ f elascatioa which is devoted tp
M$»lI ^ludi^s^i w^re #p?nfi in, . a se Wt sQ^ety pf C^Uo^
^f^d^U, -^ wb4ph Jfo5i§lgiU<: fRwss^,, and Cuming, were
mM^s^ ; ..».^Oi^i^y liincse incorporated und» the name Mf
5Phl8;:Boyal|^ic^l^o«iefey^^^^^ . ,
Early .in the year I736,..whea young p}egbo|rn b^4
H^MceHy entiere4 i^t^hi^.^^^tjieith year, so gi[eat had been
im.plX>gres9> #94 (o btgh a clua^oter had he acquired, tha(
gti tbeireoooNpendation^ of Dr. .$t. Clair he, was appointed
jN^pgeao in the jB^ regimfMf9^oof foot, tb«i stationed in
ll^»pTQ9^ under tbf <;onmnan4j9f Oen» St Clair. . During ^
ITfffiid^e^ )6!if thirteeni jears Jo ^that island, whatever ti^^
ftqnld be fpiMTfiifrom attendipg the duties of his station, bf
trnploy^ -isither . ill iavestjg^^^g the nature of ^pidemio
di#easei», Qr.in gratifyingnt^. passioa he. early imbibe^
' for anatomy^ frequently dissecting human bodies, and those
lif'bpes which hifr ^rodinred *frt>m Barbary, and comparing
structure with the deseriptibns bf Oalen and Vesaliul.
44« e t B G H o it ir^
' In tfaef^e pursuits he was mudb tsitoted by his eoffespcMMfe
I>r. Fothergill/ who he acknowledges was indefatigable i^-
•emrcfaing the Londen shops for such books as he traiMed,
^ and in forwarding them by the earliest and> beat oppor^
' tunkies.
In 1749 he left Minorca^ and eaoie to Irelaiid' With tba>
isd regittaent; and ia autumn 1750< he jvenMoXQli^Miy
atid^ during his publieation of ** TbeXHseases <HFiMiniMrQa/^
' attended Dr. Huiiter^s anatomical leetaresi. In tE^' publit^
cation df his book.be was materiallyjas^iistid by £!r. I^^n^
' gilh This work not only exUfaits aii.iucoi»iMe^state!of tbtf
'air/ but d minute detail of the vegetable p¥od0l1^i#M<o€^Ml'
"isbhd ; and concludes : wi^ medical bbfi^pvatam^y a itu|l^r-
^taot in every point of view^ ^afild in someaniUbi^^ eJKfter
hew, or api^ied in a manner whjok precediag; pMi^l^k^M
bad not Emitted. We are indebteld Jtoi I>r»dPlt^ehK>rii >■ foe
recommehding acescent vegetables i^ ki^^rMRltteiit^^vaott
putrid fevers, and the early and copioua^e>^bitio|i of bark^
whicti had been interdicted from miaiakcn fedts, idaAucedl
from false theories* i.f^ . / • » «« *m^ *w
' ]^n 1751 the doctor settled in DubHn ^ wd^ao imitatjkmi
of Monro and Hunter, began to giv^ aiitmal ocflii^sm ofe
anatomy: A few years after bis coming^ tOiBufaik^c^bi^ fmA
admitted into the university as lecturer in wet$Uimy^ i isl^
178^4 the college of physicians tb^re eleeted him ^sn, h»^'t
norary member; and since that time, from le«t«irei» i^ ;
anatomy be was made professor; aid hid likiewisettbe iiQt.\
Hour of being cfae of the orrgtnaL ittl^mb^cs.of :l%erIri|||T
;A<^adeiiiy for promotmg arts and 8eietH»ii»:^wliiob/iS:ii(|Hi;^
estabttshed by roydi authority^ In i77Iv wbM.«tl9#j:r^jjlial»i
medical society was establisiied at Pai^,^ be |9msi.iHMMTii
nated a felbw of it. About ^774, oil th$t.deattetO£ J^s-.^O^jfSe
Ij^rotberin Scotland, he sent for his saarm^tng finnHyy . j^oiitir
sisting of the widow and • niiief chiMreilk, :«od' 4Mt)ed' j^e^ltifbl
Dublinunder bis owneye, thatbe^migh^^baie itvmMe iiiJiiait
power to aftbf d them that protection Mrkd^mSk^mm-^M^^
, they might stand in need df.Hss- elder nffphe«ip.WiUM0Sje
)ie educated in the medtcaf professioii t « ht^ jsSUxi gi vjo^b
btm' the best edttcatiotv wbis^h JEurope could a|r<^^r^
getting 'him joined with rbtmBelf.io tihe kM<d?efeiiirip9 iliM^f
hoj[)eswe#e'tt^QXtuhate}yfir]ntribadf b;|^ tbe^^ttvltg^^gffl^b^
ifito^s d^atb, which happened about 1784. He died utti-
temli^ and sim^erdy reg^i!tfed1:fy fll' ii»hct kneit biin« on
GtS GnOtiM. 44i
4oeA«nit of iitt^nheditimoh abilities and most tmishlt i'^^'
fdritiofi.
> Dr. Clegfaoniy witli til acquired independence, devoted!
hh momilncs of leisure Iron^ the severer studies of bis pro«
fession, to farming and horticulture ; but his attention to
tills employmetit did not lessen his care of bis relations,
vbo^ from a grateful and affectionate regard, looked up td
Bin as a parent i die duties of which station he so tendcjrly
filled up, as- to induce Dr. Lettsom, from whose memoios
ibis account is taken, to apply to him the words of Horace^
^^Notus in fratres a&imi patemi." Dr. Cleghom died ill
BMember 17^9. *
- €JLEIV« LAND < John). See Cleveland.
ic^CLELAND (JoHN>, was the son of colonel Cleland, that
Mlebraied fictitioiis meml^eroftbe Spectator's €fub whom
Snsiete describes under the name of Will Honeycombe*
Ke was educated at Westminster** school, to which he was
achtiilt^d in l'^2S',^and was there the contemporary of lord
JBansfiefd. . He was early in life sent as consul to Smjnrna,
where perhaps he first imbibed those loose principles which .
Sii€be iufkraous^v^i^rk he afterwards wfete, are so dangerously
ebtemplrfied. On fats, return from Smyrna, be went to the
Bast Indies ; bfiitv' (piarretiing with some of the members of
fke presidency of Bombay, he made a precipitate retreat
from the east, witblitde or no benefit to his fortune. Be-^
iag without profession, or any settled means of subsistence,
be soon fell tnto^ difficulties ; a prison and its miseries were
tkle cdusfequences;* Inthis sitnationr, about the year 175a^
ows^f thdse bocdcsellera who disgrace die profession, of««
f ^1^ hiiK^ a temporar>pr relief for writing a work most grossly
immoral, tkkid fit only for the brothels, which brougfata
stigOKT on his ^aime that time has not obliterated. The
sum given fer the copy was 20 guineas; the sum received
for tM sale e<mld mi beicAu than ip,ooo/. For this pub* '
Iieaiioik-liewaaoe»aNed before the privy council ; and tte \
ckii&mitstane^ of his distress being known, as well as his being
a«Mt{iof somepttrts, John earl Ghranville, the then presi*^ .;
detii^ tioblj^ Rescued him from the Uke* temptation^ by getr I
ting him a penfsiitMr of 100/. a year, which' he en|oyed'to hia
d^th, and ti^kiefa hadd so mtuoh the desii^d eflfect^ that ex«
ceitt; the ^^Mtfrnoits of a: Coxcon^b,** wliidi hat some smac^ 1
w , .. . . ....>. ._..... . . .^^
44S C ^ E L A N D.
of dissipated manners, and the ^ Man of Honour,"* written. ,
as an amende honorable for his former exceptionable^ book,
he dedicated the rest of his life to political, dramatic, and .
philological studies. In 1765 he published ^< The Way to .
Things by Words, and to Words by Things,'* 8vo, which .
was followed in 1768 by ^' Specimens of an. Etymological
Vocabulary, or Essay by means of the Analytic method to
retrieve the ancient Celtic,*' and Proposals for publishing
by subscription, in 2 vols. 4to, ^* The Celtic retrieved by .
the Analytic method, of reduction to Radicals ; illustrated ,
by various and especially British antiquities ;*' but he doe»
not appear to have received encouragement sufficient tq
enable him to print this Work. In these pu^Iicati9ns, how«
ever, he has displayed a fund of ingenuity and. erudition,,
not unworthy the education he received at Westminster*
His political effusions appeared chiefly in the Public Adver-
tiser, under the signatures A Briton, Modestus, &c. bujt.
were tedious and dull. His dramatic trifles and occasional .
poems were more lively, although they had not strength to .
survive their day. He lived within the income.of his .pen- ,
•ion, with some addition from' his newspaper labours, in a
retired situation in Petty France,^ where he died Jan. 2$,
17S9, in his eightieth year, having survived his infamous ,
publication long enough to see, we trust ^ith shame and
porrow, the extensive misery it created, and which it never
was in his power to check, ^
CLEMENCET (Charles), was bom at Painblanc, in
the diocese of Autun^ in .17Q4« and entered amoi)g, ^e
Benedic.tines of the cpngregatioQ of St. Maur, 1723. .H^
piety and strict attachment to the observance of a^l his^difr
ties, made him aclmired and respected by the, nuns, ap^
solitaries of Port Boyal> whose history be wrote under, th^ /
title of " Hist, generale du Port. Royal,," 1755, 10 yo)f »
12 mo. He ^ died April 5, 1778,. io the monastery, diesf. .
Blaric-Manteaux, aged 75. He composed^witb JD. Puranijl
•* PArt de verifier les da£es,** 1750, 4to, f epri|[ited. in 17A?»
folio, and continued the ^' Hist. Litt^raire de .la France,^ .
with D. 'Clement; which consists of 12 vols. 4to. He pub*
lished alone the letters to Morenas on bis abridgement of ,
Fleury^s ecclesiastical history, 1757, 12mo, and. the pp;st;;.
Jiun^ous Works of Racine, 1759, i2mo. He published alsQ
c'l E m e'4i S. 449
thfe ' ^* Conferences de la Mere Aqgelique, de St. Je^n Ar-
niiid de Port Royal/' 1760, 3 vols. l2aio.*
CLEMENS (RoMANUs) is said to have been born at
Rome, where he probably became the companion and
fellow labourer of St. Paul ; and was one of tbose^ as it iii
generally innagiiied, whom St Vw\ mentions as having
their " names written in the book of life.'* Origeni.caJU
him a disciple of St. Peter; and it is not unlikely that be
m^ht aid. and assist this apostl^ in founding the chur^ch at
Rdme. It is certain, that he was afterwards bishop pf that
sefe; but when he was made. so, .cannot be clearly deter*
mined. Some follow the authority <?f..Tertullian and Eu$e«*
biiis^ that Clemens was consecrated by St. Peter, but ad-
Biktbd at first to preside over tbat part Qnly of the church
wbicb <::omprised the Jev^isb converts ; and that be jdid not
come itito the full possession and adnoiinistration of bi^
office till the death of Linus, who had been ordained by
St. Pd^ul^ bishop of the Gentile church, and of Ana9letps,
who succeeded biiii : and this has been fixed to the year
93.*' Others bave contended, that .Clemens succeeded to
the care of the whole church in tl^e year 64 or 65, and that
he" held it to the year 81, or, as otber^ , agai;i will ha^e it,
B3*X ^ut ^11 this, with 'th^' other circumstances of, this fa*
ther^ life, Jiire niatters of conjecture.
We have nothing remaining of hiis works, of whose ge-
nuiaeuess we can be certain, excepting- pne^ epbtle^ wbich
Dr.Lardner thinks was written, in 'the. year 95 or 96* ,, It,.
w2S.\Written ' to the.churdb of Corinth, in the Qame of the
ch^irh of. Rptri^, 'to quiet some disturbances which ^,h^d.
beeVi raised by: iriirviiy brethren in the former ; and to re-
estkUtisb abd confirm them in that faith which had .been
delivered to thepa by the apqstles^ but from which sooue
of them had revolted. This epistle, has uituaily been esf
te^Yn^d one. of the. most valuable mopiiments which have
Goltoe'jdown to Us^ of eciclesiastifial, antiquity,' and affords.
aoog^I^ testimony t6 the antiquity, genuineness^ or authority
of th«^iKk)ks of the New Testament, while it bears itself all.
th^ chdaracters of primitive simplicity, References to, and
quotations from it, are often to be fomid' among .the early,
writers for Cbristtanit/. ^liere Cleinehs eSKhprts^t^i^^ Co-
rintlrianrto'be utoitcd, and at peace with one anofher : faeV
enjoins obedience particul3ur]y,t^su^ submission to their spi*
1 Diet. Hilt.
Vol. IX. Ga
450 CLEMEN Sy
ritual governors : hq declares ihose who bad formed cabalk
against their pastors, and had troubled th^ church wkk their
seditions/ utterly unworthy of the name of Christians : be
points out to them the fatal consequences of sueb divisions v
he presses tbem to return immediately to their duty^ by-
submitting to their rightful pastors, and pra^Ptistng nil hu^
mility, kindness, and charity one towards aaotbev*
The only manuscript copy of this epistle, whicb exists,
ill the world, as far as we know, i» in the British Museumir'^
writteu on vellum, and bound up ^ith the Alexandriatt,
Bible. It is said to have been written by Tbecla, a womai^
of rank, in the fourth ceptory, which shows how hi^iiy^it
was esteemed as far dowu as the council of Nice. - Wbeitt
Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, was translated to. tbe)ps»<.
triarcbate of Conslautinople, in tjie peyenteent^b oentafy^v)
he brought with him e'ut of Egypt a valuable colle0ti<^ii> of
manuscripts, and among them this copy "oft^ Bible aod ^
Clemens's Epistle, which he gen^rou^y sent as a. uaost
valuable present to king Charles L by sir Thoiaas BK»e^> at'
that time his majesty's embassador. at the Porte^ The ftm^
edition of it was printed at Oxford, by P. Junius, Gr« audr
Lat» 1633i^ 4to> ugain by Dr. Fiell^ Gr* and JUat. ibid. l&^H >
and at London, 1687, $yo, by Paul Colome^ius.; but tbeij
best is said to be that b^ Wottojn^ Gr» aud Lat .Cambrt«%Q^ ^
1718, 8vo. The jBrst English translation waaby WilUam.
Burton in 1647, and afterwards by abpv Wake, a foiv^
edition of which was printed in 1737,rwith^e episltea.ol r
the other ap9stolic fathers* We knoyv pf qo otjber £itgli9hr ,•
translation, unless a very scarce and beamt^llyitprualedi'
one, by an anonymous, author, Aberd<^n, i768, 12|i»0, .fnofe^ ^
literal than Wake's, and with a veiy sensible, prefimsi!.*
Other writings are at^ibuted to. Clemef^,: p^tfti^9laily:9'"»
second epistle, but none of th^m are. considered jis^geo«i>ii^:^
CLEMENS (Titus Flavius), an epiin^nt. father >ef^^t
church in the^end of .thes^oBdand begii^ningQf tbettbinl^t'
century, was an Atheiuskn>^^apcnrdin|f to 5>thff$)aQvAj^f<J
andrian; on which apcpunt be is usually; c^Ued^lG^iLlfjiSiS^?
Albxandrinus, by way of distinguishing lH{n:ff o^ifCbemei^x.
Romanus. When Pant^ni^ ^as s^pt by; Pena^tciu^i bi^hiipi^:-
of Alexandria, to preiichr the gospel tQ tli^ Indians^ at cheii
request of their ambassadors^ about tbeyQUrJ^I^ (Ple^eda t:
1 Cave, vol. I. — Diipin.--Lardiier's Works. — Mosjieim and Mi\ner'g ChurpK.,
HIstQrie0.-^axii Oiionittsticod. - - -. j . V > ., i.^.. ^i' ^
CLEMENS. 451
succeeded hiiii in the catechetical school. He acquitted
himself admirably welt in this employment, and had many
eminent pupils, as Origen and Alexander bishop of Jera«'
saiem. ulemens's method of instructing the catechumens'
, is said to have been this. He pointed out to them, and
explained all that was good iii the pagan philoisophy ; and
then led them on insensibly to Christianity. In his phiio-
soplnc character, which he too much preserved, h6 wtis an
eclectic ; that is, not attached to any particular sect of
philosophers, but a selector of what be thought good and
sound in them all.
^ After holding the office of cat^chist, Clemens was raised
to the priesthood, probably at the beginnirtg of the em-
peror Severus's reign.; since Eusebius, in his history of the
events of the year 1 95, gives Clemens the title of priest.
About this time he undertook a defence of Christianity
against pagans and heretics, in a work entitled ^'Stromata,'*
on account of the variety of matter of which it treats —
Stromata signifying discourses abounding With miscella-
neous matter; In this work he has made so gr^at a collee-
tibii-t>f heathen learning, for the sake of shewing the Con- '
formity there is between some opinions which the Chris-
tians Itnd the philosophers held in comnion^ as shews that
his reading must have extended to almost evefy thing that
had been written. When Severus began a persecution
agiftinst the Christians, for which he pleaded a rebellion of
the Jews (for the pagans had not as yet learned to distih-
guish Jews and Christians), Clemens left Egypt to escape
^he violence of it ; and upon this occasion drew up a dis-
coitirs^ to prove the lawfulne'ss of flying in times of perse-
cution : for this expedient, though explicitly allowed a:nd
e^tijenjoined in the gospel, had been rejected by sortid'
edrhr ^eonverts, especially TertuUian, as a base desertioti
of i»^ cause. He then went to Jerusaleifn, and took up his
abode for some time with Alexander, who Was soon aftei^
bishop of that ^ee. During bis stay there h^ was of great
seirvjce to the church, as appears from a letter of Alex-
ander to the church of Antioch, which Clemens himself
catried: in which Alexander says, thiat •'' Clemens was a
jh^til of great virtue, as the church of AntiOch knew already,
and vi^ould know better when he caciie amongtheni ; and
that having been at Jerusalem, he h^^ by God*s blessing,
gi^atly confirmed and strengthened that ohurch."
oa 2
452 CLEMENS.
.<
I
From Antioch he returned to Alexandria ; but we kuovf
not how long he lived. He appears to have survived Pan-
tsenus at least some years, and was not old when he com;
posed' his **Strpmata;'* for be tells us, that he had made
that collection with a view of its serving: him in his old age,
when, bis faculties should fail him. His memory appears
to have been highly reverenced at Alexandria, as we learn
from an extract of a IjBtter from Alexander to Origen; pre-
served by Eusebius. Among several works which Clemens
wrote, there are only three considerable ones remaining :
1. " Protrepticon ad gentes,'* or, An exhortation to tne
pagans : in which he refutes the error and fjiisehood of
their religion, and exhorts them to embrace Christianity.
2. " Psedagogus/' or, the schoolmaster : or, a regula/r j^lan
of duty for the Christian convert. And,.! 3. The ** SirO;
mata." Daniel Heinsius has well enough compared these
three, works of Clemens to the three diiSFerent degrees
which the heathen roystagqgues and philosophers observed,
when they introduced a candidate to the knowledge 6f the
inysteries: the first of which was purgatioll, the ^ecorrd
initiation, and the third intuition. Clemens, he adds, i(i
his " Protrepticon" has laboured to purge his pupil fro;A
the filth of heathen idola^try and superstition : in his^,'Pae-
.# dagogus" he has initiatied hhn into the rites and duties of
. * a Christian : and in his " Stromata'* he has admitted nim
to a sight of those mysteries which the adepts only were
y quahfied to contemplate; but it must be allowed that his
^' philosopihical opinions frequently tended to obscure his
theology, and he is less explicit thah most of the fathers
on the leading principles of Christianity. '
Besides these work^, there are preserved some pieces of
(Siemens, of a smaller kind ; as an homily entitled *^'Ciuis
dives salvetur ?^ What rich man can be saved ? Paris,
1672, ^and Oxford, 1683, with some other fragments in
Greek and Latin. All these have been printed in' the lat-
, ter editions of his works ; the best of which is that pub-
lished in two volumes, folio, by Potter, afterwards arbli-
bishop of Canterbury, at Oxford in 1715, a inost spleiidiJ
and elaborate edition. ' . .
CLEMENT V. one gf the popes so called, whose proper
liame was Bertrand de Gouth, or de Goth, was appointed
1 Cave.— Dufkin — Fabrlo< 3ib1. QriBC— Moiheim and Mi1ner*s Ctiurch^Hif'
turi««. — Lardtttir'a Worlu.-^Biuclicr.— Blount^s Censara. — Saxii OaumaA.
CLEMENT. 453
I
bishop of Comminges, then archbishop of Bourdeaux by
Boniface VIII. and afterwards elected pope at Perugia,
June 5, 1305. The ceremony of his coronation was per-
formed at Lyons, Sunday, November 10, but interrupted
by a wall giving Way, from being overloaded \vith spec-
tators : by which accident 'John II. duke of Bretatiy was
killed, the king wounded, and the tiara thrown froni the
pope's head. This accident was considered as a pVesage of
the misfortunes which afflicted Italy and all Christendom
during the pontificate of Clement V. He was the first pope
who resided at Avignon. In 1311, he held the general
council of Vienne, appropriated to himself the first yeat^s
revenue of all the English benefices, which was the origin
of first fruits, abolished the order of templars, and made
the collection of what are called the " Clementine Consti-
tutions;'* of which there are some scarce editions; Mentz,
1460, 1467, and 1471, foU They formed afterwards pari"
of the body of canon law. Clement V. died at rtoque-
maure on the Rhone, April 20, 1314, as he was going to
Bourdeaux for change of air. It is generally allowed that
he was a reproach to the church, and the high office he
held in it. ^
^ CLEMENT Xiy. See GANGANELLL
' CLEMENT (David), an eminent German bibliographer,
was a French preacher at Hanover, a man profoundly ac-
quainted with the history of literature, and the authdr of
a well-known collection of bibliography, entitled *^Biblio-
theque curieuse, historique, et critique, ou Catalogue rai-
sonn6 de livres difficiles a trouver,** 9 vols. 4to, Gottingen,
&c., |750 — ^1760, at which last date this useful work Was
interrupted by his death, and has never been completed.
It is. in alphabetical order, and extends no farther than the
Jetter H. Its only fa\ilt i? that the author marks many
books as rare,. which are very commpn. He |)ublished also
*^ Specimen Bibliothecaj HisJDanb-MaiansiariaB, sive idea
novi catalog! critici operum scriptorum Hispanorum, qtiae
habet in sua bibliotheca Gregorius Maiansius," Hanpver,
1753, 4to.* ' •'] '
CLEMENT (Francis), a learned French hi^toriarf, and
a Benedictine of the congregation' of St. Mayre^ was bora
.' Bowcr'ii History of the Popes, — Mosheim.
« Diet, Hitt.«-Saxii Qnomast.'-^Dibab^s'BSbUoinaAla,
..M^^
*56 C L E O P A, T R A-
reigned alone in Egypt. However, she followed Cassar tor
Rome, and was there when he was killed in the senates-
house ; bat being terrified by that accident, and the sub*
sequent disorders of the city, she made her escape with
great precipitation.
After the battle of Phiiippi, Cleopatra was accused by
Antony of favouring the interest of Cassius. Against this
charge, she again depended on her wit and beauty ; and
approached Antony, who waited for her at Tarsus in Cili«-
cia,^ in a manner calculated to display her whole charoMr.
At the mouth of the river Cydnus, she embarked in a
Tessel whose stern was of gold, sails of purple silk, oar^ of
silver, and a concert of several instruments that kept time
with the oars. She herself was Ijaid under a canopy of a
rich cloth of gold, dressed like Venus riising out of the Ma:
about her were lovely children like Cupids fanning her :
the handsomest of < her women, habited like Nereida. aad
Gitoces, were leaning negligently on the sides and shrouds
of the vessel : the sweets that were burning perfumed the
banks of the river, which were covered with an icifinite
number of people, who ran thither with such, earnestness,
that At) tony, who was mounted on a throne to make a
'shew of majesty, was left quite alone ; while the multitude
at the river shouted for joy, and cried, that " the godde^
Venus was come to visit the god Bacchus for, the happiness
of Asia/' By these arts, and the charms of her person,
^h^ drew Antony into those snares which held him enslaved
to her as long as he lived, and finally caused his deaths
It wo^ld not be tz> our purpose to be particular Jn/reia-
ding the wsf between* Antony and Csesar ; the batde of
Actium, as is well known, determined the victory ia favour
of the latter, and Cleopatra flying first, Antoay hastened
after. He conceived however great displeasmre agaiast
her upon 'this occasion, and continued three days without
seeing her; but ^-fterwards recovered his. visual huQaour,
and devoted himself to pleasure. . Meanwhile^ .Cleo|Nitra
inade trial of . all sorts of poisons upon oriminals, even to
the biting of serpents; and finding, after mapy '4i&pdri-
iiients, t|)at the sting of an asp gave the q^icke^t and ^be
easiest death'; it is believed she made choice of that kind
of deadly if,^)ie should be driven to. despfiiir.- After they
were returned to Egypt, aud found themselves abandoned
by all their allies^ they sent, la make piroposals to CsBsar.
Cleopatra asked the kingdom of Egypt for her children ;
C LEO P A T R A. 4«T
pnd Antofij desired hemigbt live as d. prhakte iiiAii?al
Athens, if Casar was not willing he should r6inaiQ.ia
Egypt. Cs3Bsar absolutely rejected Autonyms proposal» and
sent to Cleopatra . that he would refuse her ootbing that
was just and reasonable, if she would rid benelf of Antoayi
or drive bim out of her kingdom. She reused to act
openly against Antony ;. but betrayed him in erery effoct
that he made, till she obliged him to put an end.to his own
life, for £3ar of falling into Caesar's hands. When Antony
VKas.dead^ Cleopatra could not forbear mo^ . passionately
bemoamog the loss of him : however, upon Csfesar's ap-*
proach to Alexandria, she began to consult b^r own . se^
ourity^ < Niear the temple of I:»Hs she had raised a stalely
buildiog^ .which she designed for her sepulchre: ijs^o this
aha now retired ; and into, this was carried by her ;order all
hfi? tgeaaure^ as^old, jewels^ pearls, ijrory, ebouy,; cinna-*
mQiV'Sod other .precious woods. It was. filled • besides
with torobes^'ifaggols, to w^, and. other combustible jmatter 3
so thatf 'Csqpar, . who had noticeiof: it, was afraid Jest out of
diespairahe: should bum hevself ia it, with all those vast
licboflb; and' thevefore' contrived to give her hopes from
time to time that she might expect all good usage, from
th^ es^t^m he fabd for her.:»: It was his . secret wish to &x^
|K>setbiaiqueeo'iii htttriomph to the. Romans; and with
this view he sent Proculus*to employ all his art Sisxd address
lA setztog her^ which- he at length accomplished, . atid
jCsBsar^ although eNtreaiely <glad . to have, her in bis pos-^
session, commanded her to^ be served in all respects like a
q«een. «8be;j>eca<Be, however, inconsolable forr the. loss
o£her.liherty,..aQd.fell'into a fever^ which gave her hopes
[ ihal) aliiher sorrows would soon end with her. life. Shie bad 7
JaesideS'jnesolv^d .to abstain from eating<; but :tfais bein^
fai(wni,i her: children were threatened with death, if she per-^
sisied in diat.. . Caesar i at lei^th, resolved to see her, and
by:hdbs cijfiiUtaes.iindeavQured to reooncile her to life.. .He
foiKid her.upoii^low bed;, but as soon as she saw C.adasofj
' she cose i up in h^* -shift,' and threw herself at bis. feet;
Cioaar ioivily raised her up, and sat down at her bed's bead&
She began to. justify herself; but the proofs against hef
beitig: too notorious, she turned, her justification jintd
prayeis^. and put into bis hand an inventory, of all herta:ea(»>
^ ffure.aud jewels. Having private notice soon after, that she
was to be carried to Rome within thre^ days, to grace
I
4£S C L B O P A T R A.
Cassar's tricnhpfa, sbe <mused herself to be bitten by an asp^
which, it is said, was brought to her concealed in a basket
of figs ^ and of this she died. Ceesar, deprived as he was
ei the greatest ornament of his triumph, yet ordered her a
very magniiiceiit funeral; and her body, as she desired^
was laid by that of Antony.
Thu« died this princess, whose wit and beauty niade so
much noisein the world, after she had reigned from the death
of her father twenty-two years, and lived thirty-nine. She
was a woman of great parts as well as of great vice and wick*
edness. She spoke several languages with the utmost readi?*
Bess ( for, being well skilled in Greek and Latin, she could
converse with Ethiopians, Troglodites, Jews, Arabiaiu^
Syrians, Medes^ and Persians, without an interpreter ; and
always gave to such as were of these nations, as o£teu as
they had occasion to address her, an answer in their own
language* In her death ended the reign of the £Eimily of the
Ptolemies in Egypt, after it had continued from the death
of Alexander 294 years ; for, after this, Elgypt was re^
duced into the form of a Roman province, and so remained
670 years, till it was taken from them by the Sarac^aain
64K/ . ..
« CLE^RC (Daniel L£), the son of Stephen Le Clevc, a
physiaian and Greek professor at Geneva,, was bprn Feb. 4|t
1&&2, at that place, and educated in his father's, profession
After studying at MontpelUer and Paris, he • took his doe-^
lor's degree at Valentia in 1672, then returned ta his awn
country, and practised physic with. great success. Ha was;
also an excellent Gredc and Latin scholar and antiquary,
and (hstinguisbed for his knowledge^ of medals. He-pub^
^ lisbed a ^^ Bibliotheque Anatomaque'' in conjunotioiv n^
^ Jdanget, in 16^1, 2 vols. fol. reprinted in 169^. His
^^ History of Medicine," which extends ta the time^of
Gialen, was published at Geneva in 16^6, but the best edi^
tion is that of AmsterdfUD, 1723, 4to. ThH^^workis muqb
praised by Dr. Freind, except the continuation to the lix^
teenth century^ In 1704 he succeeded bis iatb^ as ooup'^
s^or of state in the republic of Geneva, after which he
practised very little. In 171 5, the J^ing of Sardinia, . theii
king of . Sicily, being at Thonon hi Savc^, consulted him
«fi his own health and that of his queen* The same yenr
lie published his << Historia ktorum lumbriconi^,'* whicjll^
* Uniy. History. — Plutarch in tb«r lires of Ca^ar and Antony.
' .
C L E R C 4S& .
WAS kfterwarJs published in £nig;ltA, ^vo. He flied June
8, 1728.*
CLERC (John le), brother to the preceding, a cele*-
brated writer, and universal scholar, was bom at Geneva,
March 19, 1657. He was sent to a grammar-Bchool at
eight years of age ; where he soon discovered an insatiabte
incHnation to books, and such a genius for poetry, that
he flattered himself, if he had duly cultivated it, be would
i^robably have gained no small reputation; But the mor^
serious studies, to which he applied hhnseif, made hiili
entirely neglect poetry, and he never wrote verses but oil
pax;ticular occasions. Thus, in 1689, having translated into
Ftfench two sermons of bishop Burnet, preached before
^hg William, on account, he says, of the friendship which
S^b^isted between himself and that prelate, he subjoined
td thfe one a small poem in heroic, and to the other att
epigram in elegiac verse, upon England restored to liberty.
^ -When he was ^bout sixteen years old, he was removed
from the grammar-school, and placed under M. Chouet^
t6 study philosophy, in which he spent two years, hut did
iibtfet enter upon the study of divinity, thinking it better
to employ another year on the belles lettres, and also in
icqtiidiijg the elements of the Hebre^ tongue. He now
vead all the books tbdit could any ways improve him in this
]:lursuit ; and it was this constant assiduity and application,
to which he inured hifnself in his youth, that enabled bint
afterwards to go through so much uninterrupted fatigue of
lading and writing, and to publish such a vast variety of
woriis. At nineteen years of age he began to study divii
nity^ under Philip Mestrezat, Francis Turretin, and Lewii
Tronchio, and he attended their lectures above two years.-
' After he had passed through the usual forms of study a%
iEeneva, and had lost his father in 1676, he resolved td go
for «ome time into France J and thither he went in 167 8^
but returned the year after to Geneva, and was ordained
wfth the general applause of his examiners. Soon- affeer^'
he- met with the works of CnrceH8Bus», his great uncM
by his ftther^s side, which had been published by Lim^^
h^rbh in 1674, but ^ere not easily to be got at Ge*
ttevb-amOng the Calvinists, ' who had tio intercourse witlt
the Armihians'; and by reading these he becaoie so eon«^
Inneed that the i^onstrants h»d the better of the ai^tt«
I 'Morcrt— Halter Bibh AnaU—Mauget
460 iC L E R C.
ment agkinst all other, protestants, that he resolTed to leaw
both his own country and France, where the contrary
principles were professed. In 1680 he went to Sanraur^ at
protestiint university, where he firsf read ' the works at
EpiBcopius, with whose learning and eloquence he was
much pleased. He «iso began to make notes aiid obser^
vatiops upon the Old Testament, which he f^d'in the
Polyglott, which notes he afterwards used in hi^ c(iinmei»-»
taries. While he was at Saumur, there came oat a-bbofk
with this title, " Libcrii de sancto amore, epistoloe thk6^
Jogicse, in quibus varii scholasticoram errores castigantH!*.*^
8vo^ consisting of " eleven theological epistles, in w^ach
several errors of. the schoolmen are corrected." It- w«l
ascribed by some to le Clerc, while others thought - it tdfl
learned to be written by a young man of twenty-four. It
is certain that though be never owned it, yet he speaks^
it in suck a manner as must almost contince us that be was
really the author of it, and it contains tnany .of those fte6
ppinions respecting the Trinity, &c. whicb^ dottld not fall
to give offence, and induce him for a tim^ to tonteal his
came. ' ., t - ^ . •*
' In 1682, Le Cleit, intending to visit England, ti^aveHcd
through Paris, and arrived at London in ^ May/ chiefly
with a view to learn the English language ; whi64i,2 *i&
the help of a master, he soon effected. He pTeach6d-»se*
veral times in the French churches at London, and ^^sited
several bishops and men 6f learning ;' but tb^^air of*Ae
town not agreeing with his lungsj be retmued to Hollan^J^
after less than a year's stay, in comp&ny witb-the^KJele^
brated historian Gregorio Leti, who form€*riy HVed^t^*0e*
neva, and was then retiring to Holiaiyd. He visited Liuil
borch at Amsterdam, from whom he leahied the eondirioti
of the remonstrants in the United <Prdvincerf, btit did not
yet join them, although he discovered bis reai^entitlneihfti
io Limboreb, with whom he entered into ^' stri'6€ f rietf^
^bip, which histfed till the death of thiaii greHlt'm'ahy IM
bid hot4>een long^in Holland before bis friends arid rbia*
tipfis entreated him to return to Geneva, but iiot Wii^
ab^e when there to dissemble bis \)pink)ns, whicil^ we^
contrary to those established by law, he thought ft prMeht
to return to Holland at the latter eud of 16^3. The j^ar
afK^ he preached' -sometimes in French in the church' d(
die remonstrants, but was soon obliged talea[ve off preach^
ing ; for what reason is not known^ but his friends havd
C L E R a *6t
i^ioiigbt proper to impute it to the jealousy of the WaUooti
i»inist,ers, who findiDg their audienges very thin when Le
Cierc preached, prevailed upon th^ magistrates to forbid
his preaching any more. In 1 6S4<, when the irenooostrants
beld a synod at Rotterdam, he preached once more before
thepA ; ai»<l was then admitted professor of philosopbyy the
J^ebi^w .tongue, and polite literature in their school at
Apo&t^darofc The remainder of his life offera notbiii^ to
^s, but the history of his works, and of the controversies
iajwhich he was engaged; which were numerous, anddis*-
played undoubted talents.
. The, first thii^g he published, after he was settled at
ApAstfsrdam, was a work of his uncle David Le Clerc, late
professor of the oriental languages at Geneva, entiled
^^ Theological Dissertations," Amst. l€9j^> 3vo; to which
l^e subjoined dissertations on the same subject by Stephen
j[^ Clerc^ his father^ with the lives of both, and notes, in
wbich he frequently diners from them in opinion. . In 16^7
}ie published another volume by them, consisting of a
<* Computus Eoclesiasticus'' by D^vid, and some, pbiloso-*
phical dissertations by Stephen. About the same time he*
|vaat editor of his friend Chatles Le Cone's ^^ Dialogues
\ipon several theological subjects/' to which he added five
pi bis own, pointing oi^t the mischiefs that n^^tapbysioa
have, occasioned to religion, ^getween the jirst and second
publication of his father^s and uncWs pieces, comnoejQieed
bis. celebrated controversy with, the learned lather Sim^it)
who had -just published his ^^ Criti^l History of the- Old
^eatameuu^'.. Le Clerp, in 16^5, published, a criticism
upon it, entitled -^^ Sentimeps de quelques theologiens de
HoUande,*' &c<* In this he vente^i several bold opihiona^ >
)yibicti,he afterwards retracted or. explained into a nK>re
l^armL^ss sense^. such aa that the PentaAie<ii^h waa not writ*
(en^by ]4os9s^, that the writers of the Old and NfwTesta*-
osent were not in^pireid* &.c. Even.Bayl^ although .not
i^rupulous <to.mak^ bold ^sertionsj di9ap|>foved Le ClercV
«Qntin|ents, as tending to confirin tlie Calvini^ts* in. their
dislike of the. Arminians, as ^ sect, which he strongly says,
they considered as th^ comqaoa sink .of .^1 the Atheists^*
Deisfs,, and^Sp^^^^^^^ ^1^ ^^r^P^'
. In the same, year« we-iind himii^tter employed in writinf^:
his '^ fiiblioljl^eqpe universelle^..et histonque,!^ a lijtenaryf
jparnal of gr^ijU utility. The first eight and part: of thie^
^iath volume b^ wr^te in conjunction with de la Grose;'
the tenth is Le Cierc's, and the Ilth La Crose's; the rest^
^Z C L E,R C.
to tbe 1 9th Le Clim^^s, and the remainder to the 29tl»^^
which is the last^ were written by Mr. Bernard.- Whiles-
employed on this work, Le Clerc published various oth^Ts. ^
In the years 1687 — 89, he published Frendh tratistatioim'^
of bishop Burnet's <^ Reflections upon YariUas^s Hi^tory,^'''
&c. and of some of his sermons; and in 1690 the last book^'-
of Sunley's *' Lives of the Philosophers/' trsmstkt^ int^
Latin, with potes. The same year he revised a^ft ^dr*«^
rected the sixth edition of Moreri's Dictionary ; dnd w^o*6"
a French letter to Jurieu, vindicating the character of E^^-^-^
copius, whom Jurieu had classed among Socinians. Be-'.-
sides these labours, he continued to read regular lec^ut^, '
as professor of philosophy and the belles-lettres, at Am*^^
sterdam; and in 1691, published his ** Logic, Ontology, <
and Pneumatoiogy," which, in order to completer die -
course, were followed in 1695, by his ** Natural Philo^
sophy." These were all written in Latin, and were re--^
printed, in a fourth edition, Amst. 1710, 4 vols. 8to, ta '
which was subjoined also in Latin, his life, written l^ i!
himself, 1711, which makes a fifth volomey and in ill^ i
was translated into English, and piYblished at London. Ifi' -
1693 he published the first volume of his *^ Cotamentaiy '
on the Bible," a work he had long projected, and for wbidh' ^
be had been lo^g collecting materials. He ^published the" -
remainder, at different times, until 1731, when the Com-
neniary on the Prc^hets appeared, but it was still left in*- -
cmaplete, owing to that decay of his faculties winch-'
interrupted all his labours in the latter part of his life* - / -
In 1696 he published the two first V4^lames of whftl'i^ '
said to have been his favourite woric, his ** Ars Critic^,''' «0^-
which be added, in 1699, his << Epistolse Criticae & ' Ee-^^
desiasticsfr," as a; third volume. The censtli^ hep^isses'q
t»pan Quintus Curtius at the end of the second volume, •
involved hkn in a controversy with certain critics; 'and^-
Perizoniua in particuian His third volume ili empkryed' '
chiefiy in defending hfmself against exceptioUs which had^'-
beea made by the learned Dr. Can^e to some dissettionsitt"'^
the.tenth volume of his ** Bibliotfieque Unive^sell^,*^ and^ •
elsewbere;^ Le Clerc had said, that Cave, in hilt ^ Histdfta' •
Literaria,'' had concealed tfiany things of the ftkthers^ for -'
the sake of enhancing sbeir credit^ whkfh an iihjsartial '
his^irian should have related ; and that, iiisteflid of Nvesclf "^
the fathers, he often wn>t:e panegyrics upoii them ; i^' ^
Clesrc had also asserted the Arianism of Eusebius. Both' '
these assertions Gave eade«vDured ta refute, M a Latili •
C L E R C. 46»J
^iifsertatiiHi pubUshed at London, in 16 ^6» ivfaicfay whli a
defence of it, was reprinted. in the sec;ond edition- of hisi/
** Historia Literaria.'' To this dissertation. Le Clerc^s-
tbiird volume is chiefly an answer ; mtd the first six letters,
contaiaiog the matters of dispute between him and Care^
aie inscribed to three English prelates, to whom Le Clero.
th^oyght fit to appeal for his equity and candid dealing ;.
tbfr firvtraod jeoood to Teniso0) archbishop of Canterbury ;
^^ third and fourth to Burnet,, bishop of Salisbury; and
the fifth and sixth to Lloyd, bishop of Worcester. The
semnth, eighth, and ninth, are critical dissertations upon
pdints of eeelesi^stical antiquity ; and the tenth relates to
an, £Qg}ish version of bis additions to Hammond's atinota-^
tipnaotttbe New Testament ; wberebt the translator, not
having done him justice, eorposedibim to the censure o§
Ci^vie^and other divines here. At the end of these qpistles,
titers ia addcessed to Limborcb, wimthe caila an ethioat
dispertation, in which this- question is debated, /^ An sem-
p^ raspdedendum sit ealumniis tfaeologorum ;*' but the
pfpvioua queation^'ubould undoubtedly have been whetben
tl^ianswera of hisoppcoents^deserved the name of calum^
nies^ The fotirthr. edition of the ^^ Ars Critica^V which;
bid bAen oorrectedtand enlarged in each ^successive edi-
ti^li^ was- printed a^t Amsterdam in 1712^ . \
In 1(94, he p^irblisbed his^f Life of Cavdinal Biohelien,*'-
2 Tols* $»vo, of which a second edition appeared in JSi6,'
andtathiedin i714« Ji%j09.6he also. published -two tracts^
on ^* LQtte«!i«s,M. and; on;'^ iQcfedaalityJ* in 1697, km.
*' (Sofopendiunii oft iUi«i)Nirsal« History ''.appeared, and al^
tiip^gbmcsreiy an abridgment of Petavius^ has been found -
8o.u$0ful aaJ^ pais tbmugii severaLeditions. In l^^ai, be^
pi^isbed his Latin translation of. Hammond's f^ Paraphrase •
and Nf>tesoatb9^6wT0stainefit^'' 2 vols.foLbnt took many
lil^Pties,, as } already natiiced, p«lb Hasumond's sentiments;
Thia <^ 9gain FQpraniied inU7.L4» In.\6S% he published,'
wilba dedioatiofi^ to I>r/ ^barp, acchtisho^ qf iforkvhis ^ Ifar'* <
in€>nJlE^;fiv8^eJlie%i'' Gr. and Lf4i zjodt in^thesame year tbe^
fir^t^ hi^ << P«^lp^«ianar or tbmights upoh.various. subjects,'
mqrAl aild literary^- This. 4o^ net .appear to: have^ given
univer^l'isatiafaQlioa^ andiUUvqlTfid: bitki in a lon^ dispute?
with .Bajiie oa ^ th0 > fprincipleft -of* ; the ^niafaeansv anjdl) in >
another ywitk theisa^e.gentlQman^i'Oa thesyatetknQoif piastiti^
implies ad vanoed: by Ciftd««evid^ and J)r« Grew*' We tiOre'
Dotiol^^intoin .tfai^«L longecaceonntof these disputes wouid-
nom\k0y^^^in^m0sm§f yet ^Huiidio. have patietsce to-
'»
«4s C L E R a
peruse tbe several attacks and replies of the cotnbatants^
will be freqiaently struck with their talents, ingenuity, and
perseverancew - , • • *
. In 1701, another controversy produced his " Questiones
HieronymianflB,^' an attack on the character of that father,
as to his skill in the Greek and Hebrew languaiges, and on
Martinay, who some time before had published an -edition
of Jerom's works. In 1701 he published a very indifferent
edition of Hesiod, and the following year, un(£er tbe name
of Theodxjre Gorailus, he edited " P» Cornelii Severi^
Etna," which involved him in a philosophical dispute with
Barman, who bad no respect for bis verbal accuracy. In
1 703, under anofher assumed name, Johannes Phereponus,
he added to the Amsterdam edition of St. Augustine's'
works, some animadversions on that father, which were
answered by Dr. Jenkin, master of St. John's college,
Cambridge, in a work printed in 1707. In 170S, his
French translation of the " N^w Testament" occasioned
bim to be ranked among Socinians, and some steps were
taken, although in vain, to have it suppressed. The dame
year, he returned to his move useful employment, by be«
ginning bis ^< Bibliotheque chois^e," as a supplement; to his
*^ Bibliotheque Universelle." This was continued to the
year 1714, and consists of 28 vols. 12mo. . It was stnme*
diately followed by his ^^ Bibliotheque ancienqe et mo*
deme," which extended .to 29 vols. These 83 little vo-?
lumes contain a'great mass of very valuable materials, of
critical dbquisitions and bibliographical notices and me«*
moirs, and well deserve a place in the libraiy of every li-'
terary man. The public are indebted to/ them for tbe
dacuments from which Dr. Jortin prmcipaUy composed his
life of Erasmus.
In 1709 he published an elegant edition,, with notesof"
his own, of " Sulpicius Severus," and alsa of ^^ Grotius
de veritate,'* &c. to which, besides notes, he added a
treatise ^^ De eligenda inter Christia^ios dissentiemes sen^*
teotia." The same year he published and dedicated to'>
lord Shaftesbury, the celebrated author of the Charac)*
teristics, &c. *^ A Collection of the remains of Menaoder
and Pbilenlon," a completer collection than bad bean nade*
by Grotius and others, to which be added a new>. Latin
version, and notes. A^ it is allowed by Le GlePcVfriend^ •
that he committed several errors in .this wKK'k,; which proi^'
c^eded from his not having carefully enough attended to
the metre, it is not surpria^ng that it should bavet exposed
C L E R C. 463
him to the censure of the critics and philologers. Th^
attack was begun by our learned Bentley, under the nattie
of Phileleutberus Lipsiensis ; whose censure, it is said,
we know not how truly, vexed Le Clerc to such a degrte,
that it threw him into a fit of sickness, which lasted sevetai
days. Bentley's " Emendatioues,'* a& they dre calleti, df
Le Clerc's edition, were published at Utrecht in l7lO, with
a pfeface written by Burman ; in which there is a T^tjf
large proportion of critical rancour, to which Le Clerc did
not think proper to make any reply, as - he was eonsbiouiS
that he had given some reason for the exceptions that were
made, although tbey might not justify the language eni-
ployed. He was defended, however, by An unknown per-
son, who assumed the name of Philargyrius Cantabrigi*
ensis; and pu\>lishedl it in 171 1, with a preface written by
himself. This^Philargyritis Cantabrigiensis is said to have
been Cornelius de Pauw, a gentleman who distinguished
himself by philosophical and critical publications.
Om predecessors affect, to wonder that Le Clerc, who
^lway$ expressed an high regard for the English nation,
dedicated several of his principal- works to the prelates and
great msen of it, and was so instrumental, by rfieans of hi« ,
'* Bibliotheques," in spreading the abilities, learning, arid
mefrits of it* ablest writers throughout Europe, should yet
be so frequently attacked by some or other of its scholars
•and divines, and this they explain by adding that Le Clenc's
Arminian principles were directly opposite to the non-
juring and high cHurch principles, which then" prevailed
much in England ; that though he ex^re^sed a zreal for
Christianity^ yet he abhorred any thing which looked like
aix hierarchy ; and that hence he was often led to speak '
favourably, and perhaps with some degree of Approbation,
of' books published here^ which were in the mean tinie,
together with their authors, anathematised by our own
divinles. TindaPs " Rights of the Christian Church,"
which eame out in 1706, affords a memorable instance,
which Le derc, in his ** Bibltotheqne Chotsie" of the same'
year, not only approved, but even epitomised, arid recoiti-'
mended itrin the strongest terms imaginable. It may be
femeoibered also, that about the ^ame time, or perhaps
a little before, there was a scheme formed among some
great personages, to bring' Le Clerc over to England, and
to inake a better provision for him than he enjoyed at Am-
Vx)L. ix;, hh
\
466 C'L E R C.
t
sterdam;; for tbis some afBim to have been one ca\\se ^of
the jealousy and ill-will conceived against him; but after!
what we have >aid of Le Clerc's religious principle^^ it
will not perhaps be thought that any other reason is neces*
sary to explain the zeal of his opponents^ or their opinion'
that sudh a determined enemy to the establishment and its
doctrines would have proved no gre^t acquisition to. the
church of England.
In 1710, Le Clerc, never successful in his classical aU
tempts, published a very iha;Ccurat^ edition of " LiVy,;, '
10 vols. 12mo, and the yeaf after the */ Tbv^e Dialogue:
ofy£schinus Socraticus," to which he added his "Sylysc!,
Philologicae.** , In 1716 appeared his " Eccle4asticat.H|?-/
tory of the first two centuries,'* and a " Histoi:y of. ^hc.
United Provinces/' 172,3 and 1724, the last of his orj§|iial
works which it is necesnary to .mention. BesWes jhpsif,
however,, he was JFrequen^ly employed as an editor, and
added prefaces and notes to the works published qndef^ his
inspection, as ** Cotelerii Patres Apostolici," 1698^JPe-
tavius de Theologicis dogm^tibus," 1700; *^Martin^ Xiqx-
icon philologicuni," 170i ; and the fin^ edition oJr|;ra($y.
mus's works, 10 yols/fol. \10Z — 1707. He was^ upqjies^
tionably a inost laborious, as well as a very learned man^!
but frequently deficient in correctness, owing to the \;^st
quantity of labour undertaken by hinpi. . ^ , ,
He always enjoyed a very good state of health till 1728,
when he was seized with a palsy and fever, which deprived
bim of speech and almost of meinqry. The ipaladj,. in-
creased daily ; and after spending the. last i\y^. years of Iii&
life with little or no understandings be died^an* 8|. )73^.6,
in his seventy-ninth year. He bad been^ married in/, jj^^ 9^ ^
when he ivas about thirty-four years old ; ^nd his wtfej^^ji^M »
was the daughter of Gregorio Leti^ brought him f^O^
children, who all died young. Le Clerc was not aj^ibit^o.u^.
of either honours or riches* He was . satisfied with i^ ci^j^-
petency pf fortune, if indeed he could ,be said tp^ have .it ^
and though it may be supposed that he was driveii, to writ^
so much for the sake of the profits attending it> y^t^bj^^^U
us in that life which he wrote, of himself to 1711, t^at h^ .
had received for all his labours little else from the.Jiiool^sel-
lers than books. Whatever projects migbt b^ on foot: foi^
his coming into England, they do not seem to have b^^t^
begun on his side : for he always appeared happy in the
studious and philosophic ease which he enjoyed at . hfOk*
C L E R C. 467
sterd'am, dividhig his time between his pupils and his,
bboks. *
CLERC (Sebastian le)^ an eminent designer and en*
graver^ was born at Metz, in 1637, of a fafnily in such an
bumble condition, that he entered wiiile very.young into
the abbey of St. Arnould^ in that city, 'in quality of helper
in the kitchen. He bad such a natural talent for drawing,
that all the moments of leisure he eould get from his em-
pjdyment he filled up in making little portraits with. a pen
on'such scraps of paper as he found about the kitchen.
The prior of the house caught him one day occupied iii
this manner; and^ on escamining his. performance, per*
ceived in it such marks of genius as allowed him not to
doubt that young LeClerc would attain to excellence if
assisted by art. He immediately took the resolution to
cnltivate his. natural talents, put the crayon into his hand,
and gave him to the care of one of the monks, with orders
to get him instructed. At ten years old he could handle
the graver. At the saoie time he applied hioiself to the
study of geometry, perspective, fortification, and archi*
tecture, in which he made as rapid a progress as in drawing
and engraving. Marshal de la Ferte made choice of him
for his geographical engineer.; Louis XIV, for his engraver
in Ordinary, at the solicitation of Colbert ; and pope Cle-
ment XL honoured him with the title of a Roman knight.
In' addition to this superior merit, and this strong capacity
for the arts, Le Clerc had kind affections and an insinuatiaor
address. He died at Paris the 25th of October, 1714, at
tb^'^age of seventyrseven. This master treated every sub-
jeciT vi^ith' eq^ual excellence; as landscapes, architecture,
ornaments, discovering a lively and glowing imagination
ke|it^under due restraint, a correctness of design, a won*
derfdl fertilityi and elegant expression and execution,
l^ie productions of his graver, amounting to upwards of
30b.b,' ^ould have been sufficient of themselves to have
gained hina great reputation, independently of thpse of his
P^^ The principal of the latter kind are : L " A Treatise
orTrtiSofetic and Pi'actical Geometry," reprinted in 1745,
8toV,^i^^h^ l^f^ of the author. Colbert, informed of the
siiccfess of this work, ordered Le Clerd a pension of 600
crOiVns, aiVd apartments in the Gobelins, But he presently
aftei' gave up this* pension, which confined him to the.
^ » ^ '. ^i»^ •■■.-'«. ..#^. -- #*< . .. -. . ,
* * ■ •
**^Eife ^ffy biinsclt— GeW Pict.^Mor«rt.^Chaufeple.-^Saxii Onomast.
H M 2
46S C L £ R C;
luQgV service, .in order to work more freely, and on sub-
jects of his own choice. 2. " A Treatise on Architecture,'*
2 vols. 4to. $v ^* A Discourse on Perspective," in which
the author shews «i profound knowledge of his subject.
After Callot^; he is the- engraver who has most distinctly
shewn five or six leagues extent of country in a small
space. /
He had a son of both bis names, who was born in 1677^
sttt4ied histovical painting under Bon Boulogne, and
became a -painted of some note, if we can judge from the
number of 'prints engraved from his works. There is an
ultav picture by him at tbe abb^y church at Paris, repre*
senting the death' of Ananias. He was made a member
of tbe royal academy of Paris in 1704, and died, aged
eighty-six, in 1763. Another of his sons, Laurent Josse
le Clerc, was a man of considerable learning, and pub-
lished three volumes of remarks on Moreri's Dictionary,
which contributed to improve that work, and compiled the
^* Bibliotheque des Auteurs cit^s dans le Dictionnaire.de
Richelet,'' which was printed with it in the Lyons edition,
1729, 3 vols. fol. but omitted in tbe 4to Amsterdam edi-
^ tion. He wrote several essays in the literary journals of
' the time, and died May 6, 1736, in the fifty-ninth year of
his age. ^
CLEVELAND, or rather CLEIVELAND (for so te
and his family spelt their name) (John), a noted loyalist
and popular poet in the reign of Charles L was the eldest
son of the rev. Thomas Cleiveland, M. A. some time vicar
of Hinckley, and rector of Stoke, in the county of Leices-
ter. He was born in 1613, at Loughborough, where bis
father was then assistant to the rector; but educated at
Hinckley, under the rev. Richard Yynes, a man of genias
and learning, who was afterwards as much distinguished
among the presbyterian party as his scholar was among the
cavaliers. In his fifteenth year our poet was remoyed to
Cambridge, and admitted of Christ's college,. Sept. 4,
)627, where he took the degree of B. A. in 1631. He was
thence transplanted to the sister foundation of St. John's
college in the same university, of which he was elected
fellow March 27, 1634, and proceeded to the degree of
.M. A. in 1635. Of this society he continued many years a
1 See the Catalogue rational de I'oDurre de Sebattien le Clerc, with bis Ufe,
^y M. Jombert, Pari!i)vJ775| 3 Toli. Bvo, a very cyriotti and imerdsting work.
-*Mor«ri.— Strutt.
O L E V E L AN D. 46d
principal ornament, being one of the tutors, and highly^
respected by his pupils, some of whom afterwards attained
to eminence. By the statutes of that college, be should
have taken orders within six years after hk being elected
fellow : but he Has admitted on the law line (as the phrase
there is) November 2, 1640, and afterwards on that of
physic, January 31, 1642, which excused him from com*
plying with this obligation ; though it does not appear that
be made either law or physic his profession c for, remaining dt
college, he became the rhetoric reader there; and was usually
employed by the society in composing their speeches and
epistles to eminent persons (of which specimens may be
seen in his works), being in high repute at that time for
the purity and terseness of his Latin style. He also be-
came celebrated for his occasional poems in English, and*,
at the breaking out of the civil wars, is said to hav^ been
the first champion that appeared in verse for the royal
cause ; which he also supported by all his personal influ-
ence: particularly by exerting his interest in the toWn of
Cambridge, to prevent Oliver Cromwell (then an obscure
candidate, but strongly supported by the puritan party^
from being elected oner of its members. Cromwiell^s
stronger genius in- this, as in every otlier pursuit, prevaiK
iugf Cleveland is said to have shown great discernment^
by predicting at so early a period, the fatal consequence^
that long after ensued to the cause of royalty. Cromwell
got his election by a single vote, wfaicb Cleveland declared
^ bad rmned both church and kingdom.*' The parliannrent
party carrying all before- them in the Eastern countie^
Cleveland re^tired to the royal army, and with it to' the
icing's head quarters at Oxford, where he was niuch ad-
mired and caressed for his satirical po^ns on the opposite
faction, especially for his -satire on the' 9cottisb\:oVenant-
ers, entitled ** The Rebel Scot." In hfis abs^h^e b6 was
deprived of his fellowship, Feb. 13, 1644, by the e^rl of
Manchester, who, under the. antbority of an ordinance of
parliament, for regulating and reforming the univers^ity of
Cambridge, ejected such fellows of colleges, &c. as Re-
fused to take the solemn league and covens At. ^rotn- Ox-
ford Cleveland was appointed to be judge-advocate iif tft6
garrison i^t Newark, mider sir Richard Willii^ the governor;
and has been commended for his skilful and' upright con^
duct in this difficult office, where he also distinguished his
pen oocsuttooally, by returning, smart answ^ri to <He sfum-
470 CLEVELAND.
4nonS) and other addresses to the garrison. Newark,' after
holding out the last of all the royal fortresses, ^vas at
length, in 164^, by the express command of the king
(then a prisoner in the Scots army), surrendered upon
terms, which left Cleveland in possession of his liberty,
but destitute of all meadiis of support, except what he de-
rived from the hospitality and generosity of bis brother
loyalists, am6Dg-whom he lived some years, obscure and
unnoticed by the ruling party, till, in November 1655,
he was seised at Norwich, as ^^ :i person of great abilities,^*
adverse and dangerous to the reigning government; and
being sent to Yarmouth, he was there imprisoned for *same
time, till he sent a peUtidn to the lord-protector, wherein
the address of the writer has been much admired, who,
while he honestly avows, his principles, has recourse to
such moving, tppics, as might sooth bis oppressor, and pro^
fsurehis enlargement : in which he "was not disappointed,
for the protector ge&eroosly set him at liberty ,; disdasmiig
to remember on the throne the opposition he had receiv<Sd
in hi^ canva,sfs.for p«^rliament as a private burgesi^ Cfteve-
land th^DCOj retired to London^ where he is said to ba#e
fpund a generous Mi^cenas ; and, being much admired
among all persons of his own- party, became member 66 a
dub of wits and Joyaliats, which Butler, the author of Hn^
dibras, also frequented. Cleyetand then lived in chambers
^t Crayj ^'-inn (of which Butler is said to hove b.een a mem-
b^), an dj being. «eiBed with an epidemic intemiittiiig
fevi^r, died there oil Tha«sd«ty momiBg^' ApHI 29-, .i^59.
His friends paid the^last bftfioors to his reioains by a spleii*
didfunffal :. for hW body, was removed to Hunscbn •house,
a;>d tbeoce„ Carried fpr interment, dh Saturday May l,' to
the parish chufoh :of J^t Michael Royal, 'on Odlegei-iHU,
London, followed l^y a. naflserous attetifbance of persons
^mineat fgt their, loyalty or learning : ; to whom' his* fiineral
sermoi> w^ preached by his intinmte friend Dr. i^obirPeter-
foo, afterwards bishop of Cheiter, author of the Expodi-
. ^ion of the Cr^ed* / . ^^ - . • .> v?
Clevelapd has had the^fete of those^poets^: wbo^ ^^foy-
ing tb,eir conrt to temporary |Mrejudioes^ hMre.^beea/ate oae
time t9o miic^h praised, and at another ' tea. miosh '3eg«
Lected.'^ B^th hi3 subgeoti, and bis inanoex^iof 3ircitiog,
made his poems extremely popular among his 'contenipo*'
raries, but entirely forgotten and disregarded sltic^J^ ,jFoi^
his manner, he excelled among tha£cla3$ of Writers so
X L E V EL A N D. 471
mich admirdd in the last centatyi Whoto our great critfe
* has aptly termed '^ metaphysical po^ts, vAio abound with
*witty rather than just thoughts, with &r- fetched conceits,
and learned allusions, that only amuse for a moment, ut*
terly neglecting that beautiful simplicity and propriety
which will interest and please through every -iage;'* For
his subjects-he generally chose the party disputes of the
• day^ which are now no longer understood or regarded.
Cdntemporary with Milton, he wad in his time exceedingly
' preferred before him y and Milton's own nephew, Phillips,
tells ns, he was by some esteemed the best of ^e English
poets/ But Cleveland is now sunk into oblivion, white
Mikon*s fame is univeraally diffiased. Yet Milton^s works
. could, with difficulty, gain admission to th^ press, at the
~ time when it was pouring forth those of Cleveland in in-
numerable impvessiMs ; and the press now cbntinuaify
teems with re^poblications of the Paradise Lost, flee,
whereas the test edition of Cle^reland's works was in 1687,
'One olthe poet's brothers, William, was rector of Old-
btrry and Quat, nearfiridgnorth in Shropshire, and dying
1666^^ left arson; who was grahdfotber of the rev.'WHliam
Oleivdandv M.^Av late vector of AlUsattits parish in Wor-
cle^ter, who^ died in 1794; atid four daughters, whereof
the youngest was grandmother of Dr. Percy, the late
bishop of Dromore in Ireland, who wvx>te/ the poet*8 life
?fordte'iaii edttibnoxf the BiograKphia Britannica. - A sister
of^dierrft, >SKteheBb,marrfed Mr; William lUflT^^sf Hfticft*
iey9 f romi w^bMannre de^eeoded a res]^otabIe fahlfly/to
whidi by marriage is allied the Historian of Leicetttetsmre,
in whorfe ccttecciofi nf Poems^are manywrittej^byhis an-
eebter ^« arid many eu riousi atiiscdotes of the •author; ^ ' '
' >-©tEVE«, AN«E of. Seta ANNE. •
c^CIlEYN (fR'ANCis),- an avtlstof very^^onsiderAble^^eni^s,
^'ibcfifteeiith century, who practised -in ^England, waa
boi!n at:fl08tock, and retuoed in the service* of Ghris^ian
IV. king of Denmark; but the excellence of bis genius
prompted ^linar to the seardi of better models than lie found
ist tbar tiovthem cKmaie. He tiravelled into Italy, -^d.re«
jnained ' there^ four years, where be pmbatiy - acquire - a
taste for tfa^btamifol and ornamentltl gvotiesqtie, in^wbieh
•> Biof. Brit— Nicbpls't Hist of Leicesterthire, and Select CoUeetKHi vH
JdlscelUny Poeiiit.«*Iloy4't 24eai9iri« foK e* 6n« ....
472 CL E Y N.
ht afterwards sbone. At Venica be becatde known t6 »ir
Hemy Wotton, and sir Rpbert Anstruther reoominended
l)im. to prince Charles, afterwards Charles L He arrivedL
in:£ngland, wbile the prince was in Spain, but notwith-
standing was graciously received by king James, wbo men-
tions that circumstance in a Latin letter (preserved iu
Fuller's Worthies) which he wrote to the king of Denmark,
desiring leave to detain Cleyn in Englandy though with a
permission to returii first to Copenhagen and finish a work
be had begun there, and promising to pay the expence of
his journey. The request being granted, Cleyn returned
to London, and appears to have been first employed in
deaigns for sir Francis Crane's manufactory of tapestry at
Mortlack, by which those works were cajrried to singular,
perfection. Five of the celebrated cartoons were also
sfe^t. thither to be copied by bim in tapestry. He' had an
annuity of 1^00/. which fae.beld utitil. the rebellion, and
eQjoyied vary high repjutatioa by bis paintings at Somerset
house, and the bouses of several of the nobility. There is
still extant^a beautiful chaaafber adorned by him at Holland
house, with. a editing in grotesque, and small compart*
ipeots on the chimneys, in the style and not unworthy of
P'armegiano. Lord Orfbrd mentions other works by bis
hand, and he also made designs for engf^vers.r This in-,
genious artist, whom Evelyn . records as a man of piety
also, diedinr<i65r3.^
CLIFFORD (Anne), sole daughter and* heir to George
earl of . Cumberland, was born at> Skipton cattle in Craven,
Jan. 30, 1569,. and married /r»/, to Richacd lord Buck-
hurst, : afterwards earl of Dorset^ hy whofoi she bad three
mns, who died young, and two daughters^ Mi^fgaret wbo
married John, earl of Tfaanet, and Isabel, ^ho married
James, earl of Nortbamptoii. She mwrnedf^searndfy^ to
Fhii^ Herbert, earl of Pembroke and Mot|tg0iiiery, by
whom the had no issue. Tbia lady, who by th!^ failure t(
the male line, possessed the great bereditar]^ estates oC ihe
Clifford Cumberland family, has lately becof<ie jcelebmtmjls
particularly from a letter of hers publishediQ tbe^^ Worid^"'
No. 14s by lord Orford, addressed to sir Joseph WilUfHB-*
ton, who, when secretary of st^ubs tokJDg <#harles'thfi
second, had written to name a catididate.to hier for the
Borough of Appleby. The brave countess, with all the
' Lord Orford's Works.— Lysons's Enyirotts.
CLIFFORD. 47a
spirit of her ancestors^ and with all' the eloquenoe of inde^
pendent Greece, returned the followuig laconic answer :
.^^ 1 have been bullied by an usurper, I have been neg'f
lecte.d by a court, but I will not be dictated to by a sub^
ject : your oiau shan't stand* ■,
<< Anne, Dorset, Pembroke, and
Montgoroery."
Few letters have excited a more general admiration;
the reason of which is thus explained by Dr« Campbell^ ifl(
his ^* Philosophy of Rhetoric." " We shall find," says he,
V that the very same sentiment expressed diffusely, will be
admitted barely to be just ; expressed concisely, will be
admired as spirited. To recur to examples, the famouil
answer returned by the countess of Dorset, to the letter oi^
sir Joseph Williamson, secretary of state to Charles th^
Second, nominating to her a member for the borough of
Appleby, is au excellent illustration of this doctrine.-^If.
we consider the meaning, there is mention made of two-
facts, which it was impossible 'that any body of common:
sense, in this lady's circumstances,^ should not have ob«
served, and. of a resolution in consequence ojf these, which
it was natural for every person who had a resentment "of
bad usage to make. Wheuee then results the vivacity, the'
fire, which is so manifest in the letter? : Not from aay.
thing extraordinary in the matter, but purely from the*
laconism of the manner. An ordinary spirit would have
e.mployed as many pages to express the sam& thing, as
there are affi^mialions in this short letter. The epistle,
might in. that caseihave been very sensible, and withal very
dull ; biut would, never have been thought wovdhy of being
recorded aj$ cdptaining any thing uncominon, or deserving;:
a reader's ^notice.'' ■■.■-*
Mr. Pennant characterizes lady Aaiie GlijBfoed as the
most eminent person' of her age for iutellectual apcom-»
iplkhn^enis, for spirit, magaifK^ence, and deeds of bene«>
xolenee ; and he has given a part^icular description of twa
portraits of her, in the side-leaves of a family picture*
' Both the paintings are full lengths ; one representing her |it
the s?ga of thirteen, and the other in her middle age, in
l^be jState of .widowhood. The books, in the first of these
pictures^ inform us. of the fashionable course of reading
; fl^Mg; p^ple of rank in her de^y s. There are among them
Eusebius, Sit. Augustine, sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia, 6od«<
frey of Boulogne, the French Academy, Camden, Ortelius,
/ i
/
/
/
473 C L E Y N.
he afterwards shone. At Venice he becaQ|f^ ^ «
Hewy Wotton, and sir Rpbert Anstrulh^/ ^ J^-
l^itxi to prince Charles, afterwards Chaf'// J^ '^-
in:England, while the prince was in /^/ ^ ^^^^
standing was graciously received by ^^ff *^ '° ^°^
tions that circumstance in a Lat^///'/ ^" f ^
Fuller's Worthies) which be wrot/ jf.^/.* ^«^«'
desiring leave to detain Cleyp; //: / '^^^^
permission to returii first to C// //; ^ if istumc^,
be had begun there, and p^// ^ ^ ' f '
his journey. Tberequer- ^ // .g .her in the
to London, and appear;/^ ' celebrated lady in
designs for sir Francif^-y ^ ^ representi her as'hlwr-
Mortlack, by which ' !• * husband Riehawk earf of
perfection. Five , ';^ .emorials of hersetfland her prG-
s(^t. thither to \;/ ..d to the first of these articles,, we
annuity of \Q^/ ,er has appeared in the countessV ma-
eojayed ^«y '' .^aunt of him, except what is occasionatty
house, and /^''jn the History of her own life, a eiimcis
st£U'extar^<;^ the Harleiatt collection (6177)^ the ititie af
hodse, \6^ij^ Summary of .the Reci»rd%j aitd a true Ma-
ipeuts /^^/,0 Life of me the lady Anne Clifford, twhoJay
Parr jy^^ sole daughter and heir to my illustrious falther
.h»- ^^J^iilford the tbir4 earl ^ Cumberland, by ImsviN
f ^^0iSe Margaret Russel my mother, in right descent
y^i'm, itndi k^ long continued noble ancestors the Ve->
f^ntSi CMifordas and Veseys, baronesii Ciifford, West-
.^^Is^ii and ;Vesey, iiigh sheriffma^^f; Weatmorehcnd,
:^j jadyiC of the honor of Skypton tnCraivef^' was.4fcjr«ty
fM marriage coikntess dowager- of Docset^ • and: by tmy
^ond nifimage countess dowager cvf Pembroke and Moafto
^tfilfloefiy^'' It is written^ in :ai .maimer esKtrenefy tedioia^y
^^oundiiig^with repeiitions of < mattery feir tte^most^^Mmt,
.equally minute and unin4^esiifig, zxiA niiay? perhaps :ia*
I'-oline some to doubt Mr. Pennant^s >chfkracter of ber^-as| the
'Bapst eminent person of her age for* inbelkctual .adeom«
t.pUsht^nts^ &>me ciivumstaiioes, howev^^ respectiiigdier
^ bfiog^ brought into die world, are related with aniaceunday
JwkiGh biographers will : npver^ perhaps, « in asyf ofei^fr in-
. stance be .aU.e 4o. attain. She^ informs us^ "tka^ jthceogh
r the merciful )provideHce of :Ood> she wasibegotitea^'by ti^r
taliant father, and conceived with child by her worthy
3 OKtther, the first diy of May in I58^^tn the lord Whafton's
'■ bduise in Chanjielrroifir, in W^stmlnsterJ bard by the rl?^r
■ C L r F F O R D. 475
V es, as Psalm 139 ; yet that she was not born till
'Ca ^y of January following, when her blessed mo-
*^ her forth in one of her ftither*s chief houses,
^ ^ castle, in Craven.
?-^6^ • funeral sermon was preached on the 14th
\/c^ Appleby, l^y Dr. Edward' Rainbow,
^ "^j *rw "^^^ ^^^^ chosen by him, in reference
^ 'V > ^ <^f architecture in which sh-e was
•^ ***k*^ ^ ^ ^* ^^"^ ^^® Proverbs of Soloftidn ;
^ ^ V ^ oeth her house.** The bishop has
^^^ J into her character, and in describing
^ ijer understanding, informs us, that Dr.
%^ to her ladyship, iir her younger years, " That
wW well how to discourse of all things, from predes-
aCKm to slea^silk.^* Her munificence and spirit in build-
ing were reiy conspicuous. Owe of her first structures
was a pillar, in the highway, at the place where^she and
ber mother last parted, and took^ their final iutewell ; dfid
brides a mohuonent to her tutor Samuel Daniel, the poe-
"tical histioriaili, and another to' Spenser, she founded two
hbispitais, and repiured er buih seven churches and six
\castles:*'' * :'• ■ ■. - .... f , -•. ^ ... ; ^^..
Gi^IFPOHD (George), third earl of Cumberland,' aftd
» father to the pteceding, was very eminent fbr his skill' in
navigation. He was Ikwh at Brougham castle, Westmore-
land, Aug. 8, 15418, and educated at Peterhouse, Carn-
bridge, where his ttrtor was the celebrated John Whitgrft,
. Iifeerwardj* ' ai^hbishop of ' Canterbury. In this place tie
-ippKed himself -cTiiefly to the study- of themathemiatics,' to
which bis genius led him, and by which he blscadiie q^ii^-
fiedfoT'the several great ^jepeditions he afterwards <in*fefir-
.tooJc' .' Htsfirsfpublic employmetit, of a melancholy k!6d
indeed, was it) 1586; when he-was otur of the pt^s i^Bo
sat in judgment upwn Mary* queen of Scdtsl ^ Bu'l'HaifiAg
a greater inciitiatton to act by *^ea than by tentf,ifttid,' ac-
cording to the ^sfaion of ^the^times^ beiflff bertt dn'^akiftg
ibreiga discoveries,' and defeating^tfal^ attibitious d^^ghs pf
the court of Spain, then preparing' tAie armada that wa'^^o
conipiter England, he fitted o^t; at his own chftrg^, a little
fleet/ consisting of three ships and a pinnae, ^ith a view
.to seiid them into the South Sea, to attndy the Spanish
T|DUT in Scotia^, and espeisialiy Whi^aker's Hist, of CravfQ,.«i^icb ye. Kfrek
i£i having seen il^ati! this article had nearly ^ne through th^ press* *
476 CLIFFORD.
settlements there. They sailed from Gravesend, June 26,
1586, and frqm Plymouth Aug. 17 ; but were forced back
by contrary winds into Dartmouth, from whence putting
out again on the 29th, they fell in with the coa&t of Bar^
^ary the 17th September, and the next day sailed into the
road of Santa Cruz. On the 25th. they came to the rivef
Oro, just under the northern tropic, where they anchored,.
Searching upwards the next day, they found that river to
oe as broad all the way for fourteen or fifteen leagues, as
at the mouth, wbich was two leagues over;, but met with
jpo town nor, house. Qn the last of September they de-
parted for Sierra Leone; where they arrived the 2 1st of
October, and going on shore, they burned a towur of the
negroes, and brought away to their ships about fifteen tons
of rice; ^nd having furnishe^d themselves with wood and
water, they sailed the 9 1st of NpverobQr from Sierra Leone^
peaking the. straights of Magellan. The 2d of January
1587 they disoov^red land ; and qn the 4th of that aapott^
fell in with the American shore, in 30 deg. 40 min* soutU
)at.. Continuing their course. southward^ they took, Jauu^
ary 10, not fa.r from the river,. of Pl^ta, a small Portuguese
ship ; and the next day another ; oiit of which they fur*^
pished themselves with, wjsat necessaries they wanted.
XhQ 12th of January t^ey capae to Seal Island, and twQ
iiays after tp the Green Island, near which they took in
water. Returning to Seal Island, a consultation was held
on the 7th of February, whether they should continue their
course for the South Sea, and^ winter in the straights of
Magellan, or sfpend three or fpijir months upon the coast of
Brazil, and^ proceed on their^ voyage in tjie spring, llie
:p[iajority beipg for the former, th^^y went as far. as 44 de^
grees of southern latitude. , ^iit, Greeting with storms, and
contrary winds, they tooka Qii^l resolution, on the 21st pf
February, to return to the coast of Brazil. Accordingly
they fell in with it the 5th of Apnl, and, after taking ia
water and provisions in the bay of Camana, came into the
'port of Baya. the 11th. Eight Portuguese ships being
there, they found means to c^rry off four of them,, the
least of which were of a hundred and thirty tons^ notwith*
standing all the resistance made by the enemy; apd'alsQ
brought a supply of fresh provision from the shore. In
this spirited manner, the earl undertook no less than eleven
expeditions, fitted out at bis own expenoe, in which be
ixi4de captures to a prodigious amount ; and, onf his retdrttji
CLIFFORD. 47f
w?is graciously received by his royai mistress, who created
him knight 6f the garter in 1591. In 1601 he was one
of the lords that were sent with forces to reduce the earl of
Essex to obedience. He departed this life at the Savoy i^
London, Oct. 30, 1605, ahd was buried at /Skipton, in
Yorkshire, the 30th of March following;' where a fine
tomb was afterwards erected to his memory.
Pennant informs us that at an audience which the earl
had after one of his expeditions, queen Elizabeth, perhaps
designedly, dropped one of her gloves. His lordship tddk
it up, and presented it to her ; upon which she graciously
desired him to keep it, as a mark of her esteem. In this
manner. Pennant adds, his ambition was gratified with
a reward that suited her majesty's avarice. With the ro-
iiiantic gallantry of the times, he adorned this glove with
diamonds, and wore it in the front of his high-crowned hat
^n days of tournament, as is expressed in the fine print of
him, by Robert White. Another instance of the queen's
favour to the earl of Cumberland, was her appointing him
her champion in all her tilting matches, from the thirty-
third year of her reign. In this office he succeeded the
gallant old knight sir Henry Lea, who resigned it with
much ceremony in 1590. Mr. Walpole, in his Miscella-
neous Antiquities, has obliged the public with an enter-
taining account of his lordship's investiture. He excelled
all the nobility of his time in the exercises of til tings, turn-
ings, and courses of the field. His magnificbnt armour
worn on such occasions, adorned with roses and fleurs de lis^
is actually preserved at Appleby castle. In Skipton castle
is a picture of the earl of Cumberland and his family,
which is deemed a curious performance. It is tripartite,
in form of a screen. The earl, who occupies the centre,
is dressed in armour, spotted with stars of gold ; but much
of it is concealed by a vest and skirts reaching to his
knees : his helmet and gauntlet, lying on the floor, ar^
studded in like manner. His lady stands by him in a pur«*
pie gown,' and white petticoat, embroidered with gold.
She pathetically extends one hand to two beautiful boys,
as if in the action of dissuading her lord from the dangerous
voyages in which he engaged, when more interesting and
teiider claims urged the presence of a parent. ** How
must he have been affeeted,'' says Mr. Pennant, ^' by his
refusal, when he found that he had lost both on his return
from two expeditions, if the heart of a hero does not too
47a C L I F F O R D.
often divest itself of the tender sensations V^ The letters
of Margaret, the earl of Cumberl^d^s lady, are extant in
manuscript^ and also Her Diary; from which it appears
that she unfortunately married without liking, and met^with
the same return. She complains greatly of the coolness of
ber lord, and of his neglecting their daughter, Anne Clif-
ford. The countess of Cumberland even endured great
poverty, of which she writes in a most moving strain to
ling James I. to several great persons, and to the earl him-
self.! Mr. Pennant observes, that all her letters are hum-
ble, suppliant, and pathetic, though the earl was said to
have parted with her on account of her high spirit But
although this lady might sometimes be obliged, from pe-
culiar circumstances, to write in a strain of humiliation, it
is certain that she was a woman who possessed great f6v«
titude and magnanimity of mind. This is apparent from
the account her daughter has given of her; nor do we *
perceive,, in that account, any traces of the poverty which '
the letters seen by Mr. Pennant represent* her to have en-^ "
dured., Her conduct, after the death of her lord, in the
contest between her and Francis, earl of Cumberland, her
brother.*in-law, for the family, estate, was truly spirited, as
she would never submit to. give up her daughter*!! right.
With regard to her quarrel with her husband, the blame'
was principally on his side, as he was irregular in his man-j '
ners, and appears, particularly, to have engaged in an
amour with a lady of quality. A reconciliation, however, -
seems to have been effected between the earl and the
countess ; for she was present with him at the time of his
decease, and he then expressed much aifection towafds
ber. We learn, from the inscription on the picture before
mentioned, that, during the latter part of his life he felt ^
the good effects of his early education ; for he died penl«
tently, willingly, and christianly. *
CLIVE (Robert), son of Richard Clive, esq. was born
on the 29th of September 1725, at Stycbe, the seat of his
ancestors, in the parish of Moreton-Say, near Market Dray«
ton« His father, who possessed but a small estate by in«
• beritance, had, to increase his income, engaged in the
profession of the law. At an early period of bis youth,
Robert was sent for his education to a private school at
1 Biog, Brit.— rl*ark*s edit, of the Koyal and NoMe AuUioni.««-Peiinaiit'f Tour
is SooU^ad.*— Whiukeetf aist, of CrateQ,
C L I V £• 499
Lpstock in Cheshire. The master, Br. Eaton^ soon dis-
cpvered in bis scholar a superior courage and sagacity which
prognosticated the future hero. ^^ If this lad/* he would
saj^ *^ should live to be a man, and an opportunity be
given for the exertion of his talents, few names will be
greater, than his^f' At the age of eleven he was removed
from. Lostocti; to a school at Market Drayton, of which the
reverend Mr^Burslem was the master. On the side of a high
bill in that town is an ancient church, with a lofty steeple^
from nearly the top of which is an old stone spout, pro*
jecting in the form of a dragon's head. Young Clive
ascended tbi.s steeple, and, to the astonishment of the
spectators bebw, seated himself on the spout. Having re«-
mained a short time at Mr« Burslem's school, he was placed
in. that of Mercbant Triors* at London, which, however,
did not Jiong' retain bim as a scholar. His father having
reyerted to >vhat seems to Jiave been a predilection for pri«
Tate sciiools, cominitted him to the care of Mr. Sterling,
at, j^pmel ii^n^stead, in Hertfordshire, with whom he con*
tii^ned till|.i(n:1743, be received an appointment as a
writer to the £a$it^India company. From the frequency of
his rempvaJfi,, %o, Mi!bicb perhaps, was added an intractable
dispositipQ^.be. obt$kined no applause, but rather the re*
verse^ from* tf^e- ;»everal masters to whom the care of bis
educajUon had be^^n ^ittrusted*
To fulfil bis engagement in the service to which He bad
been appointed, be, embarked in one of the ships belong*
ing to. the fast India company, and arrived at Madras ii^
1744. In, bis.ijewi employment berhowever discovered the
same. dislike to pipplicalion,. and the same aversion>to con-
troul^^by. wbi^b bis . character bad hitherto been distin*
gi^is^ed. TbiS' intractable disposition proved as disagree*
able to his superiors as it miist bave been the occasion, of
much inconvenience to himself. One instance is related;
Having ^cted or neglected something inconsistently wit^
the discipline of ,office, his misconduct was reported to
the, governor) iWbo cgmmanded bim to ask pardon of the
secr^t^ry %ybom he had oifended. . He made his submission
in t^^^rms of .eontempt, which the secretary mistaking for a
compliment, invited, him to dinner. — "No, sir,!' replied
Cliye, M ^^ the ^vernor did not command me to dine with
you." ■ ' ,
When in 1746 Madras was ^urrei^dered to. the French,
under the command of their admiral M. dc la Bourdonnais,
48ro € t r V E.
the officers both civil and military, who had served under
the East India company^ became prisoners on parole. M.
Dupleix, however, who was chief commander of the mi^-
Utary forces in India, not having been present at the sur-
render, refused to ratify the treaty, unless they would
take another parcje under the new governor. The Eng-
lish, iti consequence of this new stipulation, thought them*
selves released from their engagements with Bourdpnnais^
and at liberty not only to make their escape, but to take
up arms, if they should, find an opportunity. Mr. Clive*
accordingly, disguised as a Moor, in the dress of the court.
trj'', escaped with a few others to St. Davi^^s^, a fortress
which is situated to the south of Madras^ ^ about the (ii»r>
tance of 21 miles.
He had not been long arrived at St. David's before b0
lost some money in a party at cards with two ensigns, wb0
were, detected in the act of cheating, They had wob|
considerable sums ; but as the fraud was evident, the loserk
at first refused payment, but at length wev^ intimidate4
by the threats of the succ^sful gamesters.' , Clive ;»lon^
persisted in his refusal, and accepted a challenge from %h^
boldest of his antagonists. . They metj, each vvith a »iliglA
pistol. Clive fired without success, Hit^ antagonist, quit*-
ting the ground, presented a pistol to his bjead,, aud couir-
manded him to ask his life, with which demand| aft^r s&m^.
hesitation, he complied; but, beingT^quired to recant J|i$
expressions, he peremptorily refused. Tbe.oflScer told
him, if he persisted in his refusal, he would 6re. ^VFi|^9>
and be d— d!" replied Clive. "I said you;cbeaied;. I-^sqr
to stilV; nor will I ever pay you." The entagn, findj^^
every expedient to obtain the money ineffectual,; tbravT
avffay the pistol, and declared that his^ adversary was. a.
madman. Clive replied to the compliments pf some c^ his^
friends on his conduct^n this affair; ^^ The i^an basgi?e»
me my .life, and I have no right in future to mention kM^.
behaviour at the card table ; although I will never pay hjJn,'
nor ever keep him company.'* In 1747 Mr. Clive was-piCD-
moted to the commission of an ensign in the military »er--
vice ; but had no opportunity of displaying bis talents til)
the following year, when the siege of Pondicherry affordedl
an ample scope for their exertion. At this meoioral^leat-.*
tack the young ensign distinguished himself by his courage-,
in defence of the advanced trench. He received a shot ic^
his hat, and another inhi^i coat; some (^cers in the saup^
C LIVE. 4^1
. detachmejit haying been killed. The. -earlj^ rains, how*
ever» and admiral Boscaweii's want of experience. 1b isili-
taiy operations^ compelled the English to raise ^^e siege,
and to return to Fort i^(. I>;»vid's. -. .;
On the attack, when the poiyder was alpiost e^^baustfid,
Clive, instead of senc[i![\g a seijeant; to procure, a. fnej^
supply, ran to the trench^ and brQuglf^ ^t. la^ copseqiien^
of this action, an officer ventured tq.insinaater ia his^-
seiice, that he had relinquished his post thj^ouj^ fea.r. A
friend,, haying informed him of this aspersion, ws^,a<;cord->
ingly requested to go with him to the person lyho l^fid thiis
malignantly defamed him. The charge ; though tr^e^, was
at first denied : Clive, bowjeVer, insistiug^upon im^iediatie
satisfaction, they withdrew ; but while they, were retiring)
he received a blow from his antagonist, who. was following
him. Instantly he .drew bis sword, as did the ot^er, re-
lying on the interposition of the company^ Bpth :baviag
been put under an arrest, were obliged to submit, to
a court of inquiry, which decided that the officer sboplfi
ask pardon at the head oif the bsetts^lion, for a causel^jis
aspersion, without notice of the blow, A)r which ofFenc^ he
might otherwise have been disbanded. Unwilling to ia^-
jure the service, Mr. Clive declined spieaking of this quar-
rel till the return of the army to St. t)avid's, when, calling
upon the of^cer, he reminded him of the late trariisaction.
Aiknittiug ^at he was satisfied with the decision of the
courti and the consequent compliance of the officer, he
still insisted that he must ciall him to ; account for the blow,
of which no notice had been taken. The officer, on the
QCHitrary, alledged that his compliance with the opinion of
the court ought to be admitted as satisfactory, and refused to
iHake any other concession. Mr. Clive accordingly waved'
his cane over his head, saying, that as he thought him too'
contemptible a coward for beating, he should content him-'
self with inflicting on him that'mark of infamy. On the'
foUawiog day the officer resigned his commission.
When the season for military operations was over, the'
troi^s remained at St. David's, and before the return of
spring they received news of a cessation of hostilities be-
tween Great Britain and France. Still, however, the sense
of ancient rivalship, the reciprocal; aggravation of recent
injuries, an opposition of interests, a mutual confidence
in strength, seemed to.animate both nations to a renewal
of the war. The dominions of the rajah of Tanjore had at
Vol. l)i. i I
i»2 C L ^ V E.
that tiihe been claimed by his brother^ with a declaration
that he» though deposed by his subjectSi was their rightful
. tovereign ; aiid that the reigning rajah was an usurper,
fhe English of St David's, convinced by these allegations,
detehnih^d to espouse the cause of the deposed rajah.
Th^y' reliolved to begin their attack iipon^ fon of the
Tajah's, oatl^d Devi C6tah. On their advance, finding
tb^ ap(phrokches difficult, and the ramparts covered' wrth
innirmer^leferces, they wer^ at first deterred from thefr
entferprize. 'Glivej however, insisted that tb^' attempt,
though* dangerous, was iVot' hazsirddus. He thought the
tdWitini^ht easily be taken by storiti ; recomnfieiidingQnly
to advance the 'caAnotfs in the uig'ht^ as by thetii thegat^
might be effecti^aHy deiAroybd. ' Caption Cop^, th^ coin-
mander, refused to listen to the advice, as too despefati^;
till,' after having; exhausted his amfnuiditioii' by a fruitless
cantioniEide; he was connpi^ll^d tcr retreat tb Fort 8t. David -s.
The disgrace of this discomfifture ;* its j>erttieious infinence
u^ion their trade 3 and the eimltation of their fcomdioft
enemy th^ French, indticed the* English duels more to at-*
tempt the reduction xJf Devi C^tah. The tonitnand of thfe
-expedition was entrusted toniajor LavW*eiice/ ati officer at
that time but littte ktio^iti, but wl^o was aft^nva.r3s dis-
tinguished forhis abilities in the service^; 'As a breadi was
made iti thie walisj Clive, who theti possessed OiJiy'the
rank of a lieutenant, solicited the coit^m^hd of the fortohi
hope; L^#rence, willing to preserve him frowso datw
'^gerous a 'station, told him the si^rvicedid not fb^^ fftUin
his tun>. Clive replied, t^at knowing it did'not^ he 'Camfe
rather to ask it as a thvour, than to deii^arid it as a ti^hli^^
but that on^ such an occasion be hopefd the reqirestoPa
volunteer would '*not be rejected. Matot Lawreik^ icij^
sehted; and Ciive, in coilsequence^of ni^ a}]lpoii'vtimbt to
the command of thirty* four British soldiers and sevdh htliiL-
dred 9epoys, was ordered to stortn the breach. Acc(mfe»
ingiy they led the way ; but in passing* a rivulet 'J^eftwe^i^
this catfip afid the fort, .four of the EngUih fell by the fir*
of the enemy. ' The Sepoys were alarmed, andhsdted'.as
«ooii as they had passed the stream ; but the En^is|i peis^
severed, and, advancing closely upon the breach,* pre-
sented their musquets, when a party of horsey which hail
been concealed in the tower, raished upon thdr rear, and
killed twenty^six. CHve, by stepping aside, escaped a
'utroke which^ bad been aimed at him by t>ne of tbe horse
,|^ they .parsed bi{i»« He ran ;towar4srtbe muleV ^ajQ4»
liiJLvjag passed^ ha4 the goad fortune to join theSepoy^.
Qi. the whole < fourr^^id- ihirty,^ hui^self an4 -three others
were all that were left alive., iV][ajor Lawiredcey seeing the
disaster, comoiandod all ^he Europeans tQ advs^pce. . . Clive
St%\ll .mitrched in. th^ first division* The ^hofs^ renewed
their attack,; b 14^ ^ere repuise4 with. such,sl9^gbter that
^^he. gfurrison^ disinay;ed at th^ sight, gave way as th^. Eng^
J^bappro^hed^.tbe breach, and, ilying through the. Q.p^
|>9$it^ .gate^. abandoned tbe town tQ the victors. Alarmed
at the sncpessQf the. English, tbe ra^ah sent them overtures
of,p^aqei; to (^bich, on condition thaf a se^tieoient should
J^e made on his r^valj and the fort pf !Pevi Cptah,. with the
adjoining districty..he (iedled to tbe^coqapany, ^he English
.The war beilig tbiW epncluded, Uetenant Clire, to whosd
active miad.th^ Jdkne^s which ki ftime of peace c^attends.st
soldjier's life.:W49^intoler9.bly. itrk^oiej returned .to the civil
^es^bii^hment, m\d w^s, admitted to the same r4nk as ttbat
'l)e would bave held had he never quitted the civil for the
i^jiit^ry ba«« < Hi^ iucoi^e was /now.ooiisider^hiy Jncreased
^ his: . apppipt)»)99t ,,to ^he <jj95o.e. of ► commiss^y t to tb^
3^i\itish trpc^s^'Mtt ^ppoiqit^iem^ wbJQh , the. . friendship of
m^or La^euipp had.procuired;bii9ir He bad not long been
s^ftled .at MadT'aSy whei^i a fever of the neryous.kind de-
i^trpy ed his ^ <;oi)^tit>)tJK)n,: ,md 4)perate j) so banef uHy on bis
^pirjits , that . thc^. constant presence g( an attendant became
#bspkv^y r^L|isjt€^. As the (^f^ase Jbowever abated, his
£fffm^ dtr/^UgM^ iva$ i^ ^ome d^ogp^e: renewed ; hut his frame
JbK»d veoeived «o.i'«(^a.$hack, that,, during the remitinder
ipf, hi^' lif(^t exqeptingvwhea his, mind was ardently engaged,
th# opp^es^lQn on hi^ .spirits frequently fettirned.
,t Xhe cessation of hostilities bet^ween tbeJ&ngUsb and tbe
i'lj^Qb. had g«ven }tQ the latter an Qppprtumty of executing
xhe iai|)ortant pfoj^ts ithey bad farmed.; > which brought
the^afiairS' Qf the^ company intAsuob a state as to induce
Ciiv^^i;^ .resume the military <?harapter J in which he per-
fpr^Bked \niost signal ac4a of pr^g^ess, and encountencd .a
varijety.of uncommon difScuIties and dangers, too uoi-
merous to be particularised in our limited work, but which
the reader wUl find amply xletailed in the history of the
times^ and in. his life in the Biograpbia Britannica.
^ Wboever cQutemplates the forlorn situation of the com-
papy when lord CUve.fust arrived at Calcutta in 1756, and
11 2 .^
4W C L I V E.
then considers the degree of opulence and power they pos*
sessed when heiinslly ieft that place in 1767, will be c<m-
Tinced ihst the history of the worU has seldbm affotded an
instance of so rapid and improbable a change. At tfae^rtit
period they Were 'menely aa association of atierchants strug-
gling'^ for e:ittstence. One of their foetories was iti tmtti ;
dieir agents were murdered ; and an army of SO^OdO mda,
to whi^h they had nothing to oppose, threatened the im-
Httediatid de«traction of their principal settlement, ^t tibe
last period/ distant from the first but ten -years, they wene
becodne powerfal princes, posseased erf tost rerettocis, and
tuKng over fifteen millions of people. '¥f%en the tnerits
^ those who coittribiited to this great r^olittiott shall .lie
'Weighed in the impartial judgment of' future times/. it ^wtll
be found that Watson, Pocock, Adams, and- Monro, de-
served well df the company ; bbt that Clivb waa its pre*
s^r^er, knd the principal audior 6f 4tr greatness; -
After lord Clivers last return from India, be was ^mad^,
^in 1769^ one of the knigfats companifms of the hbble drder
of thfibatb. I ^ I:
' Though fan exploits will excite the admiratioti, ^and^iie*
'ceive the^laaditsof postieifQr^ yetin his Ulbttme the same
ihgt^kQde \^as shewn him, whit;h the gratesft men^ : in: all
ages and cduntries, have expi^ieneed; for, on th^pr^*
tence ^* that alt acquititions made under the inflnenoeof a
military force, or by treaty with foreign' -powers, do -of
rijght beloft^ to the stafte,*' a party in' the* house: of coid-
mons, countenanced by -tfae^ ministei^ attempted to rain
both bis fortune and hisfiime. A motion was tbadeiodbis
'"^Mse^ably, on the 2 1st of February^ 177S, torresolve,.tbat9
•^ iii the acquisition of Ms wealth, lord Clive badr abused
the pOi««rs'with which he was entDusted^V The spebch^e
made on the occasion concluded with the Mlowtng wocjs :
'^If the resokrtion propdsed should receive <t^ assent of
{the house, ^ I shall faavia nothing left that I isari caU tnym^n,
escept my paternal fortune of 5002» la y«ar ;: and wlmfa bas
beeh in the family for a^es.past. But upon: this'i^iim
^ «dn%^t' to live $ and perhaps I shall find more^realeontent
Of mifid -and happiness tfaau in the trembling aAumieeiof
an efiUMtied fortune. Sut to-be caUed, after AxtseaEi^yeara
have eldps^d, to aceouni for my condmt.in thtsioiamittr;
ai!id aft^ran uninterruiA^ enjoyiDeat.off my property*: it»
be qtiesticfiri^d, -laod centered a$ .obtaining' ii; :uhwar«
- rantafoty, is hard'itf)cteed!> and.a 'treatmeDfi.of^'yf^ t
•'
C L I Y S. MS
^Mwld liot think tke British- senate ,oikpiJI))e; 'Yet if this
should be the case, I have a contcious: Jnoocence within
moi which tells me ^^ that my conduct 13. irreproachable. —
Frangas nonfleptes.^^They may take from me wjiat I have;
they may, sc& they think, make me poor, but I will be happy*
Before i sk down^ I have one request to mak^ tQ the house,
that when they come, to decide upon my honoufi they, will
-not forget their own*'* . Xhe house of commons rejected
::<ibe: iliotion,^ and resolved,^/ ihat lord Clivehad rendered
vgteat, and meri^orimisi services to bis countryi" , ^
"■* When the' dtspuies between Great Britain and her co]e<*
' flies. haad; arisen to such a. height that they were not likely
to be tevminaijed . any Qther way than by open hostilities,
Qvertaii^es were made :to. lord CUvetOi accept of the chief
- eomni^Hid in Ameiioa: ;.- bnt he ile^dined tbe proposal, on
' ae^onnt of the ill state of his health, and from a conscious-
ness that the vigour of his mia^d was not equal, ^o what-it
bad befoce hee^i.
< ^Lcard CliTe\nte.<Diie of the feMcmj^n whose conduct was
always directed by the dictates of his own mind, and whose
deeisions were therefore secret < like the first of the .Cse-»
^ sais,'' die taleacs of other mesii could add nodding m the
«^ i^cb'Ofi hi^ "gpenius, or the cpier^ctue^xof his jij^gment^
t.^rd Chatham eoifahatioaUy. called Mm a heaveurborn ge-
>- nei^ J as, without experience, orlieing versed in military
affairs, be sorporBsedaU the oificeis of. his time*. . In parliar
ment, he repreaented, from the .yeas 17i^, to hi$ d^cej^se,
' the ancient Jbomugfa^ixf^fihrewribur^, ;tbe chief town of the
oDuntyjwheireim^ibe^wasiiomi... The. interest which he to^k
. idithe disputatipos of «thia assembly, was seldom* sa)Sici^t
t^Oidad^i^ htm td speak ; but whe^ the. att^ 4ipon his
^'i:dbduct bad called ta«o; astioa the powers of his. mind,. bi&
^^toqfuei^ev.waflfr sneh.as has not bei^; often surp^sed* >
w v!;Ehesevi^re>iUness udthwhieh lord €Uve was attaqked,
: idforitfg Ju» fiist tetedenoe iii the,£aat, Indies, gave an injary
w tb ifais/eonimtiitio^ which was neverfuUy repaired ; and his
: jhekltifr'was f^ther^weakeqed^by bir successive. vi$its to the
- ulHKholesome aiiniateax>£ tfiatxaduntry. . Henee it; was that
' fae> btoasise ^subject at timea to> a depression of spii^its» Uis
' ardeatandact'nremiiid^ when not called into exertion by
-^ome great occasion, frequently preyed upon itsejl In the
^ lattser part o£ his lifo>^ haying noting pequliarly important
'■ and interesting to engage his attadtion, and his body grow-
^ iiig itoore and more infirih^ th^ depression increased; and
4«6 C L I V E.
to this was owing his decease, by his own hand^ on the 2*2<J
of November, 1774,, not long after he had entered into the
50th year of his age. He was interred at Moreton-Say^
the parish in which he was born. In the various relations
of private. life, lord Clive was highly beloved and esteemed ;
for he was a man of the kindest affections, and of every
§ociaI virtue. His secret charities were niimerous and ex-
tensive ; but the present he made of seventy thousand
pounds, as a provision for the fhvalids of the company**
service, was the noblest donation of its kind that ever came
from a private individual. His person was of the largest
of the middle size ; his countenance inclined ta sadness ;
and the heaviness of his brow imparted an unpleasing ex^
pression to his features. It was a heaviiiess that arose not
from the prevalence of the unsocial passions (for of these
few men had a smaller share), but from a natural fullness^
in the flesh above the eye-lid. His words were few ; and
his manner, among strangers, was reserved'; yet it won
the confidence of men, and gained admissfou to t^ie h^ar^t.
Among his intimate friends he had great pleasantness and
jocularity, and on som^ occasions was too open. In Fe-
bruary 1 753, immediately before lie embarked for Eligland,
he married Margaret, daii'ghter of tedmiirid Maskelyne,
esq. of Furton in Wiltshire, and sister to the rev. Dr. Nevil
Maskelyhe, the late astronomer r<jyal. By this lady he had
Edward, the present lord Clive, born March 7, 1754;
Kebecca, horn September 15, 17^0; Charlotte, born
January 15,. 17.6^5 Margaret, bprn August 15, 1763; and
Kobej-t, bora August 31,' 1769,^
"'^ CLIVE (Cajherinf.), an actress of great merit, whosi^
maiden name was Raftor, was born in 1711, and shewed^^
very Cfirly inclination ^hd genius for the stage. Being
recpmmetided to Cibber, he immediately engaged her
at a small salary, and she made her first appearance
on the stage in boy^s clothesj^ in the ' character of is*
menes, the page of Ziphores; in the play of *rMitliri-
dates,'* at Drurv-lan^ theatrie. Continuing to improve, in
her prbfessiqn, sn^ added both to her salary and her fame.
7iV/173i her perforpiapce of Nell in the **l)evil to pay,^
fixed her reputation as the greatest performer of her time
In tKat species of character, in which for tnore thati thirty
years she remained wiifabut" a rival. In the iiext year,
I Bipfi Btit..
* I *
. C t- I V E.-. . 487
i732, sh^ united herself in marriage; with George Clive, a
gentleman of the lav^^ and brother to baron Clive ; an
union which was not productive of happiness to either
party. They soon agreed to separate, and for the rest of
their lives had no intercourse together. Mr. Clive, if W9
mistake not, died at Bath in 1780, but we doubt whether
he was brother to the baron of the exchequer, as above
mentioned. In 1768, Mrs. Clivers intimate friend Mrs..
JPritchard quitted the stage ; and the succeeding-year she
determined to follow her example; but certainly might
have continued several years longer to delight the public
in^various characters adapted to her figure and time of lifen.
as to the last she was admirable and unrivalled. From this
time Mrs. Clive retired to a small but elegant house near
Strawberry-hill, Twickenham, where she passed the. rie-
mainder of her life in ease and independence, respected,
by the world, and beloved by a circle of friends j; at which,
place, after a short illness, she departed this life. Decern*
ber 6, 1785. A more extensive walk in comedy than tbai^
<]/f Mrs. Clive^cannot be imagined; the chambermaid, in
every varied shape which art or nature could lend herj|
characters of whim ^nd affectation, from the high-bred lady
Fanciful^ to the vulgar Mrs. Heidelberg ; country girls^
romps, hoydens,, and dowdies ; superannuated beauties,
viragoes, and humourists. . To a strong and pleasing voice,
with an ear for music, she added all the sprightly actioa
requisite to a number of parts in ballad farces. Her a^irtl^
)vas so genuine, that whether it was restrained to the arch
sneei' and the suppressed half-laUgh, Widened to the broad
grin^ or extended to the downright honest burst of loud
laughter, the audience was sure to accompany her. Mrs«
Clive, in private life, was so far above censure, that her
conduct in every relation of it was not only laudable but
exemplary. * For her benefits she introduced some trifling
pieces on the stage, written by herself or her friends, bu,(
of DO great merit. *
' CLOPINEL. See MEUN.
' OLOSTERMAN (John), a painter who pr^ctiseij his
art in England, was born at Osnaburgh in 1656, and with
his countryman,, one Tibureh, went tpJ^JVCi'^in 1679, where
he worked for De Troye. In 1681, they came to England,
knd Closterman at first painted draperies ibir Riley ; and
1 Biog. Dram.— Dayies's Life of Garrick^ toI. II.
♦8» C L O -8 T fc R il A N. '
ufttmnfAi they paihted in conjurrction, Riley still exe-
cuting most of t%e beads. On his death Closterman
finished several of his pictures, which recommended hioi
to the duke of Someirset,^ who had employed Riley. He *
painted the duke*s children, but lost his lavoar on a dis-
pute about a picture of Guercino, which he had bought for
bis grace, and which was afterwards purchased by lord
Hali^x/ Clostermanj however, did not W^wt business. He
drew Gibbons the carver and' Ms wife in one piece, which'
pleased, and there is a mezzotinto from it. He was even
set in competition with sir Godfrey Kneller, and there is
a story, not very credible, that sir Godfi'ey refused to paint
a picture' with him for a wager.' Closterman painted the
duke and duchess 6rRferiborough add all their cHiIdreh in
one picture, aiid the duke on horseback ; on which subject/
however, he had so many disputes with the duchess, that
iftednke said; *^It has given me more trouble to reconciler
my wife and you, than to fight a battle.*^ ' Closterman,'
vi^bo sought reputation, went by invitation to Spain in
1696; where he drew the king and queen, and from whence
he wrote several letters on the pictures in that country to
Mr. Richard Graham. 'He also Went twice to Italy, and
brought over several' good pictures. The whole length of
queen Anne in Guildhall is by him, and another at Chats-
irorth of the fil-stduke of Hutland ; and in Painters'-hall, a
portrait of Mt« Saunders. Elsum has beistowed an epigram
on his portrait of Dryden ; yet Closterman was a very mo-
derate perforimer : his colouring strong, but heavy; and
Jlis pictures without any idea of grace.' Yet he might have
cnjdyed v^y affluent' circumstances, had he not shewn 'k
fbblish and infaluiited' fondness (as Houbraken tells u^) for
a girl that he kept in hi6 house. Th'&t insidious ybuiig
woman, \tiio had peirsu'aded him' that ^he-was entirely tfi-
tached to his per^oh ttrid interest, watched a plfoper dpboir-
tunity, and robbeld trim of 'aH Ms money, plate, jewels^ aiid
^ every costly moveable, iihdiled out 6f the' kirigddfti:'' So
sudden and «o imexpeeted a misfortune, n^ainst wKich Ite
was totally unpre|)ared, affectfed Cltisterm'ah so viofently,
that he pined away bi#' Ittfe ; not long surviving the* Ibis' of
his eftectSy atid the itifidelity of his mistress, which erlen
^impaired bis understanding. He died ifi i713> and was
buried in Covent-g&rdeti churchyard. * -^ * * * * •
t Lord Orfo(d'j W9rlLi.r^i1ki«igt0*.
CLOVER. 4W
.CJLOV£Il (JotEPfl)y M iiigenibiis proft^spr of tha veto*
rip»ry art, was botn at Norwich, Aug. 12, 1725. His fa*
tbf^r was a blacksmitby in bumble life, aod could only affoiyi
to allow bis son a sbort time for instruction, i» the ele-
ments. o£ ceadingv writing, and aviibmetic. He was taken
from scftooi befin:^ be bad made otpc^i progress in his edu«
cauoa ; and wben< i|0 was seventeen years old, he was
oUt^d, by the rdoath of his father, to carry on the busi-^
i|e«s &r the benefit of bis inotiber and ber familj^ wbidi
Gooaistedof four children* ^ About the year 1750, be was
^t.noticed by Dr. Kirwan Wrig|sit, an eminent physieian,
and a,maaof learning, who encouraged him to direct his mind
tp< tlie iaiiFestigatian and treatmeait df the diseases of horses.
7o this pursuit-liejdevoljed hi&attentiQn with great zeal and
success* ,Thiaough the sarae.friead he was induced to ac«^
quipse a knowledge of the Latin aind French languages, iur
9ixfer to make himself acjquainted wi th the best authors on
farfieryaud medicine, but particularly Vegetius^ aud La
fosse*: His «Latin teacher was a Mr> Pagan, under whose
milion be4nade a rapid progress : and in French he in<«'
sisructed himsielf with^nt^ the help of any mastei:.^ He was
i]|i2cb assisted iii-.^bis Latin iM^udifs by acting as an ama«
ttuensls, and sqiiieiaines reading Latin books, to Or. Wrigb^
who had the misfoir^ne to be deprivi&d of his sight. During
jthis time he was a bard worker as well as a hard student.
,He used to work at the forge, the regular hours> from six
Q^'clock in the morning until eigbt.at night, and then.fre*-
jquently gpt v^^dy tl&e nails reqeiNte rfik: bis men the next
<day; ^ To hi^ iabiours af^^^blacksnii^, a veterinary prao-
^ti^oaer, a student ^f Latin and French, he added others,
^ a>student of, mathematics. He became a member of a
.j^lcieJl^' established in Norwich, among men pf original
\|]^ttds and sn^U incomes, for improvement in n\athematK:s
and experimental philosopby,^ under the direction of Mr.
yS^ifir Bilby. .Here be^ assq^ialed wit^ John Fransbam,
, with Mr* Arder^on, • F.-R. i^. a friend and correspondent of
,^aker^^ whose inquiries ^vith the microscope excited gene-
ffX interest at that time^ and with other working and think-
, ing.opien* IVfr. Clover bad a greftter quickness of appre-*
b^^sion. and eicoeUed Fransbian in mathematics ; but the
iattfr bad> npad^ a greater, proficiency in the classics, and
was dierefove qnalified to become his master* After bis
return from his eccentric excursion to Newcastle, Mr.
Clover emptaj«d Fransbam iiccasiohally to ride the horses
490 CLOVE R..
hooie after tbey were sbod, and^wbUsi; the iron was hbatiog^
they iised botb.tprbe employed ia Laiini exerciies and nia^i
tibemattcal problems^ worked upon a ^tate hung agsunst the
forge. Thus, the tutor assisted in all the ktboars of bir
pupily and, after correctiog anexercisay or discussiog the
properties of a circle, heeakrned bis frugal meal by ofm-^^
ductiag home the horses wbieh hts.ptipilhad shod. Nato)^
ral philosophy, natural history, and botany, engaged iiiiich^
of this little Bilbean society's, atteotion* , Mr. Oiover^-
moDstrated at several of their meetings dbe origin and .pro«^
gress of the hots found in the stomach and intestines 06
horses, so early as 1753. He discoArered . the flpanner in
which the larvss of these inueatii^ fa^innf efmj »m amveyed'
from the Qoat of the horse, udiere. tbey afe deposited byitbe:
fly, into the aoimal's stocai^h ; and heiUustrated, by many*
experiments, the whole prQgres^. of their transforma^ioD^-
which has bemi since so weil. described iby Mr* fi. Clarke,'
in the Linnean Tmi&actiosis ibr 171^6. In 417 6i», Mr.^^^cH?
ver's reputation had increased so inuch.tbait.he relinquisbed
working at the forge, and deMOled himself wholly to the^
veterinary .art. In tbishe wad assisted by the most ei^inenr
medical practitioners o£ those day s^.parfeicukrly Mti Goocbj'
who has inserted in< tbe second vc^ime. of bis' sargioi^
cases, a letter from Mr, Clover, giving^ja descriptiou and-
a drawing of an ingenioas machine invented by h«».for the
cure of ruptured tendons aud fractured 4ega ia tborses. ^ For
manyy^ars Mr, Ctovet; was .set^rely/afflickrd with ^ddi^
ness and pain in his head,4iwhi^ .obliged him. to deoHner
business in 178 it Ha cootmued^ bowev<ii3, to ibtek«s(^
himself in every improvement that: was made, aad. alwayst
took delight jri recounting Jtbe results. ofJais extensive eic^
perience. ' One of his giaeatest ;afnusementst;s^$ to talk
with those who studied pbysie .and.surgery ^ and lie oon«r
tkiued to cead the new medical puhlicatAODSiaad todeb'vep
short private lect]Mres oa the theory and pnatstice ofi tfaei
healing art, with a lively interest^, until the very Hlay>of hi*
death. . It is to .be regretted i thatiie oever couldv* be prew
vailed upon to.eKtend the usefulness ofibis^koQwledge and
experience in the diseases iof .animals, nby>aogr. publication
of his observations ; but be felt a.diffideuoe iaadfastidious-
ness in writing that could never beovercome^ thovgli'his
readiness to cooupiunicate. iuforq^ationiWias u«iiversally acf
kQOwledged. The latter end of his life was cheered by the
amusement of gardeni'ng} 4n which: be ei^celied* He
CLOVER* 491
ipMrked the graduaHeci^y of his bodily organs with perfect
tranquillity and <;omposure, and watched bis decliniDg pulse
when he expired Feb. 19, lail, in the eighty-sixth year
of his age. With an understancKng vigcirous and acute>
and a. power of discrtmiQation and ctiscernment peculiair.to
himself) Mr. Clover possessed the external advantage of a
stsong muscular frame of body, which was tall and well
proportioned. *
' CLOVIO (Julius), justly celebrated for his astonishing
miniauires and. illuminations in missals and other religious
books, was born in Scla?onia in the year 1498. He was
originally educated for the church, and took orders, but
wnis afterwards suffered to relinquish the sacerdotal habit
by«a dispensation from the pope. Soon a&er the age of
eighteen, his love of painting prompted him to travel to
liome, where he was taken into the service of the cardinal
Qamani, byVhom he was, fov the space of three years,
emEpIoyed in making careful pen-^drawings from the finest
ihedais* He afterwards became the scholar of Julio Ro-
iBano, and made considerable advancement in oiUpaintiug;
but his master, perceiving the extraordinary talent which
hd evinced for miaiature, s^ifcoeeded in persuading him to
aipply himself* entirety to that braxich of the art^ and it
may with justice -be said, that #e owe to the sagacity of
Julio Romano, and the unexampled assiduity of Clovio^
the most exquisite ant) delicately finished ^rformances ol:
thail kind in the known world ; since he not only far sur-^
piassed all who went before him, but to this day stands an-
rivaUed^ by aU those who have since attempted to walk in
his footsteps. In addition to the instruction which our
artist received from the favourite scholar of Raffa^le, he
derived great benefit from the works of Buonarotti, many
of which he copied in a most beautiful u\d finished man^^
ner; and be afterwards reaped great advantage , from the
friendship and experience of Girolamo d^^Libri, a minia-
ture painter of great note at Verona/, the result, of all these
studies was a style of drawing, partaking of the purity of
the Roman, and the grtodeur of the Florentine school^
'united,, not} unfrequendy^ to the rich colouring of Titian or
^be fimbient hue of Correggio.
: Among the suprisiiig labours of Clovio, described by
Vasari, that writer particularly dwells upon an *^ ufiicio
» G«iit^fji^.voi.xxxxi. p«nii.
iJ^s C L O V Id
delhi madonna,** painted for ulie cardinal Firnese. lir this
work many portraits wer6 iiftroduced, ' and the fifgnnsfs,
though in some cases no longer tban so many ants; weris
represented with as mnch distidctness in alt their parts,^ a^
if they had beeti drawn the size of tife. A beautiful ixiiss^,
illuminated by Clovio/ fortnerly belonging to Alexandtelr
Champernoun, esq. is now in the possessidn of tbeTowtilejr
family. : Several prints from the Works of this ma^t^f^
are cited by Heinecken. He died aged 80, in^ the year
15T8.*
^ CLOWES (Wiluim)^ an eminent surgeon, of whom
'little is known, except what catt be collected frdm his
works, flourished in the time of queen kKzabeth, and was
fDr some time a navy surgeon, serving on board one of the
queen^s ships^ called the' Aid, when the emperor's daugh-
ter married Philip H. king of Spain, in 1570r . He returned
home, and resided several years at London, where he ac-
quired great reputation,, as may be inferred frorii his having
Tbeen several years surgeon of St. Bartholomew's • aii^
# Christ's hospitals, before he was sent for by letters frirm
the earl of Leicester, general of the English forces in*the
L6w Countries, to take upon him the care of the sick and
wounded in 1686. He was surgeon to her majesty, ami
mentions his having served with Bisinister under the eatrif
Warwick ; and also speaks in another place of having been
■a retainer to terd Abergavenny. He seems to have bee^
lit fuU praetice abotit l-^Se, the date of his lastpubliratSoi^,
a' treatise on the' venfereal disease, reprinted in 1637 ; and
he lanients the frequency of this disorder' in Bngltirtd ; ftf
wMch he gives this proof, that in th* space of five y^afs
he had cured upwards of a thousand venereal ^attielit'i in
Bt. Bartholomew's hospital. ,His most capital performaiic^
is his approved Practice for all young chfrurgeons,- I&9'f,
"re-^primed in 1596 and 1637. He is a strong aftlvodftfe
fbr writing^ medical chirurgital books in the vernacular lafi-
'guage, and his pra^ctice/wasr always ingenious, atid often
successful.* ' : ' --"
'•" CtUBfiE (John), rector of Wbatfidd, and vicar oPBe-
betiham, in Suffolk, \^as the son of the rev;X5eoVge CRibbi,
M. A. of Catherine-hall, Cambridge, and wa!rbdhi4n'l7iW,
He was admitted of King's-college, Cambridge/ By an
> PilkiogtOD.— Hees's Cvclopaedia.
9 AULm'sBio9rH»tiica^M«im<Mnr<tf^id««i»i>. -
C L U B BE. 4«?
uiHacky mistake of an uncle, wfio <Ud n<>t know until tob
late, tiiat his not proceeding from Eton school was a bar to
his proinotion in tjiat college. He left it^ therefore, after
taking his badhelor's degree, in 1725. At what time he
was presented to his livings, is not mentioned* He married
one of £>r. Jortiu^s daughters, by whom he had' a lat^6 fa^
mily . He bad the mis&rtune to lote his sight sojqae timb
before his death, March 2, 1773, but nerer his placid and
agreeable humour. His publications, besides a^ ^YUgle
'<< Sertnon*' before the incorporated Society ^r the Keltef
of Clei^ymen's Widows and Orphans^at Ip6^ob, 1751^
are, I. " The History and Antiquities of the ancient villa
of Wheatfield, in the county of Suffolk,'* 1758; an ad-
jpin^ble piece of ir6ny bt the expence of modern antiqua-
^ries^ which w^ reprinted by Dodstey In the second volume
of his " Fugitive Pieces.*' 2. " Pbp**>g^^^y* b^ing *
sketch of a larger work upon the same plan, wherein the
different tempers, passions, and manners of men^ Wil) t»e
t|>articuiarly considered/' 3. ** A Letter of free edvi6e
to a young Clergyman," 1763. V .
; CLUSIUS. SeeECLUSE. ^ .
J CLUVERIUS (Phiup), orCtirViEft), a celebrated gee-
:jgrapher, was born of an ancient and noble fam^ily at
«l>antzic, in 1^80, and educated by bis father with a great
deal of care, and sent to Leyden to study the civil law. Biit
Ciuver had no ioclination for law, and his.genius inclining
him early to the love of geography ^ Joseph Spaiiger js said to
have advised him to make that bi_s particular vStiidv,. aiid
.not to do violence to his inclinations any longen. iThis ac(-
, vice was followed,, upon which Ciuver presently s^ef put .for
the Low Countries, . in order to take a.care/ul survey of
them; but passing through Brabant, for the sake of paying
a visit to Justus l«ipsius, he had the mi^rtune. to be rob«
.bed, which obliged him to return immediately to Leyden.
Meanwhile, his father, incensedby his deserting the study
ofxbe law, refused to furnish him with money, which drove
him to bear arms, as he afterwards did two year^-in Hut)-
'gary and Bohemia. It fasq>pened^at. that ume, that, the
bapon of Popel, wbq was his friend, wa& arrested by an
order from the emperor ; and thinking himself jeytr^mely
ill u»ed, he drew up a kind of- manifesto by way of .apology,
which he sent to Ciuver to translate into Latin. Thi;s
* Nichf h'8 Bowyer, Vol. ii,^-43oleVAiS Athens in Brit Muteim* "
49tf t O B D E N.
Ib 1748 he preached a sermon before the kiog at 8t.
James's^ entitled ^* A JPersuasive to Clbastity," w£^h was
not a virtue exeii]{dified at that time in the bigheat pteoe,
and be it said to have iost bis sitoation bf chaplain fay k.
Among bis works is bis *^ Concioad Clerum, xi cal. Mali,
1762,^* and three sermons preached after the noted oae
on << Chastity.'* The last time he preached before the
king was Dec. S, 1 7 5 1 . He resigned bis warrant for chap-
lain Not. 23y If 52^ after having delivered into bis ma-
jetty^s bands bis reasons in writing for so d4ing. His
income, be says, was but moderate (all his prefermeiils
together not exceeding 2501, per annum clear, which, lie
added, was as much as be desired, and more tbto
he deserved. This income, frugality and moderation
converted into plenty, and contentment into hjappines^} ;
but about this ti4ne be met ivfth losses amounting to above
2000/. which reduced his substance very low. In 176$,
Dr. Cobden lost bis wife ; whom be survived little mote
than two years, dying April 22, 17^4, ag€id more than
eighty. He appears to have been a good and conscien-
tious man, but with a mixture of oddity in bis ebat-acter
as well as style, and not so wholly free' from ambition as
he would make us believe. His poetical talents, M^i^
he was fond of exercising, are not of the first rate.' i
COCCAIO. See FOLENGO.
COCCEIUS (Henry), an eminent lawyer, was borti
March 25, 1644, at Bremen. He was professor of law lit
Heidelberg,. Utrecht, and Francfort on the Oder, whem
be died August 18, 1719, aged seventy-six^ leaving several
children. In 1670 the degree of LL. D. was conferred on
him by the university of Oxford, at the same time with
the prince of Orange, afterwards William HI. He was
employed m various affairs of importance, aad received
the dignity of baron of the empire from the emperot,
1713, as a reward for his services. He left several works
on the science be professed, among which are : '* Juris
publici prudentia,'* Francfort, 1695, 8vo; <^ Hypomue*-
mata Juris,'' 1698, 8vo, &c.'
COCCEIUS (Samuel), son to the preceding, was born
at Francfort on the Oder, towards the cl^se of the seven-
teenth century, and died in 1755. He rose by bis profound
^ Nichols's Bowyer.— Whiiton's Life. — Cole*8 MS Athens, io Brit. Mus.
* Mor«ri. — 0ict. Hist^-^Bibliotheque Qerman, where n a Ion; iccountof his
We. . ' "
re o c c E I u s. 491
kndwkdge of the ciTil kw, to the podt of minister of st^ite,
aail grand chancellor to the kite king of Pruasia.^ -Thiit
, royal philosopher entrusted the baron -Cocceius^th the
reform of the adminidtration of justioe thvooghout his do*
fiiinions. The *^ Frederician Code/* which this minister
eompiied in 1747, proved him worthy of the -choice of
his prince, and -as much a philosopher as himself Besidetf
this work, which is in S vols. Svo, the world is indebted
tO'baron Cocceius for a -Latin edition of ^^ Grotiua de jure
¥elli aa pacis/' more ample than any that had before -^p*
.peavedi printed 1755 at Lausanne, 5 vols. ^tOi The first
Folume, which serves as an introduction to the work, is by
.Cocceius the father. *
- COCCEIUS or COCK (John), was a famous Hebrew
professor at Bremen,^ where he was bom in 1603. In
1650 he was chosen to teach theology at Leyden, which
he did with great reputation, and died there 1669^ aged
sixty-six, les^ying a son. Cocceius wrote long, conraien-
taries on the Bible, and other works, which made much
ppis^e in Holland, and were printed at Amsterdam, 1701.^
>i6vols.foL In 1708 was published bis ** Opera Anec-
dota Theologica et Philologica,-* 5 vols, fol, His singular
^method of interpreting the. Holy Scriptures raised him op^
ponents in Voetius, Desmarets, and several other prO'*
testants ; but be had nevertheless, and has still, numerous
disciples in Hollandy who are called Cocceians, and be-*
*lieve, like him, and like many other divines in other coun«
txies» that there will be a visible reign of Christ upon earthy
by which that of antichrist shall be abolished; and that
duf^ng this reign, the Jews and all nations being converted^
the church should attain its highest glory. In explaining
^e Scriptures, be always looked beyond the literal meaning
;to. something that should wear the appearance of mystery.
He regarded the Old Testament as a perpetual reprer
seht^ion or mirror vf the history of Christ, and his church;
he maintained that' all the Jewish prophecies have a rela*
tion.to.Cbrist, and .that his miracles, actions, and siifFeringSj)
arid those'of his apostles, wei-e types of future events.*
COCCIO. See SABELLICUS.
COCCHI (Antjiony), of Flprehce, professor of physic
|Lt Pisa, afterwards of surgery and anatomy at Florence,
was born there in 1693, and died in 1758, at the age of
-*Dlct.«i«ti >- • MoNd.— Moth«in.
Vol. IX. K K
iH CO t C H t.
i{iiity»tw0; In Uie ^o^rie of his ^wr|q|ts be ^eeeme iim in*
lUnate fnMid of Newto8) Boier];iitave» md Dr. Meftd. The
tsiptrof made bim bin antiqiiary. He wm esteemed both
for hl» tbeoretieal and practical knowledge. He wrote :
It <* GreeoruBi Cbirqrgiei Libri ; Sorani «nqs de Frac«
tttraniiBi signii, Oribasii deo de Fraetis, et [Aixatis, e%
CoUeotione Nicety, Florent/' 1754, fol. 2. ^* Oratio de
U«n Artis Ana^omicfl?, Florent" lt36, 4io, 3. ^ Medi^
Wkm laudatio in Gymnasio Pisiv babka/' 1727, 4to^
spoken on opening a coiirae of lectnres at Pisa, wberd
he had been appointed professor, prior to bis returning
to Florence. 4. ** Del vitto Pythagorico," Flor. I743j
and 1750, 8vo. It has been several times reprinted;
and in 1762 translated into English. He wrote also *^ On
the Baths at Pisa, and Sopra Asclepiadea.^' This was
pubUshpd by his son, Raymond Cocctri, who succeeded
hia father as professor of anatomy, and physician to the
puhlie hospital at Florence.
Cocohi, the father, was invited to England by the earl
of Huntingdon, and passed three yeat^s in Londoa,> during
which he published an edition of ^'Xenophont. Fphesii
^Ephesiacorum Libri V. de Amoribos Antbise et Abrocoms^,'^
printed by Bowyer, 1726, 4to. The earl of Gorke, in
one of his letters to Mr. Duncombe, refH*esents Cocchi 9S
a man of most extensive learning, studious, politie, modeati
hsMnaae, and instructive. A very loog acoOixnt of him id
given in our authority.^
COCHIN (Hbnry), an eoiinent French lawyer, was
born at Paris June 10, 1687, and admitted a counsellor id
1706, in the grand council, where be acquired such repU'-
tation, that at the ag^ of thirty, he was looked upon as one
of the ablest canonists, and he now determined, with tiiie
advice of his friends and clients^ to plead in the parliament.*
He was heard idiere with universal applause,' and, from that
time till his death, there was scarce any affair of import**
ance at the palace but the public crowded to hear him, an^
returned convinced that M. Cochin possessed all the ei!4
traordinary talents which characterise a great orator. H^
^as consulted from every part of the kingdom, and neVer
ceased to serve the public by his assiduous and unremitted
labours. He died at , Paris, aft<Mr several attacks^ of aa
apop)exy> February 24, 1747, aged 60. His works w«r«
^ f»br<mi Vitse It^lorum.
C O C! H I li 4»
piibli^edat^ Paris, X751), aod the following year, 6 yob.
4to> with in^ life. These, however, have aot preserved
hii& reputaUQi^ uDxUminished ; ai^d M. la.CreteUe, in 3 long'
article on them in the French Mercure for April 17B3f
jcoiidludes wkh as^rting that Cochin was an advocate of
great merii^ but a genius of the second order., Tbtssen^
tence^. however, s^ems in some mea^ure to proceed froul
ftqi oj^nion. that no man can be a genius who does not introf
duce novelties in his professioii. France has unfortunately
i^bouuded of late years in such geniuses. ^
. COCHJN (Chael£S Nicholas), a famous French eot
graver, was born in 1688, and received into the rojral aca^
qemy of Paris in 1731. His works are full of spirit, cor-*
)reqtness, and harmony. The principal are from the paints
ings of the invalids, which employed him full ten years.
jie painted also Rebecca, St. Basil ; the Origin of Fire, from
Le Moine, Jacob and Laban, from Restout, The vU-»
lage Wedding, af^er Watteau, and the prints for the Lu**
j^in^ besides many upon the occasion, of the dauphin's
marriage^ and the general collection of the gallevy of Ver-*
failles. He died in 1754.
^ COCHIN (Charlbs Nicholas), son of the pxecediog
artist, was born at Paris in 1715, and, assisted by the ivt*
fttructions of his father, and his mother Louise JMbtdel^ne
Hortemels, became an engraver of considerable celebriliy.
In 1749, he travelled to Ita^ with the marquis de Marigciy^
and after his return, was in 1752 made a member of the
royal academy of Paris, and, in the sequel, appointed secre-*
^»xy and historian to that society. In addition ta these
honours, be was made a knight of the order of St. Michael^
and keeper of the king's drawings. Of fai^ works, tbe»
extremely aumerous,, Mr. Jombert published a catalo|;\io
ill 1770. He died April 2^, 1790, after having published
«ome works connected with his profession, as, 1. <^ Lettres
sur les Peiutignes d'Herculaneum," 1751, 12mo. 2. ^<Bis«
aertatipn syr I'^ffet de la lumiere et dea ombres, relative-
inent a la peinture," 1757, 12mo. 8. " Voyage d'ltalie^
oil Recueil d' observations sur les ouvrages d'architecturey
4^ peinture, et d^ sculpture, que I'on voit dans les prinpi-*
wi\e^ viUes d'ltalie," Lausanne, 1773, 3 vols. 8vo. 4. ** Les.
Mysotecbuiques aux: enfers," 1763, 12mo. 5. ^^ Lettrea
sur Igs Vies de Slodz et de Deshays," 1765, 12mo. 6«
' Moreri.— Diet Hist«
KK2
500 6 o c uiiJ.
** Projet d'ane salle de spectacle,^' 1765, I2mo. Cochitl
gave the design for the monument of the mareschal H*ilar^
court, executed by Piga), firhich is now in the French
museum. ^
COCHL^US (John), a native of Nuremberg, canon
of Breslau, was born in 1479, and became a bigotted ad-
herent to the Romun catholic religion, and disputed warmly
against Luther, Osiander, Bucer, Metancthon, Caivin, und
the other patriarchs of the reformation ; but he is too foU
of invective, everi by the confession of the catholics tfaem»-
selves. In 1539 he received from England a refutation by
Richard Morrison, D. D. of the tract he bad puiblishra
against the marriage of Henry VIIL He replied in a
publication bearing this title : ^^ The broom of Johannes
CochlsBUs for sweeping down the cobwebs of Morrison .\*
Morrison had reproached him with having been made caildn
of Mersberg on condition that he should write no more
against Luther, and for having forfeited his word, on be-
ing bought over by piomises from the pope. Cochldstrs
declares that he is not canon of Mersberg ; that prince
George of Saxony sent for him to Mentz, where h^ was
canon of St Victor, to give him a canonry in the cathedtal
of Misnia, in order to assist Jerom Emser in the defence
of the catholic faith; adding^ that it is so far from being
true that he had promised to write no m6re against Lutjkcff,
that in the preceding year he bad plibiisfaed no less than
six writings against htm. He defends what be bad written
against the divorce of Henry VHI. and boasts that Eras-
mus had approved his woi'k. The principal productions of
this author are : L ^' Historia Hussitarum/' folio ;a scarce
and^curious work, and one of his best performances d.
<fDe actis et scriptis Lutheri,*' 1549, folio. ^. '^ Speea^
Imn circa Missaro,^' 8va 4. ^' De vita* Theodorici regis
Ostrogothorum," Stockbolfn, 1699, 4to. 5. ^^Consitrnm
cardinalium anno 1538^'' 8vo* 6. ** De emendanda eccte-
sia,'' 1539, 8vo, very scarce. He died at Breslau, January
10,, 1552, at the age of 72.^
COCHRAN (WiLUAM), a Scotcb artist, was bom^ De^.
12^ 1738, at Strathaven in Clydesdale* Having earfy
shewn a geniCis in design, be was put as a scfaobiF to the
academy of painting in the college of Glasgow ia.a7$4,
t Diet Hist— -Strutt *■
^ Moreri.-»Duptm«-^Freheri Theatrum.— Saxii Ooomaiticon. »>-
C O C H R A N. 501
Uien chiefly under the intpection of those eminent prihters
Messrs, Robert and Andrew FouUs. After some time spent
there^ be went^to Italy about the end of 1761, where he
studied ibr five years, mostly at Rome, under the cele-
brated Mr. Gavin Hamilton ; since which time he followed
bis profession in Glasgow, with honour and advantage to
himself, a^d satisfaction to his friends. In portrait paint-^
Ing of a large size he excelled, and in miniature and other
ffizes he had great merit ; \^\s drawing was correct, and he
seldom failed of producing a most striking likeness. In
history, some pieces done by him are now in Glasgow,
.particularly *< Dsedalus and Icarus,'' ^< Diana and Endy-
mion^'' both essay pieces executed at Rome, that would do
credit to any pencil ; yet, from an unusual modesty and
diffidence, he never could be prevailed upon to put his
name to his works. ' A dutiful attachment to an aged mo-
ther and other relations fixed him in Glasgow: ambition
with him was no ruling passion, nor was he eager after
riches ; but a natural philanthropic disposition, and an
assiduity to please, were conspicuous traits of his character.
By permission of the lord provost and magistrates, iie was
buried in the choir of the cathedral church, where a neat
marble is erected to his memory, with this inscription:
^Mn memory of Mr. William Cochran, portrait painter in
Gla$;gow, who died October 23, 1785, aged 47 years. The
works of bis pencil and this marble bear record of an emi-
nent artist, and a virtuous man.*' ^
COCKAINE. SeeGOKAINE.
COCKBURN ^Catharine), a lady much distingnish^d
by her literary accomplishments, was born in London^
August 16, 1679, the daughter of captain David Trotter,
who was a native of Scotland, and a commander in the
Boyal navy, in the veign of king Charles the Second. Her
mother was Mrs. Sarah Ballenden, nearly related to the
'.noble lord of that name, knd to the illustrious families of
Maitland, duke of Lauderdale, and Drummond, earl of
Perth* . She had the misfortune to lose her father when
Very young ; an event which also reduced her mother to
narrow circumstances. In her childhood, she surprised a
company of her relations and (Viands with some extem-
porary verses, on an incident which had happened in the
street, and which excited her attention, ^y her own ap«
I From the last edition of this Dictionary.
pew C O C K B U Jl -K.
plication and diligence, without any instructor, sbe learned
to write, and also made herself mistress of the Frencb Ian*
guage ; but bad some assistance in the study of the Latio,
grammar and logic ; and of the latter she drew up an abs*
tract for her own use* She was educated in the protestant
religion, but having an early intimacy with several Rotnan
catholic families of distinction, she was led, when very^
young, to embrace the Romish communion, and continued'
in it for some years. . .
In 1693, when she was only fourteen years of age, she -
wrote some verses, and sent them to Mr. Bevit Uiggons,
'^ on his sickness and recovery from the smatUpox,'* and
was only in her seventeenth year when she produced a tra-^
gedy, entitled ^' Agnes de Castro','' which was acted witb
applause at the Theatre- Royal in 1695, and printed the folw
lowing year in 4to, without her name. The play is founded
upon a French novel of the same title, printed at Paris in
3688. In 1697, she addressed some verses to Mr. Con-'
greve on his "Mourning Bride ;*' which gave rise to- art
acquaintance between her and that celebrated writer. In'
1698, her tragedy, entitled ** Fatal Friendship," was per-
formed at the new theatsre in Lincoiu's*inn-tields, aiid '
printed the same year in 4to, with a dedication' to the
princess Anne of Denmark. This play was considered a^
(b^ mo$t perfect of h)er dramatic periFormances ; and it wasr
praised by Hughes and FarqiAar^. On the death of Bf r.
Dryden, in 1701, our poetess joined' with several" otbet» .
ladies, in paying a just tribute to his memory in verse.
Their performances were published together in that year,'
under the title of " The Nine Muses; or. Poems written'-
by so many Ladies, upon the death of the late famous' Jbhh :
I>ryden, esq.^' The same year she also brought upon thd'
stage a com^y, called '^ Love at a Loss; or, most votes^
«arry it,*' acted at the Theatre-Royal, 'and published iti"^*
<|aarto ; but on account of her absence from London wfail^^^
it was in the press, it was so incorrectly printed, that die
ipouLd gladly have suppressed the edition ; and many ye^fi'
after she revised it, with a view to a second perfbntfaitbe^
^ We are more ioclined to agree unmarried wbmen of that age are 6(pi<%^
with Dr. Beattie, that this tragedy monly supposed t« be.'* He refers'
cttght to have been sapprt^ssed. That the blame, however^ to '^' faer youth, '
critic adds, ** It does her no credit, and the licentiousnesa of the BigUsV*
and she^s her to hate'been at eighteen stage in the end of the last (seventeenth) ;
a greater adept in love matters than century." Forb«a'^ Life ofBeattie,
COCK BURN. 103
wbkh Aever took place. Soon after^ before the close of
the year 1701^ she produced another tragedy, called
'< The Unhappy Penitent^" which was performed at tb«
Theatre-^Royai in Drcrry-lane, abo printed in 4to. In th^'
ttiidst of this attention to poetry ana dramatic writing, ahd
spent mueh of her tisie in oi^taphysical studies. She wai$
a great admirer of ]Vfr» Lcpcke^s '^ Essay on Human Under-*
sMtandiog ;" and drew up a defence of that work, a^inst
S0mt remarks written by Dr< Thomas Buruet, master c^f the
Oharter^hoase* This was published in May 170(3, without
a name, lest the public should be prejudiced agaiust ii
nietapbysical treatise written by a woman. She also pro**
fessed herself to be desirous of concealing her name^ from.afi
vrawillingnefss to be kitown toMn Locke, under the ehftiMtet
of bis defender. But her name was not long concealed }
and Mn Locke desired his^ cousin, Mr. King, a^rw«irdb
lord chancdlor, to pay her a visit) and make her a pMitat
of boc^LS ; and apon her owning her performance, be wnHe
her a letter of acknowledgment^. She also received a
letter of thanks for this piece from Mrs. Burnet, the last
wife of the celebrated prelate of that name. It appeaan^
that it the latter end of 1701 1 she was some timd at Sali^
bory, on a visit to her relations in that city.
Mrs. Trotter still continued in the icoiximunion of tho
ohurch of Borne 5 and tiie sincerity of her attachment to it^
m all fts outward severities, obliged her to so strict an
oiH^rvance of its fasts, as proved extremely injuriaui^ to hot
healths This occasioned Dr. Denton Nicholas, aQ iag%^
Aious and learned physician of her acquaintance, to advise
h^ by a lertter^i dated October 1 9, 1 70», to Abate of thosti
rigours of abstinence to which she addicted herself; whieb
lie represeuted as tnsnpportable to a conititutiou natuiAlly
iuiirm ; and he desired her to.shew his letter to her friendb
and confessor for their satisfaction. What effect this ro«>
mpristnince had, we are not told.
Her friend Mr. Burnet continued to keep up a corre-*
^ondence with her duHng his travels ; and upon his arri*'
y^\ at the court of Berlin, where he was received witit great
't^ |o ber4efenc€ of Mr. Locke, Mrs. doctrines of Cbristiaoi^: ^nd s]|e
Trotter endeavoured to prove that there maintained, that it was of dangerous
was nothing in bis sentiments which consequence to assert, that the. dpc-
Ir^kened the evidences of i future state, trine of the immortsility of the soul de» .
St which' was inconsistent with the prin- pended oh its immateriality.
dbUs of tBoralitv, ot with any of the
504 C O C K B U R N.
tearks of respect by Sophia Charlotte, queen of Pruumy
daughter to the princess Sophia, he took au opportunity of
writing to that princess in such advantageous terms of Mrs.
Trotter, that her royal highness, in her answer to him from
Hanover, on the 29th of July, 1704, declared herself
^* charmed with the agreeable picture which he had drawn
of the new Scots Sappho, who seemed to deserve all the
great things which be had said of hen'' In 1704, Mrs.:
Trotter addressed some verses to the duke of Marlborougb».
upon his. return, from Grermany, after the battle of Blen«
heim'; and in 1706, after the battle of Ramillies, she also
addressed a second poem to the duke of Marlborough*
The same year, her tragedy called ^^ The Revolution of
Sweden,'' was acted at the queen's theatre in the Hay*
market, and printed at London in 4to. It is founded upcMi
the revolution in Sweden under Gustavus Erickson,
. She had now for some time begun to entertain doubts
concerning the Romish religion; which led her into a
jihorough examination of the grounds of it, by consulting^
the best books on both sides of the question, and coovers-
Ing with persons of the best judgment, both papists and
protectants, an^ongst her acquaintance* The result of her
inquiries was, a full conviction of the falseness of the pre-
teosiOns of the Romish church, and. a return to the com-
munion of the church of England, about the beginning q£
11^07; and she continued a firm protestant during the re-
mainder of her life* In the course of her inquiries,, the
great question concerning ^Va Guide in CoutrpverMes^'*
]was particularly discussed by her ; and two letters wbidi
the wrote on this subject, were published this year under
tbci following title: <' A Discourse concerning a Guide ia
Controversies, in two Letters : written to one of the church
of Romey by a person lately converted from that com-
munion.*'
A considerable part of the summer of 1707 was spent by
Mrs. Trotter at Ockham- Mills, near. Ripley, in the county
of Surrey. During her retirement there, Mr. Fenn, a
young clergynian of an excellent character, paid his ad-
dresses to her, but she had previously engaged in a cor-
respondence by letters with Mr. Cockburn ♦, which' ter-
* The father of this gentleman was to quit it,', on account of bis inflei^ible
Dr. Coclcbum, an eminent and learned adherence to the protestant. leli^y^n^
divine of Scotland, at first attached to then for some time minister of the epia-
tii«ooi»rtof8t.Qeroiain'i9 biitobiiged co|»al eb'urch III Aiuaterdami ^sAd «i
V
C O C K B U R N. Sas
minated in a marriage in the beginning of 1708. Mr.
Cockburn had taken orders in the church of England. but a
short time before his marriage ; and soon after that event,
he had the donative of Nayland in Suffolk, Mrhere for some
time they settled ; but Mr. Cockburn removed to London
to be curate of St. Dunstan's church in Fleet-street. In
iAm situation he remained till the accession of king GeoFge
the First, when, entertaining some doubts about taking the
4Mh of abjuration, he was obliged to quit his curacy, and
for ten or twelve years was reduced to great difficulties in
procuring subsistence for his family. During that period,
be was employed in instructing the youth of an academy in
Chancery-lane in the Latin tongue. But in 1726, by con-
sulting the lord chancellor King, and his own father, upon
the meaning and intent of the oath of abjuration, and by
reading some papers which were put into his hands upon
the subject, ho was at lengtb reconciled to taking it. In
consequence of this, being the following year invited to
be minister of the episcopal congregation at Aberdeen, he
qualiited himself conformably to the law ; and on the day
of' king George the Second's accesision, he preached there
a sermon on the duty and benefit of praying for the govern-
ment. This sermon was printed, and being animadverted
upon, he published a reply to the remarks on it, with some
papers relative to the oath of abjuration, which were much
commended. Soon after his settlement at Aberdeen, the
lord chancellor King presented him xo the living of Long-
HoT^eley, near Morpeth, in Northtimberland, in order lo
enable him the b^ter to support his family, and be tvas
permitted to remain at Aberdeen, till the negligence and
iU behaviour of the curates, whom he employed at Long-
r . , • , '
V
last collated to the rectory of Northall apd Religion," another very curiout
in Middlesex, by Dr. kobinson, bishop rolume entitled " The lltstory and Ex-
of London, at the recommendation of amination of Duels," 1720, 8vo, and
<. .queen Anne» whQ intimdM btn:forou9 sonoe tiiacts^on religious subjected He
of the bishops of our American Planta- died Nov. f20, 1729, and was buried in
tions, if the scheme of establishing the chancel at Northall.— Birch's Life
tbeoi had been executed^ He was a * of Mhu Oockburn« and Lysons's Envi-
, man of considerable learnio^, and pub* rons, vol. III. There wa« a contem-
lished, in the 'Weekly Miscellany, a^ porary, a t)r. Wtlliam Cockburn,' a
■ defence of prittie i^inistera, in 'the cha- physician} and attthfor of sonile medictl
^ ract^r of ,foseph^ ^^d^ Jike^wise wr^to, . tracMt pvobab^ a relation of Dr. John
a treatise on the Mosaic deluge, pub- Cockburn, who died in 1739. There
%> ^
60S C O C K B U R N.
Horseley obliged him to quit his staticMi at Aberde^s in
1737, whereby his income was considerably levieiitd.
Mrs. Cockburn, after her marriage, was almost eattrelj^
prerented from any application to her studies^ for woatnf
years, in consequence of her close Attention to the dutiea
of a wife and of a mother. To the drdinaty oarea of an
increasing faoiily, were added those resulting from tlitf
straitened circumstances of her hai^and ; so that she Imd
little time for reading. But in 1726, when she bad bfMi
Aarried about eighteen years, she pnblbbed, ** A Letter
to Dr. Holdswortb,'' in vindication of Mr. Lochd. Dr^
Holdswortb, who was a fellow of 8t< John's college ifi Oji«
ford, had preached a sermon before the ttnirersily, oa
John V. 28, 29, concerning the resurrection of the same
body. This sermon he afterwards printed in Stv^ pro^
Jbssing, in his title page, to examine and answer ^* the
Cttvils, false reasonings, atid false interpretations orf sertp-*
tare, of Mr. Locke, and others, against th« resorreeitiott
of the same body.'' Mrs. Cockbum remonsti^ed, in her
publication, against the manner in which Dr, Holdawordi
bad heated Mr. Locke : and inrged, that it cooM be of im^
' serrice to the charch, nor was it in any respect prttdsmt^
to take so mnch pains to rank Mr. Locke amongst here««
tics, and the worst enemies of Cbristianityt Dr. Holds*
worth, however, renewed the charge in his ** Defence of
the doctrine of the Resurrection of the same Body,*' 9to,
1727. To this Mrs. Cockburn wrote a reply, which she
entitled, ** A Vindication of Mr. Locke's Christian Princii*
pies, from the injurious impntations of Dr^ HcMswortk.*^
Bnt as she could meet with no bookseller who wonM tm^
dertake to print it at bis own hazard, it continued in ma*
nuscript, until printed in the edition of her works, by Dn
Birch.
In 1732, she wrote a poem on oiccasioR of ^^ the Busta
set up in the Queen's Hermitage,'* which was afterwards
printed in the Gentleman's .Magazine, for May 1737,
with some alterations, which she thought to its disadvan-
tage. About two years after, she wrote ^^ Remarks upon
Some writers in the controversy concerning the foundation
6f Moral Duty and Moral Obligation ; particularly the
translator of archbishop King's Origin of Moral Evil, and
the author of the Divine Legation of Moses : to which are
prefixed, some cursory thoughts on the cot^troversies con-
cerning necessary existence, the reality and infinity of
G O C K B a R Ni
•Of
sfMKie, ibe ekiensimi and place of •piritd^ mid on Sr«
Watu's iidlion of lubstanoe *«'' TbesK remarkt cdnttntied
» jmiimcript till tbe year 1743, when they were printed
m '^ The History of the Works of the Leatiaed.'* She bad
die miifartone thu year to lose a daughter } and it appears
also, that she had at this tkne a sea in G^enkiany, ih adflsa
efiee eoimected with tbe anny, and ^ho was afterwatda
ctes^ o€ tbe cheque at Chatham,
When Dr. Eiicberforth*s '« Essay on jfche Katar^e and Ob^^
ligations of Virtae^' appeared, it soon engaged tbe attefi<»
tiontof Mrs. Cockburn, who «mdertook to write a confdta**
tion of that elaborate discourse^ and transmitted her tnana-'
aofiptto Mr. Warburton, afterwards the eelebrsted bishop
of Ghnicester, ^o published it hi 1747, under the tide
of *^ Eetnarks upon the PrtHcipies and R^easoniogs of Dr^
Rsi^rforth's Essay on the Nature and Obligations of Virtue^
in .Tindication of the contrary principles and reasoniftg^
enforced in the writings of tbe kte Dr. Samuel Clarke.'^
Inihe preface to this cdnfetatioD of Dr. Rutherfortb, Mr*
Warhurton aaya, that ^* it contaifns all the clearness ef eit««
piiession, the strength of reason, the precision of logio^
and attachm^nC to tpadi, which makes books of this nature
reaily useful to the common cause of Tirtue at>d religton^**^
Tbe anerit of this performance, and the general reputation!
of her writings, at length induced ber friends ^ propose t^
her an edition of them by subscription, but ^be did tlot
liv.e to dischat^e tbe office of editor; which, in conse^
qtienee of ber deaths was afterwards undertaken by Dr*
Birah. She lest her husband on tbe 4th of Jan. 1748-9,
in the seventy^first year of his age ; and did not long sur«
vive the shock. She died on the llthof May, 1749, ift
hersev^enty^first year, after baling long supported a pain^
ful disorder, with tbe utmost patience and resignation.
Her memory and understanding continued unimpaired, till
* ,Mrs. Cockbam's name was not
prefixed or subjoioed to these remarks;
but ther were "inscribed, wkfa tbe
utiBOf t 4f forenpe* to Alexander Pope,
esq. by an admirer of his moral cha-
racter*'' She iiad conceived an high
VJeiMVAtion far Mm. ¥ope, and was de«
airous of being made known to himt
but seems to have known little of him,
aib tfvktfng his virtoes, she enumerates
his friendship ^r Patty Blount. It
•ppears by her remarks on the writers
coDcemisg the foundation of moralityy
that she maintained the opinion of Dr*
Samuel Clarke, that there ai^ etehial
and immutable relations, esseolial dif«
ferences of things^ and fitnesses re^
stilting from thetn, independently of
tbe will of God, whteb>are obligatt»vy
on all xeasonable being s, autetededtly^
to any positive appointmeiit;, or decla-
ration tf tfa«i #ill of God ODDcemini^
them* ' ' ' \
■<'■ .
50t C O C K B U R ^r.
within a few day^ of her death. She was intenred,
her husband and youngest daughter, at Loqg^Horseky^
with this short sentence on their tomb : '^ Let their works
praise them. in the gates/' Prov.,xxxi. 31.
In her younger years, Mrs. Cockburn was .much cde-
brated for her beauty, as well as for her genius and. other
accomplishments. She was small of stature^ but was dis*
tinguished by the unusual vivacity of her eyes, and the
delicacy of her complexion, which continued to her death.
In her private character .she appears to have been beneyo*
lent and . generous ; and remarkable for .the uncomrapo
evenness, and chearfulness of her temper. Her conversa^
tion was innocent, agreeable, and instructive: she ha4
not the least affectation of being thought a wit ; but W9f
9iGdest and diffident, and constantly endeavoured to adapt
her discourse to her company. Throughout the whole
course of her life, she seems to have been in very narrow
apd straitened circumstances ; and after her marriage sbs^
had little leisure for study, and was very ill provided with
books. But she endured the inconvenienqes of . her ^tua*
^on, with a patience ,^nd fortitude that were imly ex^m^
plary. It is justly observed by Dr. Birch, that " lier.abiri:
Kties as a writer, and the merit of her works, will DQt havfr
full justice done .them> without a due attention to the p^*
culiar circumstances in which they were produced; hea^
^arly youth, when she wrote some ; h^ very advanced
age, and ill state of health, when she drew up others; the
uneasy situation of her fortune, dur^g the whole ^;^r^
of her life ; and an interval of^nearly. twenty. year5,^iAtl^
vigpur of it, spent ia the cares of a family, withojui.tjbe
lje.ast leisure for. reading or contemplation. ..After .which^
with a inind so long diverted and encumbered, resuming
her studiesi,. she instantly recovered itS: entire powers, ana
in ^he hours of rela>t.a]tion from her domestic employ menk^
pursued, to their utmost limits, some of the deepest j|if
quiries of which the human mind is capable'* It was in
1751, that her works were published by Dr. Birch, 2 vols^
Svo, under the following title : ** The Works of Mrs. Ca^
therine Cockburn, theological, moral, dramatic, andpoe<*
tlcal.'^ None of her dramatic pieces were included in tluf
collection, excepting " The Fatal Friendship,'* it being
found, that all her writings could not be comprised in the
two volumes proposed to be printed for those who had suo*
scribed for her works. Besides the other pieces already
C O C K BURN. SXft
tnentioned in the course of this account of hfer life, DV.
Bii%h*s coliection contains, a letter of adrice to her son ';
letters bettveen Dr. Sharp, archdeacon of Northumber-
land, and prebendary of Durham, and Mrs. Cockbttrn,
concerning the foundation of moral virtue ; letters between
Mrs. Cockbum and several of her friends ; and some short
Assays in prose, with several songs, and other poems. * >
COCKBURN (Patrick), professor of the Oriental Ian-
^ages at Paris, was a son of the family of Langton in the
Merse, and educated at St. Andrew's, Scotland, where he
studied the belles lettres, philosophy, the Oriental lan^
guages, and philosophy. After taking holy orders, he
went to the university of Paris, where he taught the
Oriental languages for several years with great applause;
in 1551, he published a book on the usefulness and ex-
cellency of the word of Gtod, " Oratio de utilitate et er-
eellentia Verbi Dei," Paris, 1551, 8vo; and next year
ianotber on the style of the holy Scriptures, <* De vulgari
Sacr® Scripturae phrasi,'* Paris, 1552, 8vo, which two
brought him under the suspicion of favouring the opinions
of the reformers, and rendered it necessary for him to leave
Paris. The suspicion was fully confirmed when he returned
home, and embraced the doctrines of s the reformation;
He taught the languages for some years at St. Andrew* s,
and in 1555, published there some pious meditations oit
the Lord's prayer, *^ In orationein dominicam pia medita-
tio,'* St. And. 1555, 12mo; and afterwards he was chosen
itiihister at Haddingdon, being the first protestant preacher
in that place. He died, far advanced in years, in 155d«
Dempster and Bale unite in considering him as one of the
greatest scholars and ablest divines of his age, and al a
reformer, attached to moderate measures. Besides his
published works, he left several manuscripts on subjects of
divinity, and some letters and orations, of which a treatise
on the " Apostles Creed,'* was published at London,,
15€l, 4to. »
COCKER (Edward), a name almost proverbial in the
schools of arithmetic, was a very ingenious penman and
engraver, and bom, probably in London, in 16Sl. H^
became deservedly reckoned among the improvers of the
arts of writing and arithmetic, having published no less
^ ,' Lilt bjr BiFoh.r-*Bios« Brit— Forbei's Life of Beattit.->-Cibter'l Lirei. '
• Mackenzie'9 Liyt», rol. IJLI«—- Tauaer.^Bale.
dllO C O C K E It
Atn fourtdei^ oopj-boob, efigntTed by hii4 bmi hnaA
Some of his caHigraphicaJ pieces^ wbi^ wete doai^ am
mUer plates, have a neatness and delieacy stqpteiQr te tlie
^reat. Mr Evelyn mentrons Cocker, Gery, Getbiog^ aoi
BiUingaley, a& comparable to the Ualian masters boih for
letters and flourishes. His Vulgar Arkhmefeie has beeat
ofteni printed, first in 1677, a fertieib edition in 172^ aad
often since. His Deeimal Arithasetic appeared iu:l696f
iNit has been less popular. He also compiled a SBiaUdie^
tionary, and a book of sentences for writing, .*caUeil
Cocker^tf Morals. He died in 1 677, and his two booka om
aritboietic were published from his MSS. after his deatb-'^r
CODINUS (Gjboage), one of the curopalates^ or .offi«
cers who had the care of the imperial palace of Gaatfaml
tinople, appears to have flourished in thelakter part of the
fifteenth century, and wtotjt «a tineatase ooncerniog thnt
origin of that city in the Qreek language, and another
concerning the officers of the palace, and .these. of. thm
great church in that city. The^e worka mre tfanahted
into the Latii^ by George Dousa and Fraocu Junius,^ mwL
printed in Gnaefc ai>d Latin at Paris, in 1 € 1 5. His Antt^
quities of ConstantiMple were published by Goar, ai tk^
xoyal press, in 1648, fol.^ v
, CODBINGTON (Chrisyovheb), a brare soldier andai
distinguished benefactor to AU Souls ccdlege, Oxford, waft
born at Barbadoes in 166^ and had part of his educati<i9r
in that island. He afterwards came over to England, and
was admitted a gentleman-conunoner of Christ^-churdi lei;
Oxford, 1685; where having taken a degree in art^ b%
was elected a probationer f^ow of. All Souls ccdlege ia;
1689. He became perfect, it is said, not only in lofpeji
history, and the ancient and modern languages, but likcHa
wise in poetry, physic, and divinity. Thus qualified, hit
went into the army, but without quitting his. fdlowship^(:
^d being a well-bred and ac^mpUshed gentleman, ' ant
well as a scholar, he soon recommended himself to ih^
favour of king William. He was made captain in the Smt
vegiment of foot guards, and seems to have been instvu^
Biental in driving the f rench out of the island of St. Gfaria*'
topher's, which they had seized at the breaking out of tbm
war between France and England : but it is more certain
* Mauey's Qrigia sad Frogrets of Letters, a prolix but MOMwlist mmnm
article. * Jforerir -'^ . ^
Q O D R I N G T O N. «t
lliat ha wag at the siege of Namur in 1695. Upon the
conclusion of tim peace of Ryswick, he was made icaptaia*
general and governor in chief of the Leeward Caribbee .
Islands, in which office he met with some trouble : for in
1701 several articles were exhibited against him to th9
house of commons in England, but be was honourably ae-^
quitted from all imputations. In 17Qa be was at the at^
taek upon Guadaloupe> belonging to th^ French, in which
W shewed great bravery, though that enterprise happened
to be unsuecessful. Some time after, be resigned his go**
inernaien^ of the Leeward islands, and led a studious and
retired life. For a few years before his death, he chieSy
a^pplied himself to church history and metaphysics ; and
Ub eulc^ist tells us, that ^^ if he excelled in any thing, it
was in metaphysical learning, of whibh he was perhs^ps the
jpreatest master in the world." He died in Barbadoes, April
7, l7Qi, and was buried there the day following; but fait
bi^y tras afterwards brought over to England, and interred^
June 19, 1716, in All Souls chapel, Oxford. Two Latia
orations to his memory were spoken there by two fellows ot
that college; one by Digby Cotes, M» A. the univer^ly
^f^tor^ at^his interment; the other the next day by Ed-
ward Young, LL. B. at the laying the foundation stone of
Ills library. Over his grave a black marble stone was soon
Hfl^ laid, with no other inscription on it but CoDRmo-
- By his laat will he bequeathed his two plantations in Bar*
badoes, and part of the island Barbuda, tp the society for
j^pagaling the gospel in foreign parts ; and left a noble
ll^gaey to All Souls college, of which he had been fellow.
Thia legacy consisted of his books, which were valued at
GQOOL and 10,000/. to b^ laid out; 6000iL in building a
Kbrary, and. 4000/. in furnishing it with books. He was
the author of some poems in the Muss^ Anglicansei, printed
a* London in 1741; and of a copy of verses inscribed ta
^* Samuel Garth upon bis ^* Dispensary,'^ of which two
liies have at least been uncommonly fortunate in having
lieeii adopted as the common-place compliment of aU
' Thou hast no faults, or I no feuks can spy,
' ' Thou art all beauty, or all blindness I.^
1 Bio;, Bdt.^ChaImers'8 History of Oxford.
512^ COD R' I N G f O N.
GODftlNGTON (Robert), a miscellaneous Writi^ itif^
translator of the seventeenth century, and fv6bMf^iitt\
ancestor of the preceding, was born of an ancient fariiily**
in Gloucestershire, in 1602, and educated at Oxfbi'd^*^
where he tvas elected demy of Magdalen college, in JtilyJ
1619, and completed his degree of M. A. in 1626; He*
then travelled, and on his return settled as a private 'gen-^
tlenian in Norfolk, where he married. Wbod ^avshe''
was always accounted a puritan. He' died of the plagtifr'*
in London, in 1665. His publications are : 1. " The &B^*
and Death of Robert earl of Essex," Lond. 1646^ 4to, iff ;
which, according to Wood, he shewed himself a ** ranlf
parliamentarian." 2. " A Collectionr of ProyeAs".^ S.'^
^ The Life of ^sop,*' prefixed to Barlow's edition of 4H#'-*
Fables, 1666, fol. %. A translation of Du Moulin '^'<>tt*-
the Knoyvledge of God," Lond. 16S4'. 4. ** Heptameron,
or the History of the Fortunate Lovers," ibid. 1654, SVo.;
The oViginal of this was written by Margaret de ValoSi^*
queen or Navarre. He published also tratislatiohs of 'Jt»titr,-
(^uintus Curtius, the cbtnedy of Ignoramts, arid th^^'ifSi^^
phecies of the German Prbphets, &c.'* ' ./^.' ou j^vy
" CGSCK (Petcr), called likewise P. Van Ae^st^ ifitjW^
ihe^laCe of his nativity, a town in Flanders; wali;' if ^i*?
ittay judge from the writers- who hive' spdkbn off 'Hitbj^^ii?
from the admirable prititslrfemfainitig^ftomliis diesign^,^bt^
of the greatest '|()ainters which either German jr or F1antSsi9
produced' iit his age.' After he had bee^ sbme tH!iftie*i&^'
.structedjn the school of Bernard bf'^Birq^els, he'w4?ht*^tttf
Rome to complete his^ttidied, aud'^bon^rdVed'hiiiisaf'W
excellent designer, and a bold^'and i^rtrited ^iahA^iiy^W
well iw fresco bj& in oil. At his return to his^^wn coufciry
he married, but ht^ \vife soon dying, he ohce^ mflW^Wtia
veiled, and at the solicitations of a merchant, a frtendi^^-Bl^
his, accompanied him to Cbristahtinople'tii l"S3 1 V Iftti^g^
stayed ^some tlrtie with the Turks, and iiirkwn sriftti^faS^
animated representattorrs of theft* custohi^knd-' cieT^i^iU^Sl^
which he afterwards cut itf'%ood,' be ohcte tkiore arr«5^ j(&
thiTplace of his nativity; and took a secontd wift?.^" Tchft%f8«
tfce latter part of ys life be witrte some excellenft^tyiJisi*
upon geometry, arcbitectute; and^pef^pective;"' Hii^pH?*
tures of history, as w^l as his portraits, -Were iwrfeh cfs*«
teemed* V He was made paititer to tfie emperdf Gfeiilei^V,.
^ Atlu' Ox. voir IL-^Bfog; Jh^ok,-
\f
C CE C K« 513
and died at Antwerp in 1550. After hi)B death, the prints
which he had made of Turkish costume were published by
his widow. This admirable work consists of seven large
pieces, which, when joined together, form a frieze, oi*
Tided into compartments by Cariatides; on a tablet in the
fir»t block is written in old French : ^< Les moeurs et fachom
de faire de Turcz, avecq les regions y appertenantes, ont
est au vif contrefaicetze par Pierre Cceck d'Alost, luy
estant en Turque, Fan de Jesu Christ mdxxxiii. lequel
aussy de sa main propre a pourtraict ces figures duysantes
a rimpression dy^celles ;** and on the last is this inscrip-
tion : " Marie ver hulst, vefue du diet Pierre d'Alost,
tres passe en Tan MoL. a faict imprimer les diet figures,
Boubz grace et privilege d*rimperiaUe majeste en Pan
Mcccccuii.'* These prints are very rare.'
COEFFETAU (Nicholas), a learned Dominican, and
bishop of* Dardania inpartibicSf was born at St. Calais on
the Maine, in 1574. He rose by his merits to the first
charges of his order, and died in 1623, after having been
named to the bishopric of Marseilles, by Lewis XIII. He
was eloquent in his sermons, and wrote with purity, con*
sidering the age. His principal pieces are a Roman his*
tory from Augustus to Constantine, folio, which was read
with pleasure in the seventeenth century. It was published
in 1647, fol. He translated Florus, and was chosen by
Henry IV. of France, at the recommendation of cardinal da
Perron, to answer the book which James I. of England had
published ; and at the instance of Gregory XV. be wrote
against Duplessis Mornay, and Marc. Anton, de Dominis,
archbishop of Spalatro : his answer to the latter was entitled
'^ Pro sacra monarchia ecclesias catholics^, &c. libri quatuor
Apologetic!, adversus Rempublicam M. A. de Dominis^
&c." Paris, 1623, 2 vols. fol. »
COEUR (James), an eminent French merchant, was
the richest subject in Europe in the fifteenth century.
He enjoyed an office of trust in the court of Charles VI L
of France, and his industry was of more service -to that
country, than tlie boasted bravery of a Dunois or a Maid
of Orleans. He had established the greatest trade that
had ever been carried on by any private subject in Europe;
and since his time Cosmo de Medicis is the only person
that equalled him. He bad 300 factors in Italy and the
1 Strutt— 6aTdiiiued.-*R«fs'f ^ydopadia, * MorerL
Vol. IX. L l
Sli C 0 E U R.
Levant He leot 200,000 crowns of gold to his roaster,
Charley VII. without which he never ctould have recovered
Normandy ; and therefore nothing can be a greater staia
to the annals of this reign, than the persecution of so use-
ful a man. After be had represented his prince in foreign
states, he was accused of having poisoned tlie beautinil
Agnes Sorel, Charleses mistress ; but this was without
foundation, and the real motive of his persecution is not
known* He was by tbe king^s order sent to prison^ and
the parliament tried him : all that they could prove against
bim was, that he had caused a Christian slave to be re-
stored to his Turkish master, whom this slave had robbed
and betrayed ; and that he had sold arms to the sultan of
Egypt For these two facts, one of which was lawful, and
the other meritorious, his estate .was confiscated, and he
was condemned to the amende hanorabley and to pay a fine
of 100,000 crowns. He found more virtue in his clerks
than in the courtiers who ruined him : the former contrb-
buted to relieve him under his misfortunes, and (Hie of
them particularly, who had married his niece, facilitated
his escape out of his confinement and out of France. He
went to Rome, where Calixtus III. filled tlie papal chair,
who gave him the command of part of a fleet which he had
equipped against the Turks. He died on his arrival at tbe
Isle of Chio, in 1456 ; therefore Mr. de Voltaire is mis*
taken in saying, in his '^ Essay on Universal History,*^ that
*^ he removed to Cyprus, where he continued to.carry on
his trade; but never had the courage to return to bis un-
grateful country, though strongly invited.'' Charles VIL
ajfterwards restored some part of Coeur^s property to hia
children.^ '-' .„r ,
COGGESHALLE (Ralph), a learned English moBk and
historian, lived, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. He
was of thev Cistercian order, and %vas esteemed a man of
uncommon knowledge for his time. The surname uiidee
which we here place this article, was given him from the
abbey over which he presided* The principal work of his
which is come down tp us, is a chronicle of tbe Holy Land ;
and. it is so much the more valuable, as he was an eye-wit**
ness of the facts he relates^ He was a^t Jerusalem^ and waa
even wounded there, during tbe siege of that city by Sa«
ladin. It is thought that he died in 1228. This chtonicle
was published in 1729, by tbe fathers Martenne and Du-
1 Moreri.— Diet Hiit
COGGESHALLE. Hi
rwd, ih tbe fifth voliifiie of the *' AmpHsiima coUectio
veteram script()ruin et monumentorHm/' &o. In this vo^
Itime are likewise two other works of the isame author ; the
first entitled '< Chronicod Anglicanum ab anno 1066 ad
#nntifn 1200;'^ and the second, << Libellti^ de motibus
Anglicanis sub Jofaanne rege.'' Some of his MSS. are in
our public libraries. ^
COHAUSEN (John Henry), a learned and ingenio^
]>liy8i6ian, was born at Hil^sheim, in Lower Saxoqfy, towards
the end of the seventeenth century. Being educated to th^
practice of medicine, after taking the degree of doctor, he
went to Mnnster, where he soon distinguished himself by
hts auperior skill and abilities. His wofks, which are nume-
TOUs, bear ample testimony to the vigour of his intellects, and
of his application to* letters. His last worit, *'Hemippus
Bedifivus,*^ in which he professes to shew the praetica*-
Wlity of prolonging the lives of dderly persons to 1 1 5 years,
by receiving the breath and transpirations of heahhy young
fiMi^Ies, was written, or nrst published, when he was in
Im afeventy-seventh year. This was translated into English,
add published, with additions afnd improvements, by the
late Dr. John Campbell, tinder the title of " Hermippus
Uddivivus, or the Sage's triumph over old Age and the
<5flf»V6.*^ A vein of humour runs through this, and indeed
through mo9t of the productions of this writer, which gave
them great popularity when first published, though they
are now little noticed, excepting, perhaps, the work just
menttofied, in which the irony is extremely delicate ; in
hig; thapsody against the prevailing passion of taking snufF,
he affects to consider a passion for taking snuff as a dis*
ease of the nostrils, similar to that afiecting the stomach
of girls in chlorodis^ and therefore calk it tbe pica nasi.
Tile title of this production is, " Dissertatio satyrica,
physic6*medico^moralis, de Pica Nasi sive Tabaci steriiu-
tatbrii modemo abusu, et noxa,** Amstelodami, 1716,
12D0O.
'Ruysch, in the latter part of his life, imagined he had
discovdred ^muscle at the fundus uteri, to which he de-
legated the office of expelling the placenta, and to which
be thought the performance of that duty might be left.
This our author has ridiculed in a little volume, to which
he gave the title of " Lucina Ruyschiana, sive musculus
> Bale,— .Pitf,— Tapner.r-Care.— Fabricius BibU Latltfed, ^vi.— Moreri.
LL 2
316 C O H A U S E N.
uteri orbicularis a clarissimo D. D. RuyschiQ detectus/*
published at Amsterdam, 1731. He published, the pre-
ceding year, " Arcbecus faber ft^brium et medicus," ami
in 1716^ ^^ Neothea,'* written tp shew the folly of sending
to China for tea, when we have so many hetbs at hand, as
pleasant, and more healthy ; but his wit was not powerful
enough to make either the use of tea or tobacco uttfashion«
able. For the titles of others of his woi^s, see Boerhaav^^s
Methodu&.Studii Medjci. Cohausen died at Munster^' Jiiiy
19, 1750, in the eighty-fifth year of his age.' •- "
GOHORN (Memnon), the Vauban of the Dutch, was
bprn in 1632, or, according to Saxius, in 1641. Hi^ '^e*
jiius for the art of war, and for constructing fortificMions,
displayed itself early in lif^. Being engineer and liefiro-
nant-general in the service of the States-general, he fbrli*
iied and defended the greater part of thdr places. It was
a curious spectacle, says the president Heinault, to se6' in
1692, at the siege of Namur, the fort Cohorn besieged \>y
Vauban,. and defended by Cohorn himself. He did; riot
surrender till after he had received a wound judged {b')[>e
mortal, but which, however, did not prove to be so. In l1rt)3
the elector of Cologne, Joseph Clement, having espousned
the part of France, and received a French garrison into
Bonn, Cohorn kept up such a strong and terrible lire upi^on
the place, that the commandant surrendered it three d^ys
afterwards. This great man died at the Hague in ITO49
leaving th^ Hollanders' several places fortified by his in*
dustrj and skill. Betgen-op-zoom, which he called Jiis
m?ister-piece, but which, it ought to be mentiotied, l^e left
unfinished, was tak^n in 1747 by the marshal de Lo^^wen-
dahl, .notwithstanding its fine fortifications, which eau^ed
it to be Regarded 'as impregnable. We have a tiresHa^e^y
Cohorn, in Dutch, on the new methbd t)f -fortifying
places. . ^ ' ' . • :•
Our countryman, Befijaipin Kobins^^ F, R. S. in hb*<* i^ew
Principles of Gunnery," acknowledges the superior n^rit
of Cohorn, who was^ undoubtedly, he says, tbej ablest'fer-
tifier ,that the wothl^ had ever seen, arid yet had lir^ch
trouble in introducing his system, and was veirattouily^bp.
posed by the old engineers, who affected to Isantiider^m
as a self-conceited pretender.* . 'i
« Diet Hist— Aces'* <:ycklp«dia. / : • ' ' * Oiot mA. **/
..J^
C O 1 K t E. 5ii
COINTE (Charles le), a French historian, was born
iitTroyes, the 4th of November, 1611, and entered very
early into the congregation of the oratory, where he was
^received by the cardinal de Berulle. Father Bourgoin,
. one of the cardinuPs successors in the gederatship, con«
_ 3idered hiin for a long time as a useless being, because he
^ applied himself to the study of history. The prejudice of
Bourgoin was so strong in that respect, that when he wanted,
^according to Richar« Simon, to denote a blockhead, he
. said, be. is an historian. Notwithstanding this, when Ser-
^ yien, plenipotentiary at Munster, asked him for a father
^lOf^ th/^ oratory as ghaplain to the embassy, he gave him
];^ X^, Cointe, who .attended him, assisted him in making
^ preliminaries of peace, and furnished the memorials ne-
Vesaary to the treaty. . Colbert obtained for him the grant
of ^ pension of IPOO livres in 16S9 ; and three years after,
.,iftqotber of 300,, ji was then that he began to publish at
.:,!^arishi$: grand work, entitled *^ Annates ecclesiastici Fran -
.. focuro^" in 3 volumesi^ folio, from the year 235 to 835.
^ If 4^,f compilatiqn without the graces^ of style, but of im-
; jgjep^, lal^ur, and full of curious particulars. His cbro-
tpjolpi^,freqi;iien,d|y, differs from, that of other historians } but
•;. .>¥&^l^<^i* ^6 departs froni them, he usually gives his rea-
.,sqn§^fpr it. The first, yolume appeared in 1665, and the
; lafi^ }l) JtjWPw Father 5^p Cointe died at Paris, the 18th of
.^an^al;y^ I68I9. at tlie age pjF seventy. ' \
,.d /JQft^A^NE (5JR ^ston), an, English poet, the son of
.^.^T'W^ps.^oiftyjDey^j^q. olT.Ashbckirne-ball, in Derbyshire,
ii4ft4ofl|f iP9PM5y«r i^ Warwickshire, was born in I608, at
iy ^$^l}i^st^yin P^rby^hire, the peat of the family of l^i^ mo-
^.^tbe^.Ange^. 4.apgbter qf^ sir John Stanhope, of E)lyaston,
,..,^;Ht . H^.wa^^^dflf;5iteA3f Tdnitv-coUege, Cambridge, aad
ill 1632 set out on his travels tnrough France and Italy^
T/t»9f wlijcU. be ba$f g^veo fttx ftqcouj[rt in a poem to ^ bis son
^.^^..Tb^jqif^.^iQk^yne,, On his return he married Anne,
^ro^a^gl^^^r.pf. sir.Giiltfprt I^niveton, of Mercaston, in Der-
ii^^JiXs^ire^ ^^^^ in4 rfjt^ring to liis lordship of Pooley, gave
.^ijiii^^lf i^.tojii;^ bpoks and boon companions. He boasts^
,./:^ii^95ig,j(^i9 .p9ej;ica|,./^^^^ of Donne, Suckling, Ran-
dolph, Drayton, Massinger,^ Habington, Sandyg„ and May ;
and appears also to have cultivated the acquaintance of sir
WilUftm. Dagdale, and cQ^ier jRotiqaaries. During thd
* Morari.— KictroB.— »Ls If»g Bibl. Hiftorique.— Saxii Onomttt.
518
C O K A Y N E.
oivil war, he suffered greatly for his religion, the Roman
Catholic, and fer what was then as obnoxious, his loyaltj
to Charles I. under whom he claimed the title .of a ba*
rooet His losses also were increased by his want of oeco*
nomy, and he was obliged to part with his estates during his
life, which terminated iu Feb. 1684, when he was privately
buried in the chanqel of Polesworth church. His poems
and plays, with altered title-pages, were printed and re-
printed in 1658, and are npw purchased at high prices^
chiefly as curiosities. His mind appears to have been mucli
cultivated with learning, and it is clear that he possessed
considerable talents, but be scarcely exhibits any marks
of genius. He is never pathetic, sublime, or even ele-^
gant; but is generally characterized by a kind of familiarity
which amounts to doggrel, und frequently to flatness and
insipidity. Still, as our valuable authority adds, it is ijn*
possible to read notices of so many of bis contemporaries^
whose habits of life arei recalled to pur f^incies, without
feeling a subordinate kind of pleasure that gives these do-
mestic rhymes a lively attractipn. ^,
> Life of Sir C. Aflton, in the Bibliographer, vol. IT. by Sir E. Brydgef , with
fpecimens. — See also Gent Mag. vol. LXVII. — Biog. Oram. — ^Eilts't Speci-
UKos.*— Ath. Ox. vol. II. — Cibber's Lives.— Wiastaniey and Jacob.-^Dodd't
Church Hilt. vol. I^. — Toj^ogpt^cr, vol. III.
L>
^w**w*
3«
M %Jl^..
INDEX
TO TBK
NINTH VOLUME.
Tliose marked thus * are new.
Those marked f are re-written^ with additions.
--' Page
C/EBBS 1
*Cecco D'Ascoli ib.
tCeca, WiUiam 3
* Robert ^
*-- — Richard 25
*CeciHa, St. : ^7
Cedrenus^ George 29
"^Celestine V. pope ib.
Cellarius^ Christopher .... 30
*Cellier, Remi 32
Cellini, Benvenuto 33
^Cels, James Martin 35
fCelsus, A. C. ., ^..36
■ philosopher ib.
Celtes, Conrad 37
Censorinus ib.
"tCentlivre^ Susannah 38
Centorio, Ascanius 41
*Ceratinu9^ James 42
*Cerceau/ J. A. du ib.
Cerda, John Liewis 43
♦Cerdo ib.
*Cerinthus 44
*Cerquozzl, M. A. 45
, *Cerrati, Paul . . . / 46
fCervantes Saavedra ib.
*Ceruti, Frederic 54
*Cerutti, J. A. J. . . ^ 55
*Cesarini, Virginio 66
*Cesi, Barth(^omew 57
Cespedes, P^ul ib.
^K^habanon 58
*Chabot, P. W 59
Chabrit, Peter 60
*Cbaderton, Lawrence . « • . . ib.
*Chaduc, Lewis 62
Chaise^ Charles ib.
Francis de la .... 64
^Chalcidius 65
Chalcondyles, Dem. 66
t Laonicus .... 67
-fChaloner, Sir Thos ib.
f ^— the younger .... 72
■ ' Edward ...;..... 75
* Thomaa ....... ib.
* James 76
920
INDEX.
*Chalvet, Matt de T7
^Chamber, John 78
^Chamberlain^ John 79
Chamberlasme^ Edward ..ib.
■ 1. I 1. John . . ... 81
^hamberlen^ Hugh S2
♦Chambers, David 83
: Ephraim 84
*' - Sir Robert 91
» . Sir WiUiam ... 94
*Chambre, F. I. de la . . . . 97
*' Marin Cureau cie 98
'*Chamfort, S. R. N. ib.
Chamier, Daniel i 100
Chamlllard, Stephen .... 101
Chamousset, C. H. P. de . . 102
Champagne, Philip de . . . .-104
"K^hampeaux, Will, de . . • . 105
K!hampier, Ja. C. Symph. . . 106
"Kllteunpion, Anthony ib.
. ■' - Joseph 107
Champlain, Samuel de . . 108
♦Chandler, Edward 109
t — Mary 110
* : Richard ......117
. — \ r Samuel . • ... . . 11 1
♦Chantereau lue Fevre. .... 120
♦Chantreau, P. N , . . . ib.
' Chapelain, John .......... 121
♦Chapelle, Armand de la 122
, — €. E. Lullier 123
* — ( Jc^n de la . . ». . 124
-tChapman^ George ib.
*_ • LL. D. 128
— . — r— John . . . 129
* r— , Thomas ....<,. 132
*Chapone; Hester 133
Chappe D'Auteroche . . ^ . 135
Chappel, William ...... 140
♦Chappelow, lieonasd ..... 143
♦Cbapuzeau, Sam. ....... 145
« Charas, Moses .• .- 146
fChacdin, Sir John ....... ib.
. Chares 149
♦Chaoton .... ........ » .' ib.
' Charke, Charlotte 150
Charles XII. , ,151
^harleton, Walter . . * . i . 156
Charleval, Charles ...... 16Q
Charlevoix, P. F. X. de • . 161
*CharnoAj John 162
Chamock, Stephen )63
Charpemier, FjCancis ..^.164
Charron, Peter 1^5
tChartier, Alain ......... 168
* jiene -. 169
^Chasles, Grt^^ory de . . .:. . ;ib.
*Chajsseneiix, fiarth. ..*,.. »ib.
*Chastelain, Claude ^ ito
* , Geui^ Ah:
Chaatelet, Marchionesic ..ab.
'^ChasteUux> Mar^is d«.. & ITl
*Chatel, P^du ..^i..,;173
*Chatelet, Paul Hay ... ., .176
fChatterton, Thomas .*..177
tChaucer, Jefiery 193
♦Chaufi^, J. G. de 5H2
Chaulieu, W« A. ^ . . * . . . 214
'^^Chaulnes, Albert ...... «16
*Chauncy, Ghailet ....... i. . lb.
* Maurke . . . . . .218
t '. Sir Henry ... ..^!B19
Chausse^ ^M. A. de.la . . . . £20
Chauveau, Francis ...••... 221
— — . Rene '...,*. .i. £22
Cbauvin, Stephen ..•••.. i ib.
Chazelles, J. M. de . . . . . . 223
*ChefibntaiQ€8, Chnatq^hfiT 224
tCheke, Sir John . . .v. . . . . 825
^Chelsum, Jami^ .... ... . . S33
'^heminaid, ' TlOic^on , .^^ ib.
- Chemnitz, Maiftin ..... < 234
*- B. Philip. ... . .^35
Cheron^ Eliz ., .?. . JS836
* — T"— Lewis' ..... i .^...). ib.
tCheselden, Wmiam ...» . £37
iCbeaae^Aaid. du . .^•*^4.i242
Joseph!. dtt ^. *.^J24b
tChetwQod,: Knotty . . ^ * 246
* Wiil. Rufi»^. rT-247
*Chetwynd, John.' '. . ^'^^ J J. ib.
^Chevalier, Aot i^phde r-. 248
♦Chevillicr, Andrew . . . ^ :)249
. Chevreau, Urban v. Ji.jfiiv. ib.
fCheyne, Gecffgfi ^,v.i-J'J250
*■ James ...:«.-» « « •>255
Cheynell, Frauds . .^ . * .V: ib.
Chiabrera,..GabnBl . . ..... -11^58
«Chiaramonti^ Mdpia. . .\'X ib.
fChichele, H^ ...2^
INDEX.
SSI
Page
€hicoyneau> Tnodg .... 267
' ' Aime Rancis 268
Cbifflet, John James .. ..ib«
^hild, William 269
*Childi^, Joshua 270
Chillingworth, Will .... 271
«Chilmead, Ed^aid 282
♦Chilo 283
fChirac, Ptetcr 284
fChishull, Edmund ......285
*Chisi, Agostini 288
Choist, F. T. de 289
♦Chokler, J. E. de lb.
^Chpmel, J. Francis 290
• fr-. Peter John 291
^' ' ■ ■ John B. L ib.
- '^Chopin, Rene 292
* ^houet, John Robert . . . . ib.
Choul, William du 293
♦Chretien, Fknrent ib.
< ^Christie, Thomas .. 294
' WilHam 296
' iCSiristina, Queeik ....*.... ib.
^ Christopherson, John .... 299
^ : Chrysippus . . 800
Chrysoloras 302
< Chiysostom 304,
: Chubb, Thomas? ,. . 1 SOs'
1 . Cfaudkigfa, LadyMarj ..312
* ^Church, Thomas #...313
fChurchiU^ .Charles 313
' iM.i Sir Winston . . 323
* -^-1 John . . . i . . . .324
•:- tChurchyard^ Thomas 341
«• ^hytrwis, David',. .. ..343
■fCiaconius^ Alphoiisus . . . . 344
Fteter :....... 345
>«■<
*^ Xiampini, John JUstia . . . . ib.
K f Cihbei-, Colley 346
.^ y , . ■ Theophilus. . .... 350
Susanmi 352
t .< >
J- .Cicero, M.T. ..:....,. .354
-''•^ . -Mj li Marcus- .','.. .■.•1..377
• tCignani, Carlo .;.:... .378
^ Cimabue .. i, « ..r* :<' 380
< • ^Cimarosa, Dom. I 381
f. K!mcinnatus . . . l .' 382
.\ *Cinelli, Joha . .' ; . '.'. ib.
\ fCinnamiisy John ; 383
*Cino da Fistoia ; . . . . :ib.
Page
fCjpriani, J.B 385
^Cirillo, Dominick 386
♦Cisner, Nich 387
*Clagett, Nich. . . . . . . it».
t — William 388
\ Nich. jun 391
tClairault, A. C 392
*Clare, St ib.
Kllaridge, Richard ,393
*Clarius, Isldorus . . « 395
-K^larke^ Alured ib.
* — ^ : Jeremiah 39T
. > Samuel .398
7— Sam. biographer. . 400
jun 403
-Dr 404
t William 421
t Edward 423
*Clarkson, David 425
fClaude Lorraine .... ^ . . . ib.
r- John . . J 428
* John James .... 432
ClaucKanus, Claudius .... 433
* — I I ■ ..I..! Ecdidus Bla-
mertus .. i 435
^H^laudius demeils . . .... 436
tClaTius, Christ. 437
^KlSaymcmd, John ib.
tClayton, Robert 438
fCleanthes 443
Cl^hom, George 444
Cleland, John 447
iClemenoet, Charles ...... 448
Clemens Romanus ...;.. 449
— * — '*-^- Alexandfifius ..450
^Clement V. pope ; 452
♦— ^ -Dawid. 453
* ■ ■ Francis .ib.
♦Clenard, Nich. ..454
Cleopatra . * 455
♦Clerc, /Daniel Le 453
-^ — ^-F- John Le . * 459
■ Sebastian liC . . . . .467
Cleiveland; John • . 468
^*Cleyn, Francis ^ . .471
♦Clifibrd, Anne . . , t . ; . * . .472
: ' Geoiga .^. ..-'.;.. 475
Clive, Robert ...^....,..478
' Cadi^rine 486
*Closterman> John ..... .487
fcl2 1 N D
Page
*CiQver, Joseph 48^
*CloTio, ^uUus 491
aowcs, WilHam 40«
♦Clubbe, John ib.
Chiverias, Philip 498
iCobb, Samuel 494
Cobdcn^ Edward 495
^Cocceitis^ Hcniy 496
* *' Satntdi ib.
» ■ ■ or Cock, John . . 497
Cocchi^ Anthony « . ib.
•Cochin, Henry 498
■> '■ Charles Nich 499
*——— son ib.
CotVlmis, J(^ 500
EX.
Page
Cochran;«Wm. . . . • . . . , 56o
fCockbum, Cath 601
»„ ^ P&trick 509
, Cocker, Edward ib.
•Codinus, Geofgie 510
Codrington^ Christopher . . ib.
» , — - Robert 512
*Coeck, Peter ............ ib.
Coefietau, Nich 513
Coeur, James ib.
Coggeshalle, Ralph . , ^ . . 514
•Cohausen, John Henry . . 515
Cohom^ Memnon .... . . 516
Cointe, Charles le ...... 517
tCokayne> Sir Aston ibw
END OF THE NINTH VOLITME.
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